The structure of the crust and upper mantle to depths of 320 km beneath the Kaapvaal craton, from P wave arrivals generated by regional earthquakes and mining-induced tremors

Journal of African Earth Sciences

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 477-488

  Wright, C ^a   Kwadiba, M T O ^a,b   Kgaswane, E M ^a   Simon, R E ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b Department of Geological Survey ^*  (Botswana)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA   (Botswana)

Author keywords

Kaapvaal craton; Seismic wavespeed

Indexed keywords

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; CRUSTAL THICKNESS; EARTHQUAKE; P-WAVE; SEISMICITY; TRAVEL TIME; UPPER MANTLE;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0036881626     PISSN: 08995362     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00157-4     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Aki, K., Richards, P.G., 1980. In: Quantitative Seismology: Theory and Methods, vol. 2. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, p. 600.
2. Bloch, S., Hales, A.L., Landisman, M., 1969. Velocities in the crust and upper mantle of southern Africa from multimode surface wave dispersion. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 59, 1599-1629.
3. Carlson, R.W., Grove, T.L., de Wit, M.J., Gurney, J.J., 1996. Program to study the crust and mantle of the Archean craton in southern Africa. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 77 (29), 273, p. 277.
4. Cichowicz, A., Green, R.W.E., 1992. Tomographic study of the upper mantle structure of the South African continent using waveform inversion. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 72, 275-285.
5. nl waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 17403-17415.
6. Drummond, B.J., Collins, C.D.N., 1986. Seismic evidence for underplating of the lower continental crust of Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 79, 361-372.
7. Durrheim, R.J., Green, R.W.E., 1992. A seismic refraction investigation of the Archaean Kaapvaal craton, South Africa, using mine tremors as the energy source. Geophysical Journal International 108, 812-832.
8. Durrheim, R.J., Mooney, W.D., 1994. Evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere: seismological and geochemical constraints. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 15359-15374.
9. Gane, P.G., Hales, A.L., Oliver, H.O., 1946. A seismic investigation of the Witwatersrand earth tremors. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 36, 49-80.
10. Gane, P.G., Atkins, A.R., Sellschop, J.P.F., Seligman, P., 1956. Crustal structure in the Transvaal. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 46, 293-316.
11. Graham, G. (Ed.), 1997. Seismological Bulletins (produced monthly). Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa, April-December issues.
12. Graham, G. (Ed.), 1998. Seismological Bulletins (produced quarterly). Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa, January-March, April-June, July-September and October-December issues.
13. Graham, G. (Ed.), 1999. Seismological Bulletins (produced quarterly). Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, South Africa, January-March and April-June issues.
14. Green, R.W., Durrheim, R.J., 1990. A seismic refraction investigation of the Namaqualand Metamorphic complex. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 19927-19932.
15. Green, R.W.E., Webb, S.J., Wright, C., (1995). Broad-band studies in southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 91, 234-239.
16. Hales, A.L., Sacks, I.S., 1959. Evidence for an intermediate layer from crustal structure studies in the Eastern Transvaal. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 2, 15-33.
17. James, D.E., van der Lee, S., Gao, S., Silver, P., VanDecar, J., Kuehnel, R., Jordan, T.H., Saltzer, R., Gaherty, J., Gore, J., Zengeni, T., Nguuri, T.K., Wright, C., Webb, S.J., Burford, D., Doucouré, M., Molisana, M., Green, R.W.E., Robey, J., Harvey, J., Kostlin, E., Reichardt, F., 1998. Review of seismic structure of the continental lithosphere with results from the Southern African Seismic Experiment (extended abstract). In: Seventh International Kimberlite Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 266-269.
18. James, D.E., Fouch, M.J., VanDecar, J.C., Kaapvaal Seismic Group-van der Lee, S., 2001. Tectospheric structure beneath southern Africa. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2485-2488.
19. Kennett, B.L.N. (Ed.), 1991. IASPEI 1991 Seismological Tables. Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, p. 167.
20. Lines, L.R., Treitel, S., 1984. Tutorial: a review of least-squares inversion and its application to geophysical problems. Geophysical Prospecting 32, 159-186.
21. Muller, M., 1991. Lithospheric structure for the Kaapvaal craton and its margins from the analysis of long-period and broad-band teleseismic P waves. M.Sc. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 104p.
22. Neilsen, L., Thybo, M., Solodnikov, L., 1999. Seismic tomographic inversion of Russian PNE data along profile KRATON. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 3413-3416.
23. Nguuri, T.K., Gore, J., James, D.E., Webb, S.J., Wright, C., Zengeni, T.G., Gwavava, O., Kaapvaal Seismic Group Snoke, J.A., 2001. Crustal structure beneath southern Africa and its implications for the formation and evolution of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons. Geophysical Research Letters 28, 2501-2504.
24. Qiu, X., Priestley, K., McKenzie, D., 1996. Average lithospheric structure of southern Africa. Geophysical Journal International 127, 563-587.
25. Richards-Dinger, K.B., Shearer, P.M., 1996. Estimating crustal thickness in southern California by stacking PmP arrivals. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 15211-15224.
26. Shearer, P.M., 1999. Introduction to Seismology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 260.
27. Simon, R.E., Wright, C., Kgaswane, E.M., Kwadiba, M.T.O., 2002. The P wavespeed structure below and around the Kaapvaal craton to depths of 800 km, from travel times and waveforms of local and regional earthquakes and mining-induced tremors. Geophysical Journal International 151, 132-145.
28. Vinnik, L.P., Green, R.W., Nicolaysen, L.O., Kosarev, G.L., Petersen, L.V., 1996. Deep seismic structure of the mantle of the Kaapvaal craton. Tectonophysics 262, 67-75.
29. Willmore, P.L., Hales, A.L., Gane, P.G., 1952. A seismic investigation of crustal structure in the western Transvaal. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 42, 53-80.
30. Wright, C., 1999. The LSDARC method of shallow seismic refractor investigation, and the resolution of lateral variations in velocity. In: 6th Biennial Conference and Exhibition of the South African Geophysical Association, Cape Town, South Africa, 28 September-1 October 1999. Paper 4.1, 12p.
31. Wright, C., Fernandez, L.M., 2003. Earthquakes seismic hazard and earth structure in South Africa (national report for South Africa). In: Lee, W.H.K., Kanamori, H., Jennings, P., Kisslinger, C. (Eds.), International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, Part B, International Association of Seismology and the Physics of the Earth's Interior. Academic Press, San Diego.
32. Zhao, M., Langston, C.A., Nyblade, A.A., Owens, T.J., 1999. Upper mantle velocity structure beneath southern Africa from modelling regional seismic data. Journal of Geophysical Research 104, 4783-4794.