Muscle dysmorphia in elite-level power lifters and bodybuilders: A test of differences within a conceptual model

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 649-655

  Lantz, Christopher D ^a   Rhea, Deborah J ^b   Cornelius, Allen E ^c  

^a TRUMAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TEXAS CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c SPRINGFIELD COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Body image; Diet; Exercise dependence; Steroids

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; BEHAVIOR; BIOMECHANICS; BODY BUILDING; BODY CONSTITUTION; BODY SIZE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; COMPETITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIET; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; MALE; MODEL; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE DISEASE; MUSCLE DYSMORPHIA; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL EDUCATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROBABILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SPORT; WEIGHT LIFTING;

ADULT; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BODY CONSTITUTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING; PROBABILITY; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SPORTS; WEIGHT LIFTING;

EID: 0036865013     PISSN: 10648011     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0649:MDIELP>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2000.
2. Anderson, S., K. Zager, R. Hetzler, M. Nahikian-Nelms, and G. Syler. Comparison of eating disorder inventory (EDI-2) scores of male body builders to the male college student subgroup. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 6:255-262. 1996.
3. Blouin, A., and G. Goldfield. Body image and steroid use in male body builders. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 18:159-165. 1995.
4. Brill, J., and M. Kean. Supplementation patterns of competitive male and female body builders. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4:398-412. 1994.
5. Brownell, K. Dieting and the search for the perfect body: Where physiology and culture collide. Behav. Ther. 22:1-12. 1991.
6. Fussell, S. Muscle: Confessions of an Unlikely Bodybuilder. New York: Avon Books, 1991.
7. Garner, D. Eating Disorders Inventory - 2, Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1991.
8. Garner, D., M. Olmsted, and J. Polivy. Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2:15-34. 1983.
9. Hickson, J., T. Johnson, W. Lee, and R. Sidor. Nutrition and the precontest preparations of a male bodybuilder. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 90:264-267. 1990.
10. James, B., and D. Collins. Self-presentational sources of competitive stress during performance. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 19: 17-35. 1997.
11. Klein, A. Little Big Men. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1993.
12. Kleiner, S., T. Bazzarre, and B. Ainsworth. Nutritional status of nationally ranked elite body builders. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4:54-69. 1994.
13. Kleiner, S., T. Bazzarre, and M. Litchford. Metabolic profiles, diet, and health practices of championship male and female body builders. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 90:962-967. 1990.
14. Lantz, C., D. Rhea, and J. Mayhew. The drive for size: Characteristics and consequences of muscle dysmorphia. Int. Sport J. 5:71-85. 2001.
15. Leary, M. Self-presentation processes in exercise and sport. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 14:339-351. 1992.
16. Leary, M. Self-Presentation: Impression Management and Interpersonal Behavior. Dubuque, IA: Brown and Benchmark, 1995.
17. Leary, M., and R. Kowalski. Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychol. Bull. 107: 34-47. 1990.
18. Loosemore, D., and D. Moriarty. Body dissatisfaction and body image distortion in selected groups of males. Can. Alliance Health, Phys. Educ. Recreation J. 56:11-15. 1990.
19. Olivardia, R., H. Pope, and J. Hudson. Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: A case-control study. Am. J. Psychiatry 157:1291-1296. 2000.
20. Pasman, L., and J. Thompson. Body image and eating disturbance in obligatory runners, obligatory weight lifters, and sedentary individuals. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 7:759-769. 1988.
21. Pope, H., A. Gruber, P. Choi, R. Olivardia, and K. Phillips. Muscle dysmorphia: An underrecognized form of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 38:548-557. 1997.
22. Pope, H., D. Katz, and J. Hudson. Anorexia nervosa and "reverse anorexia" among 108 body builders. Compr. Psychiatry 34: 406-409. 1993.
23. Rhea, D., and C. Lantz. Development of the muscle dysmorphia inventory. In: Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology. Nashville, TN, 2000.
24. Rhea, D., and C. Lantz. Muscle dysmorphia: A confirmatory test of a new model. In: Annual Meeting of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance. Orlando, FL, 2000.
25. Rhea, D., C. Lantz, and G. Trail. Conceptualization and measurement of muscle dysmorphia. In: Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology. Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1999.
26. Shore, R., and J. Porter. Normative and reliability data for 11-18 year olds on the eating disorder inventory. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 9:201-207. 1990.
27. Smith, D., B. Hale, and D. Collins. Measurement of exercise dependence in body builders. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 38:66-74. 1998.
28. Veale, D., K. Gournay, W. Dryden, A. Boocock, F. Shah, R. Willson, and J. Walburn. Body dysmorphic disorder: A cognitive behavioral model and pilot randomized controlled trial. Behav. Res. Ther. 34:717-729. 1996.
29. Volek, J., N. Duncan, S. Mazzetti, R. Staron, M. Putukian, A. Gomez, D. Pearson, W. Fink, and W. Kraemer. Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 18: 1147-1156. 1999.
30. Wear, R., and O. Pratz. Test-retest reliability for the eating disorder inventory. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 6:767-769.
31. Wroblewska, A. Androgenic-anabolic steroids and body dysmorphia in young men. J. Psychosom. Res. 42:225-234. 1997.