Enter the dragon: Inside Chinese human smuggling organizations

Criminology

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 737-768

  Zhang, Sheldon ^a   Chin, Ko Lin ^b  

^a SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chinese criminality; Chinese organized crime; Human smuggling; Transnational crime

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036864340     PISSN: 00111384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00972.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Abadinksy, Howard 1990 Organized Crime. 3d ed. Chicago, Ill: Nelson-Hall.
2. Adler, Patricia and Peter Adler 1983 Shifts and oscillations in deviant careers: The case of upper-level drug dealers and smugglers. Social Problems 31:195-207.
3. Asimov, Nanette and Pamela Burdman 1993 Baja coast now most convenient back door to U.S. San Francisco Chronicle, 29 April sec. A, p. 9.
4. Barnes, Edward 2000 Two-faced woman. Time, 31 July:48-50.
5. Biernacki, Patrick and Dan Waldorf 1981 Snowball sampling. Sociological Methods and Research 10:141-163.
6. Black, David 1992 Triad Takeover: A Terrifying Account of the Spread of Triad Crime in the West. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
7. Block, Alan A. and William J. Chambliss 1981 Organized Crime. New York: Elsevier.
8. Block, Alan A. and Frank R. Scarpitti 1986 Casinos and banking: Organized crime in the Bahamas. Deviant Behavior 7:301-312.
9. Bolz, Jennifer 1995 Chinese organized crime and illegal alien trafficking: Humans as a commodity. Asian Affairs 22:147-158.
10. Booth, Martin 1990 The Triads: The Chinese Criminal Fraternity. London: Grafton.
11. Booth Martin 1999 The Dragon Syndicates: The Global Phenomenon of the Triads. New York: Carroll & Graf.
12. Bresler, Fenton 1981 The Chinese Mafia. New York: Stein and Day.
13. Chin, Ko-lin 1990 Chinese Subculture and Criminality: Non-traditional Crime Groups in America. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
14. Chin, Ko-lin 1996 Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise and Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.
15. Chin, Ko-lin 1999 Smuggled Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States. Philadelphia, Penn.: Temple University Press.
16. Chin, Ko-lin, Sheldon Zhang, and Robert Kelly 1998 Transnational Chinese organized crime activities. Transnational Organized Crime 4:127-154.
17. Chu, Yiu-kong 2000 Triads as Business. London: Routledge.
18. Cressey, Donald R. 1969 Theft of the Nation: The Structure and Operations of Organized Crime in America. New York: Harper & Row.
19. Dobinson, Ian 1993 Pinning a tail on the dragon: The Chinese and the international heroin trade. Crime and Delinquency 39:373-384.
20. Dubro, James 1992 Dragons of Crime: Inside the Asian Underworld. Markham, Ontario: Octopus Publishing Group.
21. Fairbank, John King 1983 The United States and China. 4th ed. Enlarged. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
22. Freedman, Dan 1991 Asian gangs turn to smuggling people. San Francisco Examiner, 30 December, sec. A, p. 7.
23. Gross, Gregory 1996 Smugglers of illegal immigrants become special targets. The San Diego Union-Tribune, 21 March, sec. A, p. 21.
24. Hagan, Frank 1983 The organized crime continuum: A further specification of a new conceptual model. Criminal Justice Review 8:52-57.
25. Hood, Marlowe 1993 The Taiwan connection. South China Morning Post, 27 December:11.
26. Jacobs, Bruce A. 1996 Crack dealers and restrictive deterrence. Criminology 34:409-431.
27. Jacobs, Bruce A. and Richard Wright 1999 Stick-up, street culture, and offender motivation. Criminology 37:149-173.
28. Jacobs, Bruce A., Volkan Topalli, and Richard Wright 2000 Managing retaliation: Drug robbery and informal sanction threats. Criminology 38:171-198.
29. Jacobs, James B. and Lauryn P. Gouldin 1999 Cosa Nostra: The final chapter? Crime and Justice 25:129-189.
30. Jennings, Andrew 1993 From Marx to the Mafia. New Statesman and Society 6:18-20.
31. Kenney, Dennis J. and James O. Finckenauer 1995 Organized Crime in America. San Francisco, Calif.: Wadsworth.
32. Kleinknecht, William 1996 The New Ethnic Mobs: The Changing Face of Organized Crime in America. New York: The Free Press.
33. Kwong, Peter 1997 Forbidden Workers: Illegal Chinese Immigrants and American Labor. New York: The New Press.
34. Loo, Chalsa 1991 Chinatown. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
35. Marguis, Christopher and Glenn Garvin 1999 Panama smuggling scandal erupts: Top officials accused of helping Chinese sneak into the U.S. The San Diego Union Tribune, 28 August, sec. A, p. 15.
36. Marotta, Gemma 1997 The Anti-mafia inquiries in the VIII and IX legislatures. Sociologia 31:163-210.
37. Martin, Romano 1992 Multinational Crime. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
38. Morgan, W.P. 1960 Triad Societies in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Government Press.
39. Mydans, Seth 1992 Chinese smugglers' lucrative cargo: Humans. New York Times (March 21):A1.
40. Myers, Willard 1992 The United States under siege: Assault on the borders: Chinese smuggling 1983-1992. Unpublished.
41. Myers, Willard 1994 Transnational ethnic Chinese organized crime: A global challenge to the security of the United States, analysis and recommendations. Testimony of Willard Myers, Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations.
42. Mayers, Willard 1996 The emerging threat of transnational organized crime from the East. Crime, Law & Social Change 24:181-222.
43. Nikiforov, Alexander S. 1993 Organized crime in the West and in the former USSR: An attempted comparison. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 37:5-15.
44. Offley, Ed and Joel Connelly 1999 U.S., Canada casting high-tech net to catch smugglers of Chinese. The San Diego Union Tribune, 8 October, sec. A, p. 29.
45. Passas, Nikos 2000 Global anomie, dysnomie, and economic crime: Hidden consequences of neoliberalism and globalization in Russia and around the world. Social Justice 27, 2:16-44.
46. Passas, Nikos and David Nelken 1993 The thin line between legitimate and criminal enterprises: Subsidy frauds in the European community. Crimè, Law & Social Change 19:223-243.
47. Posner, Gerald 1988 Warlords of Crime: Chinese Secret Societies-the New Mafia. New York: McGraw-Hill.
48. Potter, Gary W. 1994 Criminal Organizations: Vice, Racketeering, and Politics in an American City. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland.
49. Reuter, Peter 1983 Disorganized Crime. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
50. Savona, Ernesto U. 1990 A neglected sector: The economic analysis of criminality, penal law and the criminal justice system. Sociologia-del-Diritto 17:255-277.
51. Smith, Dwight C., Jr. 1975 The Mafia Mystique. New York: Basic Books.
52. Smith, Dwight C., Jr. 1980 Paragons, pariahs and pirates: A spectrum-based theory of enterprise. Crime and Delinquency 26:358-386.
53. Smith, Paul (ed.) 1997 Human Smuggling. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies.
54. Thompson, Roger 2000 Fukienese alien smuggling. A paper presented at the Second Annual Southeast Regional Asian Crime Symposium. Clearwater, Florida.
55. Tsai, Shih-shan Henry 1986 The Chinese Experience in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
56. U.S. Senate 1992 Asian Organized Crime. Hearing Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, October 3, November 5-6, 1991. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
57. Van-Duyne, Petrus C. 1997 Organized crime, corruption and power. Crime, Law & Social Change 26:201-238.
58. Wang, Zheng 1996 Ocean-going smuggling of illegal Chinese immigrants: Operation, causation, and policy implications. Transnational Organized Crime 2:49-65.
59. Williams, Phil 1994 Transnational criminal organizations and international security. Survival 36:96-113.
60. Woods, Audrey 2000 Deaths of 58 smuggling victims prompt major British inquiry. San Diego Union Tribune, 20 June, sec. A, p. 8.
61. Zhang, Sheldon 1997 Task force orientation and dyadic relations in organized Chinese alien smuggling. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 13:320-330.
62. Zhang, Sheldon and Mark Gaylord 1996 Bound for the Golden Mountain: The social organization of Chinese alien smuggling. Crime, Law & Social Change 25:1-16.
63. Zhou, Min 1992 Chinatown: The Socioeconomic Potential of an Urban Enclave. Philadelphia, Penn.: Temple University Press.