Memory for extinction of conditioned fear is long-lasting and persists following spontaneous recovery

Learning and Memory

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 402-407

  Quirk, Gregory J ^a  

^a PONCE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Puerto Rico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; AUDITORY SYSTEM; CONDITIONING; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVALESCENCE; FEAR; FREEZING; LONG TERM MEMORY; MEMORY CONSOLIDATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REINFORCEMENT; TIME; ANIMAL; AUDITORY STIMULATION; CONDITIONED REFLEX; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY; PHYSIOLOGY; SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ANIMALS; CONDITIONING, CLASSICAL; EXTINCTION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; FEAR; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY;

EID: 0036861446     PISSN: 10720502     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/lm.49602     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Blanchard, D.C. and Blanchard, R.J. 1972. Innate and conditioned fear reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions. J. Comp. Pbys. Psychol. 81: 281-290.
2. Bouton, M.E. 1991. Context and retrieval in extinction and in other examples of interference in simple associative learning. In Current Topics in Animal Learning: Brain, Emotion and Cognition (eds. L. Dachowski and C.F. Flaherty), pp. 25-53, Earlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
3. -. 1993. Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning. Psychol. Bull. 114: 80-99.
4. -. 1994. Context, ambiguity, and classical conditioning. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 3: 49-53.
5. Bouton, M.E. and King, D.A. 1983. Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear: Tests for the associative value of the context. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behav. Process. 9: 248-265.
6. Bouton, M.E., Rosengard, C., Achenbach, G.G., Peck, C.A., and Brooks, D.C. 1993. Effects of contextual conditioning and unconditional stimulus presentation on performance in appetitive conditioning. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. B 46: 63-95.
7. Cain, C.K. and Barad, M. 2000. Massed training is superior to spaced training for extinction of fear conditioning in mice. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 26: 2245.
8. Falls, W.A., Miserendino, M.J.D., and Davis, M. 1992. Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: Blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala. J. Neurosci. 12: 854-863.
9. Fanselow, M.S. 1980. Conditioned and unconditional components of post-shock freezing. Pavlov. J. Biol. Sci. 15: 177-182.
10. Fanselow, M.S., and Gale, G.D. 2002. The amygdala, fear and memory. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (in press).
11. Fendt, M. and Fanselow, M.S. 1999. The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23: 743-760.
12. Fisk, G.D. and Wyss, J.M. 2000. Descending projections of infralimbic cortex that mediate stimulation-evoked changes in arterial pressure. Brain Res. 859: 83-95.
13. Gewirtz, J.C., Falls, W.A., and Davis, M. 1997. Normal conditioned inhibition and extinction of freezing and fear-potentiated startle following electrolytic lesions of medial prefrontal cortex. Behav. Neurosci. 111: 712-726
14. Herry, C. and Garcia, R. 2002. Prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation, but not long-term depression, is associated with the maintenance of extinction of learned fear in mice. J. Neurosci. 22: 577-583.
15. Herry, C., Vouimba, R.M., and Garcia, R. 1999. Plasticity in the mediodorsal thalamo-prefrontal cortical transmission in behaving mice. J. Neurophysiol. 82: 2827-2832.
16. Konorski, J. 1967. Integrative Activity of the Brain. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
17. Lattal, K.M. and Abel, T. 2001. Different requirements for protein synthesis in acquisition and extinction of spatial preferences and context-evoked fear. J. Neurosci. 21: 5773-5780.
18. LeDoux, J.E. 2000. Emotion circuits in the brain. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 23: 155-184.
19. LeDoux, J.E., Xagoraris, A., and Romanski, L. 1989. Indelibility of subcortical emotional memories. J. Cog. Neurosci. 1: 238-243.
20. Lee H. and Kim J.J. 1998. Amygdalar NMDA receptors are critical for new fear learning in previously fear-conditioned rats. J. Neurosci. 18: 8444-8445.
21. Maren, S. 2000. Is there savings for pavlovian fear conditioning after neurotoxic basolateral amygdala lesions in rats? Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 76: 268-283.
22. Mast, M., Blanchard, R.J., and Blanchard, D.C. 1982. The relationship of freezing and response suppression in a CER situation. Psych. Record 32: 151-167.
23. McDonald, A.J. 1991. Organization of amygdala projections to the prefrontal cortex and associated striatum in the rat. Neuroscience 44: 1-14.
24. McDonald, A.T., Mascagni, F., and Guo, L. 1996. Projections of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices to the amygdala: A Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin study in the rat. Neuroscience 71: 55-75.
25. Milad, M.R., and Quirk, G.J. 2002. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature (in press).
26. Milad, M.R., Rosaly, E., Syed, T., and Quirk, G.J. 2001. Full spontaneous recovery of extinguished freezing does not indicate loss of extinction memory. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 27: 743.12.
27. Morgan, M.A., Romanski, L.M., and LeDoux. J.E. 1993. Extinction of emotional learning: Contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 163: 109-113.
28. Morrow, B.A., Elsworth, J.D., Rasmusson, A.M., and Roth, R.H. 1999. The role of mesoprefrontal dopamine neurons in the acquisition and expression of conditioned fear in the rat. Neuroscience 92: 553-564.
29. Ohman, A. and Mineka, S. 2001. Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychol. Rev. 108: 483-522.
30. Pavlov, I.P. 1927. Conditioned Reflexes. Oxford University Press, London, United Kingdom.
31. Quirk, G.J., Repa, C., and LeDoux, J.E. 1995. Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: Parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat. Neuron 15: 1029-1039.
32. Quirk, G.J., Armony, J.L., and LeDoux, J.E. 1997. Fear conditioning enhances different temporal components of tone-evoked spike trains in auditory cortex and lateral amygdala. Neuron 19: 613-624.
33. Quirk, G.J., Russo, G.K., Barron, J.L., and Lebron, K. 2000. The role of ventral medial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear. J. Neurosci. 20: 6225-6231.
34. Rescorla, R.A. and Heth, C.D. 1975. Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus. J. Exp. Psychol. 1: 88-96.
35. Rodriguez, B.I., Craske, M.G., Mineka, S., and Hladek, D. 1999. Context-specificity of relapse: Effects of therapist and environmental context on return of fear. Behav. Res. Ther. 37: 845-862.
36. Rosenkranz, J.A. and Grace, A.A. 2002. Cellular mechanisms of infralimbic and prelimbic prefrontal cortical inhibition and dopaminergic modulation of basolateral amygdala neurons in vivo. J. Neurosci. 22: 324-337.
37. Royer, S. and Pare, D. 2002. Bidirectional synaptic plasticity in intercalated amygdala neurons and the extinction of conditioned fear responses. Neuroscience (in press).
38. Santini, E., Muller, R.U., and Quirk, G.J. 2001. Consolidation of extinction learning involves transfer from NMDA-independent to NMDA-dependent memory. J. Neurosci. 21: 9009-9017.
39. Teich, A.H., McCabe, P.M., Gentile, C.C., Schneiderman, L.S., Winters, R.W., Liskowsky, D.R., and Schneiderman, N. 1989. Auditory cortex lesions prevent the extinction of Pavlovian differential heart rate conditioning to tonal stimuli in rabbits. Brain Res. 480: 210-218.
40. Walker, D.L. and Davis, M 2002. The role of amygdala glutamate receptors in fear learning, fear-potentiated startle, and extinction. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 71: 379-392.
41. Walker, D.L., Ressler, K.J., Lu, K.T., Davis, M. 2002. Facilitation of conditioned fear extinction by systemic administration or intra-amygdala infusions of D-cycloserine as assessed with fear-potentiated startle in rats. J. Neurosci. 22: 2343-2351.