15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-induced apoptosis does not require PPARγ in breast cancer cells

Journal of Lipid Research

Volumn 43, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 1818-1828

  Clay, Carl E ^a   Monjazeb, Arta ^a   Thorburn, Jacqueline ^a   Chilton, Floyd H ^a   High, Kevin P ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid metabolism; Cyclopentenone prostaglandins; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor

Indexed keywords

15 DEOXY DELTA12,14 PROSTAGLANDIN J2; 2 [1 CARBOXY 2 [4 [2 (5 METHYL 2 PHENYL 4 OXAZOLYL)ETHOXY]PHENYL]ETHYLAMINO]BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER; 2 CHLORO 5 NITROBENZANILIDE; ARACHIDONIC ACID; CD36 ANTIGEN; CYCLOPENTENONE DERIVATIVE; HORMONE ANTAGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR AGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; TROGLITAZONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; 15 DEOXY DELTA(12,14) PROSTAGLANDIN J2; 15-DEOXY-DELTA(12,14)-PROSTAGLANDIN J2; CELL RECEPTOR; DRUG DERIVATIVE; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; BREAST TUMOR; CELL CULTURE; CELL NUCLEUS; DNA RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; METABOLISM; PATHOLOGY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; TIME;

APOPTOSIS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CELL NUCLEUS; FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; RECEPTORS, CYTOPLASMIC AND NUCLEAR; RESPONSE ELEMENTS; TIME FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

EID: 0036847134     PISSN: 00222275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M200224-JLR200     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Kersten, S., B. Desvergne, and W. Wahli. 2000. Roles of PPARs in health and disease. Nature. 405: 421-424.
2. Han, S., R. K. Wada, and N. Sidell. 2001. Differentiation of human neuroblastoma by phenylacetate is mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Cancer Res. 61: 3998-4002.
3. Suh, N., Y. Wang, C. R. Williams, R. Risingsong, T. Gilmer, T. M. Willson, and M. B. Sporn. 1999. A new ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), GW7845, inhibits rat mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 59: 5671-5673.
4. Brown, K. K., B. R. Henke, S. G. Blanchard, J. E. Cobb, R. Mook, I. Kaldor, S. A. Kliewer, J. M. Lehmann, J, M. Lenhard, W. W. Harrington, P.J. Novak, W. Faison, J. G. Binz, M. A. Hashim, W. O. Oliver, H. R. Brown, D.J. Parks, K. D. Plunket, W. Q. Tong, J. A. Menius, K. Adkison, S. A. Noble, and T. M. Willson. 1999. A novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma reverses the diabetic phenotype of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes. 48: 1415-1424.
5. Li, A. C., K. K. Brown, M. J. Silvestre, T. M. Willson, W. Palinski, and C. K. Glass. 2000. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J. Clin. Invest. 106: 629-631.
6. Fu, M., J. Zhang, X. Zhu, D. E. Myles, T. M. Willson, X. Liu, and Y. E. Chen. 2001. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibits transforming growth factor beta-induced connective tissue growth factor expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells by interfering with Smad3. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 45888-45894.
7. Ito, Y., P. Pandey, M. B. Sporn, R. Datta, S. Kharbanda, and D. Kufe. 2001. The novel triterpenoid CDDO induces apoptosis and differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells by a caspase-8 dependent mechanism. Mol. Pharmacol. 59: 1094-1099.
8. Ito, Y., P. Pandey, A. Place, M. B. Sporn, G. W. Gribble, T. Honda, S. Kharbanda, and D. Kufe. 2000. The novel triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid induces apoptosis of human myeloid leukemia cells by a caspase-8-dependent mechanism. Cell Growth Differ. 11: 261-267.
9. Clay, C. E., A. M. Namen, A. N. Fonteh, G. Atsumi, K. P. High, and E H. Chilton. 2000. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)PGJ(2) induces diverse biological responses via PPARgamma activation in cancer cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 62: 23-32.
10. Scheen, A. J. 2001. Thiazolidinediones and liver toxicity. Diabetes Metab. 27: 305-313.
11. Gale, E. A. 2001. Lessons from the glitazones: A story of drug development. Lancet. 357: 1870-1875.
12. Demetri, G. D., C. D. Fletcher, E. Mueller, P. Sarraf, R. Naujoks, N. Campbell, B. M. Spiegelman, and S. Singer. 1999. Induction of solid tumor differentiation by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand troglitazone in patients with liposarcoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 3951-3956.
13. Wang, M., S. C. Wise, T. Leff, and T. Z. Su. 1999. Troglitazone, an antidiabetic agent, inhibits cholesterol biosynthesis through a mechanism independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Diabetes. 48: 254-260.
14. Forman, B. M., P. Tontonoz, J. Chen, R. P. Brun, B. M. Spiegelman, and R. M. Evans. 1995. 15-Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma. Cell. 83: 803-812.
15. Kliewer, S. A., J. M. Lenhard, T. M. Willson, I. Patel, D. C. Morris, and J. M. Lehmann. 1995. A prostaglandin J2 metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Cell. 83: 813-819.
16. Clay, C. E., A. M. Namen, G. Atsumi, M. C. Willingham, K. P. High, T. E. Kute, A. J. Trimboli, A. N. Fonteh, P. A. Dawson, and F. H. Chilton. 1999. Influence of J series prostaglandins on apoptosis and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 20: 1905-1911.
17. Chawla, A., Y. Barak, L. Nagy, D. Liao, P. Tontonoz, and R. M. Evans. 2001. PPAR-gamma dependent and independent effects on macrophage-gene expression in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Nat. Med. 7: 48-52.
18. Rossi, A, P. Kapahi, G. Natoli, T. Takahashi, Y. Chen, M. Karin, and M. G. Santoro. 2000. Anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of IkappaB kinase. Nature. 403: 103-108.
19. Castrillo, A., M. J. Diaz-Guerra, S. Hortelano, P. Martin-Sanz, and L. Bosca. 2000. Inhibition of IkappaB kinase and IkappaB phosphorylation by 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) in activated murine macrophages. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 1692-1698.
20. Straus, D. S., G. Pascual, M. Li, J. S. Welch, M. Ricote, C. H. Hsiang, L. L Sengchanthalangsy, G. Ghosh and C. K. Glass. 2000. 15-Deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits multiple steps in the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97: 4844-4849.
21. Cernuda-Morollon, E., E. Pineda-Molina, F. J. Canada, and D. Perez-Sala. 2001. 15-Deoxy-Delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibition of NF-kappaB-DNA binding through covalent modification of the p50 subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 35530-35536.
22. Mullally, J. E., P.J. Moos, K. Edes, and F. A. Fitzpatrick. 2001. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins of the J series inhibit the ubiquitin isopeptidase activity of the proteasome pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 30366-30373.
23. Kondo, M., T. Oya-Ito, T. Kumagai, T. Osawa, and K. Uchida. 2001. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins as potential inducers of intracellular oxidative stress. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 12076-12083.
24. Li, L., J. Tao, J. Davaille, C. Feral, A. Mallat, J. Rieusset, H. Vidal, and S. Lotersztajn. 2001. 15-Deoxy-Delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 induces apoptosis of human hepatic myofibroblasts. A pathway involving oxidative stress independently of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 38152-38158.
25. Clay, C. E., A. M. Namen, G. Atsumi, A. J. Trimboli, A. N. Fonteh, K. P. High, and F. H. Chilton. 2001. Magnitude of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation is associated with important and seemingly opposite biological responses in breast cancer cells. J. Investig. Med. 49: 413-420.
26. Clay, C. E., G. Atsumi, K. P. High, and E H. Chilton. 2001. Early de novo gene expression is required for 15-deoxy-Delta 12,14-prosm prostaglandin J2-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 47131-47135.
27. Rosen, E. D., P. Sarraf, A. E. Troy, G. Bradwin, K. Moore, D. S. Milstone, B. M. Spiegleman, and R. M. Mortensen. 1999. PPAR gamma is required for the differentiation of adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Mol. Med. 4: 611-617.
28. Barak, Y., M. C. Nelson, E. S. Ong, Y. Z. Jones, P. Ruiz-Lozano, K. R. Chien, A. Koder, and R. M. Evans. 1999. PPAR gamma is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development. Mol. Med. 4: 585-595.
29. Maxey, K. M., E. Hessler, J. MacDonald, and L. Hitchingham. 2000. The nature and composition of 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) PGJ(2). Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 62: 15-21.
30. Brown, P. J., L. W. Stuart, K. P. Hurley, M. C. Lewis, D. A. Winegar, J. G. Wilson, W. O. Wilkison, O. R. Ittoop, and T. M. Willson. 2001. Identification of a subtype selective human PPARalpha agonist through parallel-array synthesis. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 11: 1225-1227.
31. Henke, B. R., S. G. Blanchard, M. F. Brackeen, K. K. Brown, J. E. Cobb, J. L. Collins, W. W. Harrington, Jr., M. A. Hashim, E. A. Hull-Ryde, I. Kaldor, S. A. Kliewer, D. H. Lake, L. M. Leesnitzer, J. M. Lehmann, J. M. Lenhard, L. A. Orband-Miller, J. F. Miller, R. A. Mook, Jr., S. A. Noble, W. Oliver, Jr., D. J. Parks, K. D. Plunket, J. R. Szewczyk, and T. M. Willson. 1998. N-(2-Benzoylphenyl)-L-tyrosine PPARgamma agonists. 1. Discovery of a novel series of potent anti-hyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic agents. J. Med. Chem. 41: 5020-5036.
32. Oliver, W. R., Jr, J. L Shenk, M. R. Snaith, C. S. Russell, K. D. Plunket, N. L. Bodkin, M. C. Lewis, D. A. Winegar, M. L. Sznaidman, M. H. Lambert, H. E. Xu, D. D. Sternbach, S. A. Kliewer, B. C. Hansen and T. M. Willson. 2001. A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98: 5306-5311.
33. Leesnitzer, L. M., D. J. Parks, R. K. Bledsoe, J. E. Cobb, J. L. Collins, T. G. Consler, R. G. Davis, E. A. Hull-Ryde, J. M. Lenhard, K. D. Plunket, J. L. Shenk, J. B. Stimmel, T. M. Willson and S. G. Blanchard. 2002. Functional consequences of cysteine modification in the ligand binding sites of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors by GW9662. Biochemistry. 41: 6640-6650.
34. Alley, M. C., D. A. Scudiero, P. A. Monks, M. L. Hursey, M.J. Czerwinski, D. L. Fine, B. J. Abbott, J. G. Mayo, R. H. Shoemaker, and M. R. Boyd. 1998. Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay. Cancer Res. 48: 589-601.
35. Grever, M. R., S. A. Schepartz, and B. A. Chabner. 1992. The National Cancer Institute: Cancer drug discovery and development program. Semin. Oncol. 19: 622-638.
36. Rubinstein, L. V., R. H. Shoemaker, K. D. Paull, R. M. Simon. S. Tosini, P. Skehan, D. A. Scudiero, A. Monks, and M. R. Boyd. 1990. Comparison of in vitro anticancer-drug-screening data generated with a tetrazolium assay versus a protein assay against a diverse panel of human tumor cell lines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 82: 1113-1118.
37. Kliewer, S. A., K. Umesono, D.J. Noonan, R. A. Heyman, and R. M. Evans. 1992. Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors, Nature. 358: 771-774.
38. Alberts, A. S., J. A. Frost, and A. M. Thorburn. 1993. Rapid transcriptional assay for the expression of two distinct reporter genes by microinjection. DNA Cell Biol. 12: 935-943.
39. Gurnell, M., J. M. Wentworth, M. Agostini, M. Adams, T. N. Collingwood, C, Provenzano, P. O. Browne, O. Rajanayagam, T. P. Burris, J. W. Schwabe, M. A. Lazar, and V. K. Chatterjee. 2000. A dominant-negative peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) mutant is a constitutive repressor and inhibits PPARgamma-mediated adipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 5754-5759.
40. Gupta, R. A., J. A. Brockman, P. Sarraf, T. M. Willson, and R. N. DuBois. 2001. Target genes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in colorectal cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 29681-29687.
41. Willson, T. M., P. J. Brown, D. D. Sternbach, and B. R. Henke. 2000. The PPARs: From orphan receptors to drug discovery. J. Med. Chem. 43:527-550.
42. Han, J., D. P. Hajjar, J. M. Tauras, J. Feng, A. M. Gotto, Jr., and A. C. Nicholson. 2000. Transforming growth factor-betal (TGF-betal) and TGF-beta2 decrease expression of CD36, the type B scavenger receptor, through mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 1241-1246.
43. Huang, J. T., J. S. Welch, M. Ricote, C. J. Binder, T. M. Willson, C. Kelly, J. L. Witztum, C. D. Funk, D. Conrad, and C. K. Glass. 1999. Interleukin-4-dependent production of PPAR-gamma ligands in macrophages by 12/15-lipoxygenase. Nature. 400: 378-382.
44. Nagy, L., P. Tontonoz, J. G. Alvarez, H. Chen, and R. M. Evans. 1998. Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPARgamma. Cell. 93: 229-240.
45. Eibl, G., M. N. Wente, H. A. Reber, and O.J. Hines. 2001. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma induces pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 287: 522-529.
46. Yang, W. L., and H. Frucht. 2001. Activation of the PPAR pathway induces apoptosis and COX-2 inhibition in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis. 22: 1379-1383.
47. Rohn, T. T., S. M. Wong, C. W. Cotman, and D. H. Cribbs. 2001. 15-Deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2, a specific ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, induces neuronal apoptosis. Neuroreport. 12: 839-843.
48. Padilla, J., K. Kaur, H. J. Cao, T. J. Smith, and R. P. Phipps. 2000. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-gamma agonists and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)(12,14)-PGJ(2) induce apoptosis in normal and malignant B-lineage cells. J. Immunol. 165: 6941-6948.
49. Chang, T. H., and E. Szabo. 2000. Induction of differentiation and apoptosis by ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 60: 1129-1138.
50. Bishop-Bailey, D., and T. Hla. 1999. Endothelial cell apoptosis induced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligand 15-deoxy-Deltal2,14-prostaglandin J2. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 17042-17048.
51. Chinetti, G., S. Griglio, M. Antonucci, I. P. Torra, P. Delerive, Z. Majd, J. C. Fruchart, J. Chapman, J. Najib, and B. Staels. 1998. Activation of proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma induces apoptosis of human monocyte-derived macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 25573-25580.
52. Elstner, E., C. Muller, K. Koshizuka, E. A. Williamson, D. Park, H. Asou, P. Shintaku, J. W. Said, D. Heber, and H. P. Koeffier. 1998. Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma and retinoic acid receptor inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in BNX mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95: 8806-8811.
53. Saez, E., P. Tontonoz, M. C. Nelson, J. G. Alvarez, U. T. Ming, S. M. Baird, V. A. Thomazy, and R. M. Evans. 1998. Activators of the nuclear receptor PPARgamma enhance colon polyp formation. Nat. Med. 4: 1058-1061.
54. Lefebvre, A. M., I. Chen, P. Desreumaux, J. Najib, J. C. Fruchart, K. Geboes, M. Briggs, R. Heyman, and J. Auwerx. 1998. Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma promotes the development of colon tumors in C57BL/6J-APCMin/+ mice. Nat. Med. 4: 1053-1057.
55. Sarraf, P., E. Mueller, D. Jones, E J. King, D. J. DeAngelo, J. B. Partridge, S. A. Holden, L. B. Chen, S. Singer, C. Fletcher, and B. M. Spiegelman. 1998. Differentiation and reversal of malignant changes in colon cancer through PPARgamma. Nat. Med. 4: 1046-1052.
56. Shah, S. A., M. W. Potter, and M. P. Callery. 2001. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway: Implications and advances in cancer therapy. Surg. Oncol. 10: 43-52.
57. Adams, J. 2001. Proteasome inhibition in cancer: Development of PS-341. Semin. Oncol. 28: 613-619.
58. Xin, X., S. Yang, J. Kowalski, and M. E. Gerritsen. 1999. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 9116-9121.
59. Inoue, H., T. Tanabe, and K. Umesono. 2000. Feedback control of cyclooxygenase-2 expression through PPARgamma. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 28028-28032.
60. Surette, M. E., A. N. Fonteh, C. Bernatchez, and F. H. Chilton. 1999. Perturbations in the control of cellular arachidonic acid levels block cell growth and induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Carcinogenesis. 20: 757-763.
61. Surette, M. E., J. D. Winkler, A. N. Fonteh, and F. H. Chilton. 1996. Relationship between arachidonate - Phospholipid remodeling and apoptosis. Biochemistry. 35: 9187-9196.
62. Cao, Y., A. T. Pearman, G. A. Zimmerman, T. M. McIntyre, and S. M. Prescott. 2000. Intracellular unesterified arachidonic acid signals apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97: 11280-11285.
63. Hortelano, S., A. Castrillo, A. M. Alvarez, and L. Bosca. 2000. Contribution of cyclopentenone prostaglandins to the resolution of inflammation through the potentiation of apoptosis in activated macrophages. J. Immunol. 165: 6525-6531.
64. Davies, S. S., A. V. Pontsler, G. K. Marathe, K. A. Harrison, R. C. Murphy, J. C. Hinshaw, G. D. Prestwich, A. S. Hilaire, S. M. Prescott, G. A. Zimmerman, and T. M. McIntyre. 2001. Oxidized alkyl phospholipids are specific, high affinity peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands and agonists. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 16015-16023.
65. Han, K. H., M. K. Chang, A. Boullier, S. R. Green, A. Li, C. K. Glass, and O. Quehenberger. 2000. Oxidized LDL reduces monocyte CCR2 expression through pathways involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J. Clin. Invest. 106: 793-802.
66. Trimboli,A.J., B. M. Waite, G. Atsumi, A. N. Fonteh, A. M. Namen, C. E. Clay, T. E. Kute, K. P. High, M. C. Willingham, and E H. Chilton. 1999. Influence of coenzyme A-independent transacylase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 59: 6171-6177.
67. Levonen A. L., D. A. Dickinson, D. R. Moellering, R. T. Mulcahy, H. J. Forman, and V. M. Darley-Usmar. 2001. Biphasic effects of 15-deoxy-deha(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) on glutathione induction and apoptosis in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21: 1846-1851.
68. Preuss, M., G. D. Girnun, C.J. Darby, N. Khoo, A. A. Spector, and M. E. Robbins. 2000. Role of antioxidant enzyme expression in the selective cytotoxic response of glioma cells to gamma-linolenic acid supplementation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28: 1143-1156.
69. Kitamura, Y., J. Kakimura, H. Koike, M. Umeki, P. J. Gebicke-Haerter, Y. Nomura, and T. Taniguchi. 2001. Effects of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14) prostaglandin J(2) and interleukin-4 in Toll-like receptor-4-mutant glial cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 411: 223-230.
70. Kasai, K., N. Banba, A. Hishinuma, M. Matsumura, H. Kakishita, M. Matsumura, S. Motohashi, N. Sato, and Y. Hattori. 2000. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) facilitates thyroglobulin production by cultured human thyrocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 279: C1859-C1869.
71. Suttner, D. M., and P. A. Dennery. 1999. Reversal of HO-1 related cytoprotection with increased expression is due to reactive iron. FASEB J. 13:1800-1809.
72. Yue, T. L., J. Chen, W. Bao, P. K. Narayanan, A. Bril, W. Jiang, P. G. Lysko, J. L. Gu, R. Boyce, D. M. Zimmerman T. K. Hart, R. E. Buckingham, and E. H. Ohlstein. 2001. In vivo myocardial protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone. Circulation. 104:2588-2594.
73. Lewis, J. D., G. R. Lichtenstein, R. B. Stein, J.J. Deren, T. A. Judge, F. Fogt, E. E. Furth, E.J. Demissie, L. B. Hurd, C. G. Su, S. A. Keilbaugh, M. A. Lazar, and G. D. Wu. 2001. An open-label trial of the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone for active ulcerative colitis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96: 3323-3328.
74. Benayoun, L., S. Letuve, A. Druilhe, J. Boczkowski, M.C. Dombret, P. Mechighel, J. Megret, G. Leseche, M. Aubierand, and M. Pretolani. 2001. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression in human asthmatic airways: Relationship with proliferation, apoptosis, and airway remodeling. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164: 1487-1494.
75. Delerive, P.,J. C. Fruchart, and B. Staels. 2001. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in inflammation control. J. Endocrinol. 169:453-459.
76. Debril, M. B., J. P Renaud, L. Fajas, and J. Auwerx. 2001. The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J. Mol. Med. 79: 30-47.
77. Saltiel, A. R. 2001. New perspectives into the molecular pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Cell. 104: 517-529.
78. Hsueh, W. A., S.Jackson, and R. E. Law. 2001. Control of vascular cell proliferation and migration by PPAR-gamma: A new approach to the macrovascular complications of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 24: 392-397.
79. Shibata, T., M. Kondo, T. Osawa, N. Shibata, M. Kobayashi, and K. Uchida. 2002. 15-Deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2. A prostaglandin D2 metabolite generated during inflammatory processes. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 10459-10466.