Face recognition algorithms and the other-race effect: Computational mechanisms for a developmental contact hypothesis

Cognitive Science

Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 797-815

  Furl, Nicholas ^a   Phillips, P Jonathon ^b   O'Toole, Alice J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Computer simulation; Computer vision; Human experimentation; Neural networks; Psychology; Representation

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036837906     PISSN: 03640213     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0364-0213(02)00084-8     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Bothwell, R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1989). Cross-racial identification. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 19-25.
2. Brigham, J. C., Barkowitz, A. (1978). Do "They all look alike?" The effects of race, sex, experience and attitudes on the ability to recognize faces. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8, 306-318.
3. Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1985). The role of experience and contact in the recognition of own- and other-race faces. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 139-155.
4. Carey, S., & Diamond, R. (1977). From piecemeal to configural representation of faces. Science, 195, 312-314.
5. Carroo, A.W. (1986). Other-race face recognition: A comparison of Black American and African subjects. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 135-138.
6. Chance, J. E., Turner, A. L., & Goldstein, A. G. (1982). Development of differential recognition for own- and other-race faces. Journal of Psychology, 112, 29-37.
7. Chiroro, P., & Valentine,T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, A, Human Experimental Psychology, 48A, 879-894.
8. Cohen, J. D., Mc Whinney, B., Flatt, M., & Provost, J. (1993). Psyscope: A new graphic interactive environment for designing psychology experiments. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 25, 257-271.
9. Cross, J. F., Cross, J., & Daly, J. (1971). Sex, race, age, and beauty as factors in recognition of faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 10, 393-396.
10. Feingold, C. A. (1914). The influence of environment on the identification of persons and things. Journal of Criminal Law and Police Science, 5, 39-51.
11. Feinman, S., & Entwisle, D. R. (1976). Children's ability to recognize other children's faces. Child Development, 47(2), 506-510.
12. Gazzaniga, M. (2000). The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MIT.
13. Kuhl, P. K. (1994). Learning and representation in speech. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 4, 812-822.
14. Kuhl, P. K. (1998). The development of speech and language. In T. J. Carew, R. Menzel, & C. J. Schatz (Eds.), Mechanistic relationships between development and learning. New York: Wiley.
15. Kuhl, P. K. (1999). Language, mind and brain: Experience alters perception. In M. Gazzaniga (Ed.), The cognitive neurosciences. Cambridge, MIT.
16. Kuhl, P. K., Williams, K. H., & Lacerdo, F. (1992). Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science, 255, 606-608.
17. Lavarkas, P. J., Buri, J. R., & Mayzner, M. S. (1976). A perspective on the recognition of other-race faces. Perception & Psychophysics, 20, 475-481.
18. Levin, D. (2000). Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross-race recognition deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 559-574.
19. Light, L. L., Kayra-Stuart, F., & Hollander, S. (1979). Recognition memory for typical and unusual faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 212-228.
20. Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330-334.
21. Moghaddam, B., & Pentland, A. (1997). Probabilistic visual learning for object detection. IEEE Transaction Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19, 696-710.
22. Moghaddam, B., & Pentland, A. (1998). Beyond linear eigenspaces: Bayesian matching for face recognition. In H. Wechsler, P. J. Phillips, V. Bruce, F. Fogelman Soulie, & T. S. Huang (Eds.), Face recognition: From theory to applications. Berlin: Springer.
23. Moon, H., & Phillips, P. J. (2001). Computational and performance aspects of PCA-based face recognition algorithms. Perception, 30, 301-321.
24. Ng, W., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1994). Cross-race facial recognition: Failure of the contact hypothesis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 217-232.
25. Okada, K., Steffens, J., Maurer, T., Hong, H., Elagin, E., Neven, H., & von der Malsburg, C. (1998). The Bochum/USC face recognition system and how it fared in the FERET Phase III Test. In H. Wechsler, P. J. Phillips, V. Bruce, F. Fogelman Soulie, & T. S. Huang (Eds.), Face recognition: From theory to applications. Berlin: Springer.
26. O'Toole, A. J., Deffenbacher, K. A., Abdi, H., & Bartlett, J. C. (1991). Simulating the "other-race" effect as a problem in perceptual learning. Connection Science: Journal of Neural Computing, Artificial Intelligence & Cognitive Research, 3, 163-178.
27. O'Toole, A. J., Phillips, P. J., Cheng, Y. Ross, B., & Wild, H. A. (2000). Face recognition algorithms as models of human face processing. In Proceedings of the fourth international workshop on automatic face and gesture recognition (pp. 552-557). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
28. Phillips, P. J., Moon, H., Rizvi, S., & Rauss, P. (2000). The FERET evaluation method for face recognition algorithms. IEEE Transaction Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22, 1090-1104.
29. Shapiro, P. N., & Penrod, S. D. (1986). Meta-analysis of face identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 139-156.
30. Shepherd, J. (1981). Social factors in face recognition. In G. Davies & H. Ellis J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces (pp. 55-67). London: Academic Press.
31. Shepherd, J. W., Deregowski, J. B., & Ellis, H. D. (1974). A cross-cultural study of recognition memory for faces. International Journal of Psychology, 9, 205-212.
32. Swets, D. L., & Weng, J. (1996) Discriminant analysis and eigenspace partition tree for face and object recognition from views. In Proceedings of second international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
33. Werker, J. F., Gilbert, J. H., Humphrey, K., & Tees, R. C. (1981). Developmental aspects of cross-language speech perception. Child Development, 52, 349-355.
34. Zhao, W., Krishnaswamy, A., Chellappa, R., Swets, D., & Weng, J. (1998). Discriminant analysis of principal components for face recognition. In H. Wechsler, P. J. Phillips, V. Bruce, F. Fogelman Soulie, & T. S. Huang (Eds.), Face recognition: From theory to