메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 528-532

The biology of digital organisms

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY;

EID: 0036837345     PISSN: 01695347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02612-5     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (74)

References (47)
  • 1
    • 0035375033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary computation
    • Foster J.A. Evolutionary computation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:2001;428-436.
    • (2001) Nat. Rev. Genet. , vol.2 , pp. 428-436
    • Foster, J.A.1
  • 2
    • 0028365256 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: A 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations
    • Lenski R.E., Travisano M. Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91:1994;6808-6814.
    • (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.91 , pp. 6808-6814
    • Lenski, R.E.1    Travisano, M.2
  • 3
    • 0030620273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coli
    • Sniegowski P.D., et al. Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coli. Nature. 387:1997;703-705.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 703-705
    • Sniegowski, P.D.1
  • 4
    • 0034641929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving E. coli populations
    • Cooper V.S., Lenski R.E. The population genetics of ecological specialization in evolving E. coli populations. Nature. 407:2000;736-739.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.407 , pp. 736-739
    • Cooper, V.S.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 5
    • 0000111025 scopus 로고
    • An approach to the synthesis of life
    • C.G. et al. Langton. Addison-Wesley
    • Ray T. An approach to the synthesis of life. Langton C.G., et al. Artificial Life II. 1991;371-408 Addison-Wesley.
    • (1991) Artificial Life II , pp. 371-408
    • Ray, T.1
  • 6
    • 0000201153 scopus 로고
    • Evolution, complexity, entropy, and artificial reality
    • Ray T.S. Evolution, complexity, entropy, and artificial reality. Physica D. 75:1994;239-263.
    • (1994) Physica D , vol.75 , pp. 239-263
    • Ray, T.S.1
  • 7
    • 24944538568 scopus 로고
    • Self-organized criticality in living systems
    • Adami C. Self-organized criticality in living systems. Phys. Lett. A. 203:1995;29-32.
    • (1995) Phys. Lett. A , vol.203 , pp. 29-32
    • Adami, C.1
  • 9
    • 22844454593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of differentiated expression patterns in digital organisms
    • Ofria C., et al. Evolution of differentiated expression patterns in digital organisms. Lect. Notes Artif. Intell. 1674:1999;129-138.
    • (1999) Lect. Notes Artif. Intell. , vol.1674 , pp. 129-138
    • Ofria, C.1
  • 10
    • 0034712858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of biological complexity
    • Adami C., et al. Evolution of biological complexity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:2000;4463-4468.
    • (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.97 , pp. 4463-4468
    • Adami, C.1
  • 11
    • 0002162648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of chance, history and adaptation on evolution in digitalia
    • M.A. et al. Bedau. MIT Press
    • Wagenaar D., Adami C. Influence of chance, history and adaptation on evolution in digitalia. Bedau M.A., et al. Artificial Life VII. 2000;216-220 MIT Press.
    • (2000) Artificial Life VII , pp. 216-220
    • Wagenaar, D.1    Adami, C.2
  • 12
    • 0034997064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microevolution in an electronic microcosm
    • Yedid G., Bell G. Microevolution in an electronic microcosm. Am. Nat. 157:2001;465-487.
    • (2001) Am. Nat. , vol.157 , pp. 465-487
    • Yedid, G.1    Bell, G.2
  • 14
    • 2542583245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population
    • Gerrish P.J., Lenski R.E. The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population. Genetica. 103:1998;127-144.
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.103 , pp. 127-144
    • Gerrish, P.J.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 15
    • 0034532082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental analysis of molecular events during mutational periodic selections in bacterial evolution
    • Notley-McRobb L., Ferenci T. Experimental analysis of molecular events during mutational periodic selections in bacterial evolution. Genetics. 156:2000;1493-1501.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 1493-1501
    • Notley-McRobb, L.1    Ferenci, T.2
  • 16
    • 0035970061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fitness effects of advantageous mutations in evolving Escherichia coli populations
    • Imhof M., Schlotterer C. Fitness effects of advantageous mutations in evolving Escherichia coli populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98:2001;1113-1117.
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.98 , pp. 1113-1117
    • Imhof, M.1    Schlotterer, C.2
  • 17
    • 0028977087 scopus 로고
    • Experimental test of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution
    • Travisano M., et al. Experimental test of the roles of adaptation, chance, and history in evolution. Science. 267:1995;87-90.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 87-90
    • Travisano, M.1
  • 18
    • 0020360884 scopus 로고
    • Selection against harmful mutations in large sexual and asexual populations
    • Kondrashov A.S. Selection against harmful mutations in large sexual and asexual populations. Genet. Res. 40:1982;325-332.
    • (1982) Genet. Res. , vol.40 , pp. 325-332
    • Kondrashov, A.S.1
  • 19
    • 0023737547 scopus 로고
    • Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction
    • Kondrashov A.S. Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sexual reproduction. Nature. 336:1988;435-440.
    • (1988) Nature , vol.336 , pp. 435-440
    • Kondrashov, A.S.1
  • 20
    • 0032697818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pluralist approach to sex and recombination
    • West S.A., et al. A pluralist approach to sex and recombination. J. Evol. Biol. 12:1999;1003-1012.
    • (1999) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 1003-1012
    • West, S.A.1
  • 22
    • 0028294555 scopus 로고
    • Muller's ratchet under epistatic selection
    • Kondrashov A.S. Muller's ratchet under epistatic selection. Genetics. 136:1994;1469-1473.
    • (1994) Genetics , vol.136 , pp. 1469-1473
    • Kondrashov, A.S.1
  • 23
    • 0035803270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soluble model for the accumulation of mutations in asexual populations
    • Colato A., Fontanari J.F. Soluble model for the accumulation of mutations in asexual populations. Phys. Rev. Lett. 87:2001;238102.
    • (2001) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.87 , pp. 238102
    • Colato, A.1    Fontanari, J.F.2
  • 24
    • 0029022154 scopus 로고
    • A general model for the evolution of recombination
    • Butcher D. A general model for the evolution of recombination. Genet. Res. 65:1995;123-144.
    • (1995) Genet. Res. , vol.65 , pp. 123-144
    • Butcher, D.1
  • 25
    • 0031458777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Test of synergistic interactions among deleterious mutations in bacteria
    • Elena S.F., Lenski R.E. Test of synergistic interactions among deleterious mutations in bacteria. Nature. 390:1997;395-398.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.390 , pp. 395-398
    • Elena, S.F.1    Lenski, R.E.2
  • 26
    • 0031020691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An experimental test for synergistic epistasis and its application to Chlamydomonas
    • De Visser J.A.G.M., et al. An experimental test for synergistic epistasis and its application to Chlamydomonas. Genetics. 145:1997;815-819.
    • (1997) Genetics , vol.145 , pp. 815-819
    • De Visser, J.A.G.M.1
  • 27
    • 0031831591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synergistic epistasis between loci affecting fitness: Evidence in plants and fungi
    • De Visser J.A.G.M., Hoekstra R.F. Synergistic epistasis between loci affecting fitness: evidence in plants and fungi. Genet. Res. 71:1998;39-49.
    • (1998) Genet. Res. , vol.71 , pp. 39-49
    • De Visser, J.A.G.M.1    Hoekstra, R.F.2
  • 28
    • 0033278903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Little evidence for synergism among deleterious mutations in a nonsegmented RNA virus
    • Elena S.F. Little evidence for synergism among deleterious mutations in a nonsegmented RNA virus. J. Mol. Evol. 49:1999;703-707.
    • (1999) J. Mol. Evol. , vol.49 , pp. 703-707
    • Elena, S.F.1
  • 29
    • 0343963783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of deleterious mutation accumulation on the fitness of RNA bacteriophage MS2
    • de la Peña M., et al. Effect of deleterious mutation accumulation on the fitness of RNA bacteriophage MS2. Evolution. 54:2000;686-691.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 686-691
    • De la Peña, M.1
  • 30
    • 0033709990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the genetic load in Drosophila: Synergistic epistasis and correlations among fitness components
    • Whitlock M.C., Bourguet D. Factors affecting the genetic load in Drosophila: synergistic epistasis and correlations among fitness components. Evolution. 54:2000;1654-1660.
    • (2000) Evolution , vol.54 , pp. 1654-1660
    • Whitlock, M.C.1    Bourguet, D.2
  • 31
    • 0034536295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A test for epistasis among induced mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans
    • Peters A.D., Keightley P.D. A test for epistasis among induced mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 156:2000;1635-1647.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.156 , pp. 1635-1647
    • Peters, A.D.1    Keightley, P.D.2
  • 32
    • 0035055001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epistatic interactions of spontaneous mutations in haploid strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    • Wloch D.M., et al. Epistatic interactions of spontaneous mutations in haploid strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Evol. Biol. 14:2001;310-316.
    • (2001) J. Evol. Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 310-316
    • Wloch, D.M.1
  • 33
    • 0031833592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations
    • West S.A., et al. Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations. Genetics. 149:1998;435-444.
    • (1998) Genetics , vol.149 , pp. 435-444
    • West, S.A.1
  • 34
    • 0033549752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome complexity, robustness, and genetic interactions in digital organisms
    • Lenski R.E., et al. Genome complexity, robustness, and genetic interactions in digital organisms. Nature. 400:1999;661-664.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 661-664
    • Lenski, R.E.1
  • 35
    • 0034919014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between directional epistasis and average mutational effects
    • Wilke C.O., Adami C. Interaction between directional epistasis and average mutational effects. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B. 268:2001;1469-1474.
    • (2001) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B , vol.268 , pp. 1469-1474
    • Wilke, C.O.1    Adami, C.2
  • 36
    • 0004254590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic measurement theory of epistatic effects
    • Wagner G.P., et al. Genetic measurement theory of epistatic effects. Genetica. 102/103:1998;569-580.
    • (1998) Genetica , vol.102-103 , pp. 569-580
    • Wagner, G.P.1
  • 37
    • 0031879153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of canalization and the breaking of von Baer's law: Modeling the evolution of development with epistasis
    • Rice S.H. The evolution of canalization and the breaking of von Baer's law: modeling the evolution of development with epistasis. Evolution. 52:1998;647-656.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 647-656
    • Rice, S.H.1
  • 39
    • 0036133286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the quasi-species concept relevant to RNA viruses?
    • Holmes E.C., Moya A. Is the quasi-species concept relevant to RNA viruses? J. Virol. 76:2002;460-462.
    • (2002) J. Virol. , vol.76 , pp. 460-462
    • Holmes, E.C.1    Moya, A.2
  • 40
    • 0036132387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quasi-species theory in virology
    • Domingo E. Quasi-species theory in virology. J. Virol. 76:2002;463-465.
    • (2002) J. Virol. , vol.76 , pp. 463-465
    • Domingo, E.1
  • 41
    • 0034632830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolvability of an RNA virus is determined by its mutational neighbourhood
    • Burch C.L., Chao L. Evolvability of an RNA virus is determined by its mutational neighbourhood. Nature. 406:2000;625-628.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 625-628
    • Burch, C.L.1    Chao, L.2
  • 42
    • 0037127692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal effects in molecular evolution
    • Wilke C.O. Maternal effects in molecular evolution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88:2002;078101.
    • (2002) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.88 , pp. 078101
    • Wilke, C.O.1
  • 43
    • 0023811909 scopus 로고
    • Stationary mutant distributions and evolutionary optimization
    • Schuster P., Swetina J. Stationary mutant distributions and evolutionary optimization. Bull. Math. Biol. 50:1988;635-660.
    • (1988) Bull. Math. Biol. , vol.50 , pp. 635-660
    • Schuster, P.1    Swetina, J.2
  • 44
    • 0035913336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rate leads to survival of the flattest
    • Wilke C.O., et al. Evolution of digital organisms at high mutation rate leads to survival of the flattest. Nature. 412:2001;331-333.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.412 , pp. 331-333
    • Wilke, C.O.1
  • 45
    • 84858775595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ab initio modeling of ecosystems with artificial life
    • Adami C. Ab initio modeling of ecosystems with artificial life. Nat. Res. Mod. 15:2002;133-145.
    • (2002) Nat. Res. Mod. , vol.15 , pp. 133-145
    • Adami, C.1
  • 46
    • 0027127683 scopus 로고
    • Byte-sized evolution
    • Maynard Smith J. Byte-sized evolution. Nature. 335:1992;772-773.
    • (1992) Nature , vol.335 , pp. 772-773
    • Maynard Smith, J.1
  • 47
    • 0034739052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms
    • Lipson H., Pollack J.B. Automatic design and manufacture of robotic lifeforms. Nature. 406:2000;974-978
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 974-978
    • Lipson, H.1    Pollack, J.B.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.