Microscopic formulation of black holes in string theory

Physics Report

Volumn 369, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 549-686

  David, Justin R ^a   Mandal, Gautam ^b   Wadia, Spenta R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Black holes; D branes; Gauge theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036837201     PISSN: 03701573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00271-5     Document Type: Review

References (232)

1. S.W. Hawking, W. Israel, General Relativity: an Einstein Centenary Survey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1979, 919pp.
2. M.B. Green, J.H. Schwarz, E. Witten, Superstring Theory. Vol. 1: Introduction; Vol. 2: Loop amplitudes, anomalies and phenomenology, Cambridge Monographs on Mathematical Physics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1987, 469pp.
3. J. Polchinski, String Theory. Vol. 1: An Introduction to the bosonic string; Vol. 2; Superstring Theory and Beyond, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998, 402pp.
4. T. Yoneya, Connection of dual models to electrodynamics and gravidynamics, Prog. Theor. Phys. 51 (1974) 1907-1920.
5. J. Scherk, J.H. Schwarz, Dual models and the geometry of space-time, Phys. Lett. B 52 (1974) 347.
6. C.W. Misner, K.S. Thorne, J.A. Wheeler, Gravitation, Freeman, 1970, 1279pp.
7. R.M. Wald, General relativity, Chicago University Press, Chicago, USA, 1984, 491pp.
8. R.P. Feynman, F.B. Morinigo, W.G. Wagner, B. Hatfield (Ed.), Feynman Lectures on Gravitation, Addison-Wesley, Reading, USA, 1995, 232pp (The advanced book program).
9. S. Weinberg, Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity, Wiley, New York, 1972, 657pp.
10. S. Hawking, G. Ellis, The large scale structure of space time, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1973, 391pp.
11. G.T. Horowitz, R.C. Myers, The value of singularities, Gen. Rel. Grav. 27 (1995) 915-919, gr-qc/9503062.
12. C.V. Johnson, N. Kaloper, R.R. Khuri, R.C. Myers, Is string theory a theory of strings? Phys. Lett. B 368 (1996) 71-77, hep-th/9509070.
13. C.V. Johnson, A.W. Peet, J. Polchinski, Gauge theory and the excision of repulson singularities, Phys. Rev. D 61 (2000) 086001, hep-th/9911161.
14. S.S. Gubser, Curvature singularities: the good, the bad, and the naked, hep-th/0002160.
15. M. Natsuume, The singularity problem in string theory, gr-qc/0108059.
16. S.W. Hawking, Particle creation by black holes, Commun. Math. Phys. 43 (1975) 199-220.
17. S.W. Hawking, Breakdown of predictability in gravitational collapse, Phys. Rev. D 14 (1976) 2460-2473.
18. G. 't Hooft, Black holes, Hawking radiation, and the information paradox, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 43 (1995) 1-11.
19. S.B. Giddings, The black hole information paradox, hep-th/9508151.
20. S.M. Carroll, The cosmological constant, Living Rev. Rel. 4 (2001) 1, astro-ph/0004075.
21. S. Weinberg, The cosmological constant problems, astro-ph/0005265.
22. E. Witten, The cosmological constant from the viewpoint of string theory, hep-ph/0002297.
23. A. Celotti, J.C. Miller, D.W. Sciama, Astrophysical evidence for the existence of black holes, astro-ph/9912186.
24. P.T. Chrusciel, 'No hair' theorems: folklore, conjectures, results, gr-qc/9402032.
25. J.D. Bekenstein, Black hole hair: twenty-five years after, gr-qc/9605059.
26. B. Carter, Has the black hole equilibrium problem been solved?, gr-qc/9712038.
27. D. Marolf, Some brane-theoretic no-hair results (and their field-theory duals), gr-qc/9908017.
28. G.W. Gibbons, S.W. Hawking, Action integrals and partition functions in quantum gravity, Phys. Rev. D 15 (1977) 2752-2756.
29. J.D. Bekenstein. Black holes and entropy, Phys. Rev. D 7 (1973) 2333-2346.
30. J.D. Bekenstein, Generalized second law of thermodynamics in black hole physics, Phys. Rev. D 9 (1974) 3292-3300.
31. J.M. Bardeen, B. Carter, S.W. Hawking, The four laws of black hole mechanics, Commun. Math. Phys. 31 (1973) 161-170.
32. S.W. Hawking, Black holes and thermodynamics, Phys. Rev. D 13 (1976) 191-197.
33. G.'t Hooft, The scattering matrix approach for the quantum black hole: an overview, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 11 (1996) 4623-4688, gr-qc/9607022.
34. L. Susskind, Some speculations about black hole entropy in string theory, hep-th/9309145.
35. G.T. Horowitz, J. Polchinski, A correspondence principle for black holes and strings, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 6189-6197, hep-th/9612146.
36. G.T. Horowitz, J. Polchinski, Self gravitating fundamental strings, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 2557-2563, hep-th/9707170.
37. T. Damour, G. Veneziano, Self-gravitating fundamental strings and black holes, Nucl. Phys. B 568 (2000) 93-119, hep-th/9907030.
38. A. Dhar, G. Mandal, S.R. Wadia, Absorption vs decay of black holes in string theory and T-symmetry, Phys. Lett. B 388 (1996) 51-59, hep-th/9605234.
39. S.R. Das, S.D. Mathur, Comparing decay rates for black holes and D-branes, Nucl. Phys. B 478 (1996) 561-576, hep-th/9606185.
40. J. Maldacena, A. Strominger, Black hole greybody factors and D-brane spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 861-870, hep-th/9609026.
41. O. Aharony, S.S. Gubser, J. Maldacena, H. Ooguri, Y. Oz, Large N field theories, string theory and gravity, Phys. Rep. 323 (2000) 183-386, hep-th/9905111.
42. J. Maldacena, The large N limit of superconformal field theories and supergravity, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 231-252, hep-th/9711200.
43. 3 and 2d conformal field theory, Nucl. Phys. B 548 (1999) 139-166, hep-th/9806104.
44. C.G. Callan, J.M. Maldacena, D-brane approach to black hole quantum mechanics, Nucl. Phys. B 472 (1996) 591-610, hep-th/9602043.
45. K.S. Stelle, BPS branes in supergravity, hep-th/9803116.
46. N.A. Obers, B. Pioline, U-duality and M-theory, Phys. Rep. 318 (1999) 113-225, hep-th/9809039.
47. J.P. Gauntlett, Intersecting branes, hep-th/9705011.
48. J.M. Maldacena, Black holes in string theory, hep-th/9607235.
49. M. Cvetic, Properties of black holes in toroidally compactified string theory, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. B 56 (1997) 1-10, hep-th/9701152.
50. D. Youm, Black holes and solitons in string theory, Phys. Rep. 316 (1999) 1-232, hep-th/9710046.
51. J.R. David, String theory and black holes, hep-th/9911003.
52. G. Mandal, A review of the D1/D5 system and five dimensional black hole from supergravity and brane viewpoints, hep-th/0002184.
53. S.R. Wadia, Lectures on the microscopic modeling of the 5-dim black hole of IIB string theory and the D1/D5 system, hep-th/0006190.
54. A.W. Peet, The Bekenstein formula and string theory (N-brane theory), Class. Quant. Grav. 15 (1998) 3291-3338, hep-th/9712253.
55. K. Skenderis, Black holes and branes in string theory, Lect. Notes Phys. 541 (2000) 325-364, hep-th/9901050.
56. M.J. Duff, Lectures on branes, black holes and anti-de Sitter space, hep-th/9912164.
57. P.K. Townsend, The eleven-dimensional supermembrane revisited, Phys. Lett. B 350 (1995) 184-187, hep-th/9501068.
58. E. Witten, String theory dynamics in various dimensions, Nucl. Phys. B 443 (1995) 85-126, hep-th/9503124.
59. G. Papadopoulos, P.K. Townsend, Intersecting M-branes, Phys. Lett. B 380 (1996) 273-279, hep-th/9603087.
60. A.A. Tseytlin, Harmonic superpositions of M-branes, Nucl. Phys. B 475 (1996) 149-163, hep-th/9604035.
61. M.J. Duff, K.S. Stelle, Multi-membrane solutions of D = 11 supergravity, Phys. Lett. B 253 (1991) 113-118.
62. E. Witten, Anti-de Sitter space and holography, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 253-291, hep-th/9802150.
63. S.S. Gubser, I.R. Klebanov, A.M. Polyakov, Gauge theory correlators from non-critical string theory, Phys. Lett. B 428 (1998) 105-114, hep-th/9802109.
64. E. Cremmer, B. Julia, J. Scherk, Supergravity theory in 11 dimensions, Phys. Lett. B 76 (1978) 409-412.
65. J.A. deAzcarraga, J.P. Gauntlett, J.M. Izquierdo, P.K. Townsend, Topological extensions of the supersymmetry algebra for extended objects, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 (1989) 2443.
66. G.W. Gibbons, P.K. Townsend, Vacuum interpolation in supergravity via super p-branes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71 (1993) 3754-3757, hep-th/9307049.
67. S. Surya, D. Marolf, Localized branes and black holes, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 124013, hep-th/9805121.
68. G.T. Horowitz, A. Strominger, Black strings and p-branes, Nucl. Phys. B 360 (1991) 197-209.
69. S.F. Hassan, T-duality, space-time spinors and R-R fields in curved backgrounds, Nucl. Phys. B 568 (2000) 145-161, hep-th/9907152.
70. R. Gregory, R. Laflamme, Black strings and p-branes are unstable, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 2837-2840, hep-th/9301052.
71. A. Strominger, C. Vafa, Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, Phys. Lett. B 379 (1996) 99-104, hep-th/9601029.
72. D. Garfinkle, T. Vachaspati, Cosmic string traveling waves, Phys. Rev. D 42 (1990) 1960-1963.
73. M.S. Bremer, H. Lu, C.N. Pope, K.S. Stelle, Dirac quantisation conditions and Kaluza-Klein reduction, Nucl. Phys. B 529 (1998) 259-294, hep-th/9710244.
74. M. Cvetic, A.A. Tseytlin, Non-extreme black holes from non-extreme intersecting M-branes, Nucl. Phys. B 478 (1996) 181-198, hep-th/9606033.
75. G.T. Horowitz, J.M. Maldacena, A. Strominger, Nonextremal black hole microstates and U-duality, Phys. Lett. B 383 (1996) 151-159, hep-th/9603109.
76. A. Sen, Strong coupling dynamics of branes from M-theory, JHEP 10 (1997) 002, hep-th/9708002.
77. E. Eyras, S. Panda, The spacetime life of a non-BPS D-particle, Nucl. Phys. B 584 (2000) 251-283, hep-th/0003033.
78. Y. Lozano, Non-BPS D-brane solutions in six dimensional orbifolds, Phys. Lett. B 487 (2000) 180-186, hep-th/0003226.
79. P. Brax, G. Mandal, Y. Oz, Supergravity description of non-BPS branes, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 064008, hep-th/0005242.
80. M. Bertolini, et al., Is a classical description of stable non-BPS D-branes possible? Nucl. Phys. B 590 (2000) 471-503, hep-th/0007097.
81. P. Bain, Taming the supergravity description of non-BPS D-branes: The D/anti-D solution, JHEP 04 (2001) 014, hep-th/0012211.
82. K.A. Intriligator, M. Kleban, J. Kumar, Comments on unstable branes, JHEP 02 (2001) 023, hep-th/0101010.
83. Y.C. Liang, E. Teo, Black diholes with unbalanced magnetic charges, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 024019, hep-th/0101221.
84. R. Emparan, E. Teo, Macroscopic and microscopic description of black diholes, Nucl. Phys. B 610 (2001) 190-214, hep-th/0104206.
85. S.H.S. Alexander, Inflation from D-anti-D brane annihilation, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 023507, hep-th/0105032.
86. G.L. Alberghi, E. Caceres, K. Goldstein, D.A. Lowe, Stacking non-BPS D-branes, Phys. Lett. B 520 (2001) 361-366, hep-th/0105205.
87. J.M. Maldacena, J.G. Russo, Large N limit of non-commutative gauge theories, JHEP 09 (1999) 025, hep-th/9908134.
88. A. Dhar, G. Mandal, S.R. Wadia, K.P. Yogendran, D1/D5 system with B-field, noncommutative geometry and the CFT of the Higgs branch, Nucl. Phys. B 575 (2000) 177-194, hep-th/9910194.
89. S. Ferrara, G.W. Gibbons, R. Kallosh, Black holes and critical points in moduli space, Nucl. Phys. B 500 (1997) 75-93, hep-th/9702103.
90. 3 black holes and a stringy exclusion principle, JHEP 12 (1998) 005, hep-th/9804085.
91. K. Sfetsos, K. Skenderis, Microscopic derivation of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula for non-extrernal black holes, Nucl. Phys. B 517 (1998) 179-204, hep-th/9711138.
92. M. Banados, C. Teitelboim, J. Zanelli, The black hole in three-dimensional space-time, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) 1849-1851, hep-th/9204099.
93. O. Coussaert, M. Henneaux, Supersymmetry of the (2 + 1) black holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 183-186, hep-th/9310194.
94. G. Mandal, A.M. Sengupta, S.R. Wadia, Classical solutions of two-dimensional string theory, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 6 (1991) 1685-1692.
95. E. Witten, On string theory and black holes, Phys. Rev. D 44 (1991) 314-324.
96. S. Elitzur, A. Forge, E. Rabinovici, Some global aspects of string compactifications, Nucl. Phys. B 359 (1991) 581-610.
97. N. Itzhaki, J.M. Maldacena, J. Sonnenschein, S. Yankielowicz, Supergravity and the large N limit of theories with sixteen supercharges, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 046004, hep-th/9802042.
98. J.M. Maldacena, A. Strominger, Semiclassical decay of near-extremal fivebranes, JHEP 12 (1997) 008, hep-th/9710014.
99. J. Maharana, J.H. Schwarz, Noncompact symmetries in string theory, Nucl. Phys. B 390 (1993) 3-32, hep-th/9207016.
100. E. Bergshoeff, C.M. Hull, T. Ortin, Duality in the type II superstring effective action, Nucl. Phys. B 451 (1995) 547-578, hep-th/9504081.
101. C.G. Callan, S.S. Gubser, I.R. Klebanov, A.A. Tseytlin, Absorption of fixed scalars and the D-brane approach to black holes, Nucl. Phys. B 489 (1997) 65-94, hep-th/9610172.
102. N.D. Birrell, P.C.W. Davies, Quantum Fields in Curved Space, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1982, 340pp.
103. I.R. Klebanov, M. Krasnitz, Fixed scalar greybody factors in five and four dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 55 (1997) 3250-3254, hep-th/9612051.
104. M. Krasnitz, I.R. Klebanov, Testing effective string models of black holes with fixed scalars, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 2173-2179, hep-th/9703216.
105. M.M. Taylor-Robinson, Absorption of fixed scalars, hep-th/9704172.
106. H.W. Lee, Y.S. Myung, J.Y. Kim, Absorption of fixed scalars in scattering off 5d black holes, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 104006, hep-th/9708099.
107. S.S. Gubser, Dynamics of D-brane black holes, hep-th/9908004.
108. J.R. David, G. Mandal, S.R. Wadia, Absorption and Hawking radiation of minimal and fixed scalars, and AdS/CFT correspondence, Nucl. Phys. B 544 (1999) 590-611, hep-th/9808168.
109. J. Polchinski, TASI lectures on D-branes, hep-th/9611050.
110. M.R. Douglas, J. Polchinski, A. Strominger, Probing five-dimensional black holes with D-branes, JHEP 12 (1997) 003, hep-th/9703031.
111. S.F. Hassan, S.R. Wadia, Gauge theory description of D-brane black holes: emergence of the effective SCFT and Hawking radiation Nucl. Phys. B 526 (1998) 311-333, hep-th/9712213.
112. W. Taylor IV, D-brane field theory on compact spaces, Phys. Lett. B 394 (1997) 283-287, hep-th/9611042.
113. E. Witten, On the conformal field theory of the Higgs branch, JHEP 07 (1997) 003, hep-th/9707093.
114. N. Seibergm, E. Witten, The D1/D5 system and singular CFT, JHEP 04 (1999) 017, hep-th/9903224.
115. J.L. Cardy, Operator content of two-dimensional conformally invariant theories, Nucl. Phys. B 270 (1986) 186-204.
116. C. Vafa, Instantons on D-branes, Nucl. Phys. B 463 (1996) 435-442, hep-th/9512078.
117. M.R. Douglas, Branes within branes, hep-th/9512077.
118. E. Witten, Sigma models and the ADHM construction of instantons, J. Geom. Phys. 15 (1995) 215-226, hep-th/9410052.
119. R. Dijkgraaf, Instanton strings and hyperKaehler geometry, Nucl. Phys. B 543 (1999) 545-571, hep-th/9810210.
120. C. Vafa, Gas of D-branes and Hagedorn density of BPS states, Nucl. Phys. B 463 (1996) 415-419, hep-th/9511088.
121. A. Sen, U-duality and intersecting D-branes, Phys. Rev. D 53 (1996) 2874-2894, hep-th/9511026.
122. M. Yu, The unitary representations of the N = 4, SU(2) extended superconformal algebras, Nucl. Phys. B 294 (1987) 890.
123. 3 and stable non-supersymmetric backgrounds, Phys. Rev. D 65 (2002) 106007, hep-th/0112178.
124. E. Witten, Multi-trace operators, boundary conditions, and AdS/CFT correspondence, hep-th/0112258.
125. L.J. Dixon, J.A. Harvey, C. Vafa, E. Witten, Strings on orbifolds, Nucl. Phys. B 261 (1985) 678-686.
126. L.J. Dixon, J.A. Harvey, C. Vafa, E. Witten, Strings on orbifolds. 2, Nucl. Phys. B 274 (1986) 285-314.
127. R. Dijkgraaf, G.W. Moore, E. Verlinde, H. Verlinde, Elliptic genera of symmetric products and second quantized strings, Commun. Math. Phys. 185 (1997) 197-209, hep-th/9608096.
128. L.J. Dixon, D. Friedan, E.J. Martinec, S.H. Shenker, The conformal field theory of orbifolds, Nucl. Phys. B 282 (1987) 13-73.
129. M. Cvetic, Effective Lagrangian of the (blownup) oribifolds, in: G. Furlan et al. (Eds.), Superstrings, Unified Theories and Cosmology, 1987.
130. S.F. Hassan, S.R. Wadia, D-brane black holes: large-N limit and the effective string description Phys. Lett. B 402 (1997) 43-52, hep-th/9703163.
131. R. Dijkgraaf, E. Verlinde, H. Verlinde, 5d black holes and matrix strings, Nucl. Phys. B 506 (1997) 121-142, hep-th/9704018.
132. E. Witten, Constraints on supersymmetry breaking, Nucl. Phys. B 202 (1982) 253.
133. H.J. Boonstra, B. Peeters, K. Skenderis, Duality and asymptotic geometries, Phys. Lett. B 411 (1997) 59-67, hep-th/9706192.
134. P. Claus, et al., Black holes and superconformal mechanics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 4553-4556, hep-th/9804177.
135. M. Gunaydin, G. Sierra, P.K. Townsend, The unitary supermultiplets of d = 3 anti-de Sitter and d = 2 conformal superalgebras, Nucl. Phys. B 274 (1986) 429.
136. J.R. David, Anti-de Sitter gravity associated with the supergroup SU(1, 1/2) x SU(1, 1/2), Mod. Phys. Lett. A 14 (1999) 1143-1148, hep-th/9904068.
137. E. Gava, A.B. Hammou, J.F. Morales, K.S. Narain, D1/D2 systems in N = 4 string theories, Nucl. Phys. B 605 (2001) 17-63, hep-th/0012118.
138. E. Gava, A.B. Hammou, J.F. Morales, K.S. Narain, AdS/CFT correspondence and D1/D5 systems in theories with 16 supercharges, JHEP 03 (2001) 035, hep-th/0102043.
139. 3, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 733-780, hep-th/9806194.
140. E. Witten, AdS/CFT correspondence and topological field theory, JHEP 12 (1998) 012, hep-th/9812012.
141. J.R. David, G. Mandal, S.R. Wadia, D1/D5 moduli in SCFT and gauge theory, and Hawking radiation, Nucl. Phys. B 564 (2000) 103-127, hep-th/9907075.
142. F. Larsen, E.J. Martinec, U(1) charges and moduli in the D1-D5 system, JHEP 06 (1999) 019, hep-th/9905064.
143. C. Vafa, Quantum symmetries of string vacua, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 4 (1989) 1615.
144. A. Mikhailov, D1D5 system and noncommutative geometry, Nucl. Phys. B 584 (2000) 545-588, hep-th/9910126.
145. O. Aharony, M. Berkooz, IR dynamics of d = 2,N = (4,4) gauge theories and DLCQ of 'little string theories', JHEP 10 (1999) 030, hep-th/9909101.
146. P.S. Aspinwall, Enhanced gauge symmetries and K3 surfaces, Phys. Lett. B 357 (1995) 329-334, hep-th/9507012.
147. E. Witten, Some comments on string dynamics, hep-th/9507121.
148. C.P. Bachas, Lectures on D-branes, hep-th/9806199.
149. 3, Phys. Rev. D 63 (2001) 044024, hep-th/0007061.
150. d+1 correspondence, Nucl. Phys. B 546 (1999) 96-118, hep-th/9804058.
151. N orbifolds, Commun. Math. Phys. 219 (2001) 399-442, hep-th/0006196.
152. N orbifolds with n = 4 supersymmetry, Commun. Math. Phys. 227 (2002) 385-419, hep-th/0103169.
153. 24 orbifold sigma model, Theor. Math. Phys. 114 (1998) 43-66, hep-th/9708129.
154. 8 supersymmetric orbifold sigma model, Nucl. Phys. B 524 (1998) 159-206, hep-th/9712061.
155. S.S. Gubser, Absorption of photons and fermions by black holes in four dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 7854-7868, hep-th/9706100.
156. D. Birmingham, I. Sachs, S. Sen, Three-dimensional black holes and string theory, Phys. Lett. B 413 (1997) 281-286, hep-th/9707188.
157. 3/CFT correspondence, poincare vacuum state and greybody factors in BTZ black holes, Phys. Lett. B 445 (1999) 287-295, hep-th/9809193.
158. 3 black holes in bulk-boundary correspondence, JHEP 12 (1998) 023, hep-th/9811057.
159. H.W. Lee, Y.S. Myung, Holographic connection between the BTZ black hole and 5d black hole, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 104013, hep-th/9804095.
160. 3, Phys. Rev. D 61 (2000) 024031, hep-th/9903054.
161. E. Teo, Black hole absorption cross-sections and the anti-de Sitter-conformal field theory correspondence, Phys. Lett. B 436 (1998) 269-274, hep-th/9805014.
162. I.R. Klebanov, A. Rajaraman, A.A. Tseytlin, Intermediate scalars and the effective string model of black holes, Nucl. Phys. B 503 (1997) 157-176, hep-th/9704112.
163. S. Cecotti, N = 2 Landau-Ginzburg versus Calabi-Yau sigma models: nonperturbative aspects Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 6 (1991) 1749-1814.
164. E. Witten, Dynamical breaking of supersymmetry, Nucl. Phys. B 188 (1981) 513.
165. J.M. Maldacena, G.W. Moore, A. Strominger, Counting BPS black holes in toroidal type II string theory, hep-th/9903163.
166. S.R. Das, The effectiveness of D-branes in the description of near-extremal black holes, Phys. Rev. D 56 (1997) 3582-3590, hep-th/9703146.
167. A.B. Zamolodchikov, Irreversibility' of the flux of the renormalization group in a 2-d field theory, JETP Lett. 43 (1986) 730-732.
168. 4, JHEP 02 (1999) 007, hep-th/9809145.
169. 3 with Ramond-Ramond charge, Phys. Rev. D 60 (1999) 064014, hep-th/9809164.
170. 3, JHEP 01 (1999) 001, hep-th/9812062.
171. 3 space, Nucl. Phys. B 551 (1999) 425-449, hep-th/9812216.
172. N. Berkovits, C. Vafa, E. Witten, Conformal field theory of AdS background with Ramond-Ramond flux, JHEP 03 (1999) 018, hep-th/9902098.
173. L. Dolan, E. Witten, Vertex operators for AdS(3) background with Ramond-Ramond flux, JHEP 11 (1999) 003, hep-th/9910205.
174. 3 and SL(2,R) WZW model. I, J. Math. Phys. 42 (2001) 2929-2960, hep-th/0001053.
175. 3 and the SL(2,R) WZW model. II: Euclidean black hole J. Math. Phys. 42 (2001) 2961-2977, hep-th/0005183.
176. 3 and the SL(2,R) WZW model. III: Correlation functions, hep-th/0111180.
177. 3, hep-th/0112188.
178. 3, hep-th/0112198.
179. L.J. Dixon, M.E. Peskin, J. Lykken, N = 2 superconformal symmetry and SO(2, 1) current algebra, Nucl. Phys. B 325 (1989) 329-355.
180. P. Breitenlohner, D.Z. Freedman, Positive energy in anti-de Sitter backgrounds and gauged extended supergravity, Phys. Lett. B 115 (1982) 197.
181. 3 and the stringy exclusion principle, Nucl. Phys. B 535 (1998) 152-170, hep-th/9806024.
182. 3 backgrounds, hep-th/0005169.
183. M. Wakimoto, Fock representations of the affine lie algebra A1(1), Commun. Math. Phys. 104 (1986) 605-609.
184. C.G. Callan, J.A. Harvey, A. Strominger, Supersymmetric string solitons, hep-th/9112030.
185. D.J. Gross, M.J. Perry, L.G. Yaffe, Instability of flat space at finite temperature, Phys. Rev. D 25 (1982) 330-355.
186. S.W. Hawking, D.N. Page, Thermodynamics of black holes in anti-de Sitter space, Commun. Math. Phys. 87 (1983) 577.
187. M. Nishimura, Y. Tanii, Super weyl anomalies in the AdS/CFT correspondence, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 14 (1999) 3731-3744, hep-th/9904010.
188. 3 supergravities, Phys. Lett. B 514 (2001) 165-172, hep-th/0106153.
189. E. Witten, Anti-de Sitter space, thermal phase transition, and confinement in gauge theories, Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 505-532, hep-th/9803131.
190. 2 correspondence, Nucl. Phys. B 564 (2000) 128-141, hep-th/9906112.
191. R. Dijkgraaf, J. Maldacena, G.W. Moore, E. Verlinde, A black hole farey tail, hep-th/0005003.
192. S. Deser, R. Jackiw, G. 't Hooft, Three-dimensional Einstein gravity: dynamics of flat space Ann. Phys. 152 (1984) 220.
193. S. Deser, R. Jackiw, Three-dimensional cosmological gravity: dynamics of constant curvature Ann. Phys. 153 (1984) 405-416.
194. J.M. Izquierdo, P.K. Townsend, Supersymmetric space-times in (2 + 1) ads supergravity models, Class. Quant. Grav. 12 (1995) 895-924, gr-qc/9501018.
195. A. Achucarro, P.K. Townsend, Extended supergravities in d = (2 + 1) as Chern-Simons theories, Phys. Lett. B 229 (1989) 383.
196. V. Balasubramanian, J. deBoer, E. Keski-Vakkuri, S.F. Ross, Supersymmetric conical defects: towards a string theoretic description of black hole formation Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 064011, hep-th/0011217.
197. J. Maldacena, L. Maoz, De-singularization by rotation, hep-th/0012025.
198. E.J. Martinec, W. McElgin, String theory on AdS orbifolds, hep-th/0106171.
199. H.-J. Matschull, Black hole creation in 2+1-dimensions, Class. Quant. Grav. 16 (1999) 1069-1095, gr-qc/9809087.
200. M.W. Choptuik, Universality and scaling in gravitational collapse of a massless scalar field, Phys. Rev. Lett. 70 (1993) 9-12.
201. Y. Peleg, A.R. Steif, Phase transition for gravitationally collapsing dust shells in (2 + 1)-dimensions, Phys. Rev. D 51 (1995) 3992-3996, gr-qc/9412023.
202. D. Birmingham, Choptuik scaling and quasinormal modes in the AdS/CFT correspondence, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 064024, hep-th/0101194.
203. U.H. Danielsson, E. Keski-Vakkuri, M. Kruczenski, Spherically collapsing matter in ads, holography, and shellons, Nucl. Phys. B 563 (1999) 279-292, hep-th/9905227.
204. U.H. Danielsson, E. Keski-Vakkuri, M. Kruczenski, Black hole formation in ads and thermalization on the boundary, JHEP 02 (2000) 039, hep-th/9912209.
205. S.B. Giddings, A. Nudelman, Gravitational collapse and its boundary description in ads, JHEP 02 (2002) 003, hep-th/0112099.
206. N. Dorey, T.J. Hollowood, V.V. Khoze, M.P. Mattis, S. Vandoren, Multi-instantons and Maldacena's conjecture, JHEP 06 (1999) 023, hep-th/9810243.
207. M. Blau, K.S. Narain, G. Thompson, Instantons, the information metric, and the AdS/CFT correspondence, hep-th/0108122.
208. S.R. Das, S. Naik, S.R. Wadia, Quantization of the Liouville mode and string theory, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 4 (1989) 1033.
209. A. Dhar, T. Jayaraman, K.S. Narain, S.R. Wadia, The role of quantized two-dimensional gravity in string theory, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 5 (1990) 863.
210. S.R. Das, A. Dhar, S.R. Wadia, Critical behavior in two-dimensional quantum gravity and equations of motion of the string, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 5 (1990) 799.
211. A. Dhar, S.R. Wadia, Noncritical strings, RG flows and holography, Nucl. Phys. B 590 (2000) 261-272, hep-th/0006043.
212. K. Krasnov, 3D gravity, point particles and Liouville theory, Class. Quant. Grav. 18 (2001) 1291-1304, hep-th/0008253.
213. K. Krasnov, Lambda < 0 quantum gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions. I: Quantum states and stringy S-matrix, hep-th/0112164.
214. K. Krasnov, Lambda < 0 quantum gravity in 2 + 1 dimensions. II: Black hole creation by point particles, hep-th/0202117.
215. T. Banks, M.R. Douglas, G.T. Horowitz, E.J. Martinec, AdS dynamics from conformal field theory, hep-th/9808016.
216. V. Balasubramanian, S.B. Giddings, A.E. Lawrence, What do CFTs tell us about anti-de Sitter spacetimes? JHEP 03 (1999) 001, hep-th/9902052.
217. J.D. Brown, M. Henneaux, Central charges in the canonical realization of asymptotic symmetries: an example from three-dimensional gravity, Commun. Math. Phys. 104 (1986) 207-226.
218. R. Dijkgraaf, E. Verlinde, H. Verlinde, 5d black holes and matrix strings, Nucl. Phys. B 506 (1997) 121-142, hep-th/9704018.
219. D. Kabat, G. Lifschytz, D.A. Lowe, Black hole entropy from non-perturbative gauge theory, Phys. Rev. D 64 (2001) 124015, hep-th/0105171.
220. S.A. Abel, J.L.F. Barbon, I.I. Kogan, E. Rabinovici, Some thermodynamical aspects of string theory, hep-th/9911004.
221. J.L.F. Barbon, E. Rabinovici, Closed-string tachyons and the hagedorn transition in AdS space, hep-th/0112173.
222. A. Dabholkar, Tachyon condensation and black hole entropy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (2002) 091301, hep-th/0111004.
223. A. Adams, J. Polchinski, E. Silverstein, Don't panic! closed string tachyons in ALE space-times, JHEP 10 (2001) 029, hep-th/0108075.
224. D. Berenstein, J. Maldacena, H. Nastase, Strings in flat space and pp waves from N = 4 super yang mills, hep-th/0202021.
225. L.A.P. Zayas, J. Sonnenschein, On Penrose limits and gauge theories, hep-th/0202186.
226. V. Kazakov, I.K. Kostov, D. Kutasov, A matrix model for the two-dimensional black hole, Nucl. Phys. B 622 (2002) 141-188, hep-th/0101011.
227. J.M. Maldacena, Statistical entropy of near extremal five-branes, Nucl. Phys. B 477 (1996) 168-174, hep-th/9605016.
228. A. Hanany, N. Prezas, J. Troost, The partition function of the two-dimensional black hole conformal field theory, hep-th/0202129.
229. A. Sen, Rotating charged black hole solution in heterotic string theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 69 (1992) 1006-1009, hep-th/9204046.
230. G.T. Horowitz, The dark side of string theory: black holes and black strings, hep-th/9210119.
231. J.G. Russo, A.A. Tseytlin, Waves, boosted branes and BPS states in M-theory, Nucl. Phys. B 490 (1997) 121-144, hep-th/9611047.
232. M. Banados, M. Henneaux, C. Teitelboim, J. Zanelli, Geometry of the (2+1) black hole, Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) 1506-1525, gr-qc/9302012.