Re-examining the competitive anxiety trait-state relationship

Personality and Individual Differences

Volumn 33, Issue 7, 2002, Pages 1125-1136

  Hanton, Sheldon ^a   Mellalieu, Stephen D ^b   Hall, Ross ^c  

^a CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WOLVERHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Competition; Debilitation; Direction; Facilitation; Intensity; State; Trait

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036837193     PISSN: 01918869     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00003-X     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Cooley, E. J. (1987). Situational and trait determinants of competitive state anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64, 767-773.
2. Crocker, P. R. E., Alderman, R. B., & Smith, F. M. R. (1988). Cognitive-affective stress management training with high performance youth volleyball players: effects on affect, cognition, and performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 448-460.
3. Davidson, R. J., & Schwartz, G. E. (1976). The psychobiology of relaxation and related stress: a multiprocess theory. In D. I. Mostofsky (Ed.), Behavioural control and modification of physiological activity (pp. 399-442). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4. Eysenck, M. W. (1992). Anxiety: the cognitive perspective. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
5. Eysenck, M. W., & Calvo, M. G. (1992). Anxiety and performance: the processing efficiency theory. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 409-434.
6. Fazey, J. A., & Hardy, L. (1988). The inverted-U hypotheses: a catastrophe for sport psychology (British Association of Sport Sciences Monograph No. 1). Leeds: National Coaching Foundation.
7. Gould, D., Petlichkoff, L., & Weinberg, R. S. (1984). Antecedents of temporal changes in and relationships between CSAI-2 components. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 289-304.
8. Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999a). The acquisition and development of cognitive skills and strategies: I. Making the butterflies fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 1-21.
9. Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (1999b). The effects of a multimodal intervention program on performers. II. Training the butterflies to fly in formation. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 22-41.
10. Hanton, S., Jones, G., & Mullen, R. (2000). Intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety as interpreted by rugby players and rifle shooters. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90, 513-521.
11. Hardy, L. (1996). Testing the predictions of the cusp catastrophe model of anxiety and performance. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 140-156.
12. Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (1996). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: theory and practice of elite performers. Chichester, England: Wiley.
13. Jones, G. (1996). More than just a game: research developments and issues in competitive state anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
14. Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (1996). Interpretation of competitive anxiety symptoms and goal attainment expectations. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 144-157.
15. Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (2001). Cognitive labelling of precompetitive affective states as a function of directional anxiety interpretations. Journal of Sport Sciences, 19, 385-395.
16. Jones, G., & Swain, A. B. J. (1992). Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with competitiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 467-472.
17. Jones, G., & Swain, A. B. J. (1995). Predispositions to experience facilitating and debilitating anxiety in elite and non-elite performers. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 201-211.
18. Jones, G., Swain, A. B. J., & Harwood, C. (1996). Positive and negative affect as predictors of competitive anxiety. Personality & Individual Differences, 20, 109-114.
19. Krane, V., & Finch, L. (1991). Multidimensional trait anxiety as a predictor of multidimensional state anxiety. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, San Francisco, CA.
20. Krane, V., Joyce, D., & Rafeld, J. (1994). Competitive anxiety, situation criticality and softball performance. The Sport Psychologist, 8, 58-72.
21. Kirkcaldy, B. D. (1983). Catastrophic performances. Sportwissenschaft, 1, 46-53.
22. Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Erlbaum.
23. Leffingwell, T. R., & Williams, J. M. (1995, June). Comparison of the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) at predicting multidimensional state anxiety. Paper presented at the Meeting of the North American Society for the Psychological Study of Sport and Physical Activity, Monterey, CA.
24. Martens, R. (1977). Sport competition anxiety test. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
25. Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117-213). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
26. Martens, R., & Simon, J. A. (1976). Comparison of three predictors of state anxiety in competitive situations. Research Quarterly, 47, 381-387.
27. Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., & Burton, D. (1990). Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
28. Maynard, I. W., Hemmings, B., & Warwick-Evans, L. (1995). The effects of a somatic intervention strategy on competitive state anxiety and performance in semi-professional soccer players. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 51-64.
29. Maynard, I. W., & Howe, B. L. (1987). Interrelations of trait and state anxiety with game performance of rugby players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64, 599-602.
30. Maynard, I. W., Smith, M. J., & Warwick-Evans, L. (1995). The effects of a cognitive intervention strategy on competitive state anxiety and performance in semi-professional soccer players. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 428-446.
31. Mellalieu, S. D., Hanton, S., & Jones, G. (in press). Emotional labelling and competitive anxiety in preparation and competition. The Sport Psychologist.
32. Perry, J. D., & Williams, J. M. (1998). Relationship of intensity and direction of competitive trait anxiety to skill level and gender in tennis. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 169-179.
33. Smith, R. E. (1989). Applied sport psychology in the age of accountability. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1, 166-180.
34. Smith, R. E., Ptacek, J. T., Everett, J. J., & May, E. (1995). Cognitive and somatic sport performance anxiety as moderators of the stress-injury relationship. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington.
35. Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Barnett, N. P. (1995). Reduction of children's sport performance anxiety through social support and stress reduction for coaches. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16, 125-142.
36. Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Schutz, R. W. (1990). Measurements and correlates of sport-specific cognitive and somatic trait anxiety: the sport anxiety scale. Anxiety Research, 2, 263-280.
37. Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Wiechman, S. A. (1998). Measurement of trait anxiety in sport. In J. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 129-148). West Virginia: Fitness Information Technology.
38. Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behaviour (pp. 3-20). New York: Academic Press.
39. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists.
40. Swain, A. B. J., & Jones, G. (1996). Explaining performance variance: the relative contributions of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 9, 1-18.
41. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper Collins.
42. Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. (2001). Stress and anxiety. In R. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 290-318). New York: Wiley.