Three-dimensional quantification of the symmetry of normal facial movement

Otology and Neurotology

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 999-1002

  Coulson, Susan E ^a,c   Croxson, Glen R ^a   Gilleard, Wendy L ^b  

^a ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b SOUTHERN CROSS UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Asymmetry; Facial expression; Facial nerve; Movement; Symmetry; Three dimensional

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY MOVEMENT; FACE; FACIAL EXPRESSION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MEASUREMENT; NORMAL HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPIL; FACE MUSCLE; FACIAL NERVE; FEMALE; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; IMAGE PROCESSING; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; REFERENCE VALUE; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

ADULT; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FACIAL MUSCLES; FACIAL NERVE; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL LATERALITY; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MALE; REFERENCE VALUES;

EID: 0036836257     PISSN: 15317129     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00129492-200211000-00032     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Wylie DR, Goodale MA. Left-sided oral asymmetries in spontaneous but not posed smiles. Neuropsychology 1988;26:823-32.
2. Coughlan BA, Mathews B, Pigott RW. A method for measuring facial asymmetry. J Physiol 1985;364:20.
3. Koch A, Wiese KG, Merten HA. Measurement of the midface symmetry in trauma and reconstructive surgery. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac 1993;94:174-7.
4. Neely JG, Jekel JF, Cheung JY. Variations in maximum amplitude of facial expressions between and within normal subjects. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;110:60-3.
5. Vig PS, Hewitt AB. Asymmetry in the human facial skeleton. Angle Orthod 1975;45:125-9.
6. Deleted in proof.
7. Borod JC, Caron HS. Facedness and emotion related to lateral dominance, sex and expression type. Neuropsychologica 1980;18: 237-41.
8. Coulson SE, Croxson GR, Gilleard WL. Three dimensional quantification of "still" points during normal facial movement. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1999;108:265-8.
9. Coulson SE, Croxson GR, Gilleard WL. Quantification of the three dimensional displacement of normal facial movement. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000;109:478-83.
10. Tabachnick BG, Fidel LS. Using Multivariate Statistics. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1989.
11. Harris RJ. A Primer of Multivariate Statistics. New York: Academic Press, 1975.
12. Thomas JR, Nelson JK. Research methods in physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 1990.
13. Farkas LG, Cheung G. Facial asymmetry in healthy North American caucasian. Angle Orthod 1981;51:70-7.
14. Shah SM, Joshi R. An assessment of asymmetry in the normal craniofacial complex. Angle Orthod 1978;48:141-8.
15. Koff E, Borod JC, White B. Asymmetries for hemiface size and mobility. Neuropsychologica 1981;9:825-30.
16. Flowers RS, Caputy GG, Flowers SS. The biomechanics of brow and frontalis function and its effect on blepharoplasty. Clin Plast Surg 1993;20:255-68.
17. Snyder PJ, Bilder RM, Wu H, et al. Cerebellar volume asymmetries are related to handedness: a quantitative MRI study. Neuropsychologica 1995;33:407-19.
18. Campbell R. Asymmetries in interpreting and expressing a posed facial expression. Cortex 1978;14:327-42.
19. Campbell R. Left-hander's smiles: asymmetries in the projection of a posed expression. Cortex 1979;15:571-9.
20. Ekman P, Hager JC, Friesen WV. The symmetry of emotional and deliberate facial actions. Psychophysiology 1981;18:101-6.
21. Schwartz GE, Fair M, Mandel S, et al. Facial electromyography in the assessment of improvement in depression. Psychosom Med 1978;40:355-60.
22. Campbell R. Asymmetries in moving faces. Br J Psychol 1982; 73:95-103.
23. Moscovitch M, Olds J. Asymmetries in spontaneous facial expressions and their possible relation to hemispheric specialisation. Neuropsychologica 1982;20:71-81.
24. Sackheim HA, Gur RC, Saucy MC. Emotions are expressed more intensely on the left-hand side of the face. Science 1978;202: 434-6.
25. Sackeim HA, Weiman AL, Forman BD. Asymmetry of the face at rest: Size. area and emotional expression. Cortex 1984;20:165-78.
26. Alavi DG, BeGole EA, Schneider BJ. Facial and dental arch asymmetries in Class II subdivision malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1988;93:38-46.
27. Enemark H, Friede H, Paulin G, et al. Lip and nose morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate from four Scandinavian centres. Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg 1993;27:41-7.