Social support and homicide: A cross-national test of an emerging criminological theory

Journal of Criminal Justice

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 589-601

  Pratt, Travis C ^a   Godsey, Timothy W ^b  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036829978     PISSN: 00472352     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00192-7     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Agnew, R. (1985). Neutralizing the impact of crime. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 12, 221-239.
2. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47-86.
3. Agnew, R. (1999). A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 123-155.
4. Avakame, E. F. (1999). Sex ratios, female labor force participation, and lethal violence against women. Violence Against Women, 5, 1321-1341.
5. Avison, W. R., & Loring, P. L. (1986). Population diversity and cross-national homicide: the effects of inequality and heterogeneity. Criminology, 24, 733-749.
6. Bailey, W. C. (1984). Poverty, inequality, and city homicide rates. Criminology, 22, 531-550.
7. Bailey, W. C. (1999). The socioeconomic status of women and patterns of forcible rape for major U.S. cities. Sociological Focus, 32, 43-63.
8. Barclay, G. C. (2000). The comparability of data on convictions and sanctions: are international comparisons possible? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8, 13-26.
9. Barrera, M., & Li, S. A. (1996). The relation of family support to adolescents' psychological distress and behavior problems. In G. R. Pierce, B. R. Sarason, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 313-343). New York: Plenum.
10. Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and punishment: an economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76, 169-217.
11. Beckett, K. (1997). Making crime pay. New York: Oxford University Press.
12. Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swindler, A., & Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper and Row.
13. Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980). Regression diagnostics. New York: Wiley.
14. Bennett, R. R. (1991a). Development and crime: a crossnational, time-series analysis of competing models. Sociological Quarterly, 32, 343-363.
15. Bennett, R. R. (1991b). Routine activities: a cross-national assessment of a criminological perspective. Social Forces, 70, 147-163.
16. Bennett, W. J., DiIulio, J. J., & Walters, J. P. (1996). Body count. New York: Simon and Schuster.
17. Bernard, T. J., & Snipes, J. B. (1996). Theoretical integration in criminology. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: a review of research (pp. 301-348). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Bertrand, P. V., & Holder, R. L. (1988). A quirk in multiple regression: the whole regression can be greater than the sum of the parts. Statistician, 37, 371-374.
19. Blalock, H. M. (1972). Social statistics (Rev. 2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
20. Blau, P. M. (1977). Inequality and heterogeneity. New York: Free Press.
21. Blau, P. M., & Blau, J. R. (1982). The cost of inequality: metropolitan structure and violent crime. American Sociological Review, 47, 114-129.
22. Blau, P. M., & Golden, R. M. (1986). Metropolitan structure and criminal violence. Sociological Quarterly, 27, 15-26.
23. Bonger, W. (1916 [1969]). Criminality and economic conditions. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
24. Boswell, T., & Dixon, W. J. (1993). Marx's theory of rebellion: a cross-national analysis of class exploitation, economic development, and violent revolt. American Sociological Review, 58, 681-702.
25. Braithwaite, J. (1979). Inequality, crime and public policy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
26. Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, shame, and reintegration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
27. Brame, R., Paternoster, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Testing for the equality of maximum-likelihood regression coefficients between two independent equations. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 245-261.
28. Brantingham, P. J., & Brantingham, P. L. (1991). Environmental criminology (Rev. ed.). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
29. Bursik, R. J. (1986). Ecological stability and the dynamics of delinquency. In A. J. Riess & M. Tonry (Eds.), Communities and crime (pp. 35-66). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Bursik, R. J., & Grasmick, H. G. (Neighborhoods and crime: the dimensions of effective community control 1993). New York: Macmillan.
31. Carroll, L., & Jackson, P. I. (1983). Inequality, opportunity, and crime rates in central cities. Criminology, 21, 178-194.
32. Chambliss, W. J., & Seidman, R. T. (1971). Law, order, and power. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
33. Chamlin, M. B. (1989). Conflict theory and police killings. Deviant Behavior, 10, 353-368.
34. Chamlin, M. B., & Cochran, J. K. (1997). Social altruism and crime. Criminology, 35, 203-228.
35. Chamlin, M. B., Novak, K. J., Lowenkamp, C. T., & Cochran, J. K. (1999). Social altruism, tax policy, and crime: a cautionary tale. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 10, 429-446.
36. Clear, T. R. (1994). Harm in American penology: offenders, victims, and their communities. Albany: State University of New York Press.
37. Clinard, M. B., & Abott, D. (1973). Crime in developing countries. New York: Wiley.
38. Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Cheng, T. (1995). Reply to Allison: more on comparing regression coefficients. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 1305-1312.
39. Clogg, C. C., Petkova, E., & Haritou, A. (1995). Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models. American Journal of Sociology, 100, 1261-1293.
40. Cohen, A. (1983). Comparing regression coefficients across subsamples: a study of the statistical test. Sociological Methods and Research, 12, 77-94.
41. Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: a routine activities approach. American Sociological Review, 44, 588-608.
42. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
43. Crutchfield, R. D. (1989). Labor stratification and violent crime. Social Forces, 68, 489-512.
44. Cullen, F. T. (1994). Social support as an organizing concept for criminology: presidential address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. Justice Quarterly, 11, 527-559.
45. Cullen, F. T., & Gilbert, K. E. (1982). Reaffirming rehabilitation. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
46. Cullen, F. T., & Wright, J. P. (1997). Liberating the anomiestrain paradigm: implications from social-support theory. In N. Passas & R. Agnew (Eds.), The future of anomie theory (pp. 187-206). Boston: Northeastern University Press.
47. Cullen, F. T., Wright, J. P., & Applegate, B. K. (1996). Control in the community: the limits of reform? In A. T. Harland (Ed.), Choosing correctional options that work (pp. 69-116). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
48. Cullen, F. T., Wright, J. P., & Chamlin, M. B. (1999). Social support and social reform: a progressive crime control agenda. Crime and Delinquency, 45, 188-207.
49. Currie, E. (1985). Confronting crime: an American challenge. New York: Pantheon.
50. Currie, E. (1997). Market, crime and community: toward a mid-range theory of post-industrial violence. Theoretical Criminology, 1, 147-172.
51. Currie, E. (1998). Crime and punishment in America. New York: Owl Books.
52. DeFronzo, J. (1983). Economic assistance to impoverished Americans: relationship to incidence of crime. Criminology, 21, 119-136.
53. DeFronzo, J. (1996). Welfare and burglary. Crime and Delinquency, 42, 223-230.
54. DeFronzo, J. (1997). Welfare and homicide. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 395-406.
55. Devine, J. A., Sheley, J. F., & Smith, M. D. (1988). Macroeconomic and social-control policy influences on crime rate changes, 1948-1985. American Sociological Review, 53, 407-420.
56. Downs, G. W., & Larkey, P. D. (1986). The search for government efficiency. New York: McGraw-Hill.
57. Eck, J., & Maguire, E. (2000). Have changes in policing reduced violent crime? An assessment of the evidence. In A. Blumstein & J. Wallman (Eds.), The crime drop in America (pp. 207-265). Cambridge University Press.
58. Etzioni, A. (1993). The spirit of community: rights, responsibilities, and the communitarian agenda. New York: Crown.
59. Farrar, D. E., Glauber, R. R. (1967). Multicollinearity in regression analysis: the problem revisited. Review of Economics and Statistics, 49, 92-107.
60. Felson, M., & Clarke, R. V. (1997). Business and crime prevention. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
61. Fiala, R., & LaFree, G. (1988). Cross-national determinants of child homicides. American Sociological Review, 53, 432-445.
62. Fischer, C. S. (1975). Toward a subcultural theory of urbanism. American Journal of Sociology, 80, 1319-1341.
63. Fisher, F. (1966). The identification problem in econometrics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
64. Fowles, R., & Merva, M. (1996). Wage inequality and criminal activity: an extreme bounds analysis for the United States, 1975-1990. Criminology, 34, 163-182.
65. Fox, J. (1991). Regression diagnostics. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
66. Fox, J. (1994). Linear statistical models and related methods. New York: Wiley.
67. Fox, J., & Monette, G. (1992). Generalized collinearity diagnostics. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 178-183.
68. Friedman, W. (1998). Volunteerism and the decline of violent crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 1453-1474.
69. Gallo, J. N. (1998). Effective law-enforcement techniques for reducing crime. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 1475-1487.
70. Gartner, R. (1990). The victims of homicide: a temporal and cross-national comparison. American Sociological Review, 55, 92-106.
71. Gartner, R. (1991). Family structure, welfare spending, and child homicide in developed democracies. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 231-240.
72. Gartner, R., & Parker, R. N. (1990). Cross-national evidence on homicide and the age structure of the population. Social Forces, 69, 351-371.
73. Geary, R. C., & Leser, C. E. V. (1968). Significance tests in multiple regression. American Statistician, 22, 20-21.
74. Gest, T. (2001). Crime and politics: big government's erratic campaign for law and order. New York: Oxford University Press.
75. Gordon, D. R. (1990). The justice juggernaut. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
76. Guttentag, M., & Secord, P. (1983). Too many women? The sex ratio question. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
77. Hanushek, E. A., & Jackson, J. E. (1977). Statistical methods for social scientists . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
78. Harer, M. D., & Steffensmeier, D. (1992). The differing effects of economic inequality of Black and White rates of violence. Social Forces, 70, 1035-1054.
79. Hartnagel, T. F. (1982). Modernization, female social roles, and female crime: a cross-national investigation. Sociological Quarterly, 23, 477-490.
80. Hay, C. (2001). An exploratory test of Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 132-153.
81. Hsieh, C. C., & Pugh, M. D. (1993). Poverty, income inequality, and violent crime: a meta-analysis. Criminal Justice Review, 18, 182-202.
82. Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. K. (1990). Interaction effects in multiple regression. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
83. Kelling, G. L., & Bratton, W. J. (1998). Declining crime rates: insiders' views of the New York City story. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 1217-1231.
84. Killias, M., & Rau, W. (2000). The European sourcebook of crime and criminal justice statistics: a new tool in assessing crime and policy issues in comparative and empirical perspective. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8, 3-12.
85. Kingdon, J. W. (1999). America the unusual. New York: St. Martins.
86. Kovandzic, T. V., Vieraitis, L. M., & Yeisley, M. R. (1998). The structural covariates of urban homicide: reassessing the impact of income inequality and poverty in the post-Reagan era. Criminology, 36, 569-599.
87. Krahn, H., Hartnagel, T. F., & Gartrell, J. W. (1986). Income inequality and homicide rates: cross-national data and criminological theories. Criminology, 24, 269-295.
88. Krohn, M. D. (1976). Inequality, unemployment and crime: a cross-national analysis. Sociological Quarterly, 17, 303-313.
89. Krohn, M. D. (1978). A Durkheimian analysis of international crime rates. Social Forces, 57, 654-670.
90. LaFree, G. (1998). Social institutions and the crime "bust" of the 1990s. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 88, 1325-1368.
91. LaFree, G. D., & Kick, E. L. (1986). Cross-national effects of developmental, distributional, and demographic variables on crime: a review and analysis. International Annals of Criminology, 24, 213-235.
92. Land, K. C., McCall, P. L., & Cohen, L. E. (1990). Structural covariates of homicide rates: are there any invariances across time and space? American Journal of Sociology, 95, 922-963.
93. Largey, A., & Spencer, J. E. (1996). F- and t-tests in multiple regression: the possibility of "conflicting" outcomes. Statistician, 45, 105-109.
94. Lin, N. (1986). Conceptualizing social support. In N. Lin, A. Dean, & W. Edsel (Eds.), Social support, life events, and depression (pp. 17-30). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
95. Liska, A. E., Krohn, M. D., & Messner, S. F. (1989). Strategies and requisites for theoretical integration in the study of crime and deviance. In S. F. Messner, M. D. Krohn, & A. E. Liska (Eds.), Theoretical integration in the study of crime and deviance: problems and prospects (pp. 1-19). Albany: State University of New York Press.
96. Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and Justice: an Annual Review of Research, (vol. 7 pp. 29-149). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
97. Loftin, C., & Hill, R. H. (1974). Regional subculture and homicide: an examination of the Gastil-Hackney thesis. American Sociological Review, 39, 714-724.
98. Logan, C. H., & Gaes, G. G. (1993). Meta-analysis and the rehabilitation of punishment. Justice Quarterly, 10, 245-263.
99. Lyon, J. D., & Tsai, C. (1996). A comparison of tests for heteroscedasticity. Statistician, 45, 337-349.
100. Maddala, G. S. (Introduction to econometrics 1992). New York: Macmillan.
101. Martinson, R. (1974, Spring). What works? - questions and answers about prison reform. Public Interest, 22-54.
102. Mazerolle, L. G., Kadleck, C., & Roehl, J. (1998). Controlling drug and disorder problems: the role of place managers. Criminology, 36, 371-404.
103. McIntyre, R. S. (1992). Tax policy. In M. Green (Ed.), Changing America (pp. 29-45). New York: Newmarket Press.
104. Merriman, D. (1991). An economic analysis of the post World War II decline in the Japanese crime rate. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 7, 19-39.
105. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, 672-682.
106. Messner, S. F. (1982). Societal development, social equality, and homicide: a cross-national test of a Durkheimian model. Social Forces, 61, 225-240.
107. Messner, S. F. (1989). Economic discrimination and societal homicide rates: further evidence on the cost of inequality. American Sociological Review, 54, 597-611.
108. Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R. (1997a). Crime and the American dream (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
109. Messner, S. F., & Rosenfeld, R. (1997b). Political restraint of the market and levels of criminal homicide: a crossnational application of institutional anomie. Social Forces, 75, 1393-1416.
110. Messner, S. F., & South, S. J. (1986). Economic deprivation, opportunity structure, and robbery victimization: intraand interracial patterns. Social Forces, 64, 975-991.
111. Muller, E. N. (1985). Income inequality, regime repressiveness, and political violence. American Sociological Review, 50, 47-61.
112. Nagin, D. (1978). Crime rates, sanction levels, and constraints on the prison population. Law and Society Review, 12, 341-366.
113. Nagin, D. (1998a). Criminal deterrence research at the outset of the twenty-first century. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and Justice: a Review of Research, (vol. 23 pp. 1-42). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
114. Nagin, D. (1998b). Deterrence and incapacitation. In M. Tonry (Ed.), The handbook of crime and punishment (pp. 345-368). New York: Oxford University Press.
115. Neapolitan, J. L. (1997). Cross-national crime: a research review and sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
116. Neapolitan, J. L. (1998). Cross-national variation in homicides: is race a factor? Criminology, 36, 139-156.
117. Neapolitan, J. L. (1999). A comparative analysis of nations with low and high levels of violent crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 259-274.
118. Neapolitan, J. L. (2001). An examination of cross-national variation in punitiveness. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45, 691-710.
119. Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. R. (1990). Applied linear statistical models. Homeland, IL: Irwin.
120. Neuman, W. L., & Berger, R. J. (1988). Competing perspectives on cross-national crime: an evaluation of theory and evidence. Sociological Quarterly, 29, 281-313.
121. O'Brien, R. M. (1991). Sex ratios and rape rates: a power control theory. Criminology, 29, 99-115.
122. Parker, K. F., & McCall, P. L. (1999). Structural conditions and racial homicide patterns: a look at the multiple disadvantages in urban areas. Criminology, 37, 447-478.
123. Piliavin, J. A., & Charng, H. (1990). Altruism: a review of recent theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 27-65.
124. Piquero, A., & Leeper Piquero, N. (1998). On testing institutional anomie theory with varying specifications. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 7, 61-84.
125. Pratt, T. C., & Lowenkamp, C. T. (2002). Conflict theory, economic conditions, and homicide: a time-series analysis. Homicide Studies, 6, 61-83.
126. Reynolds, M. O. (1997). Crime and punishment in America: 1997 update. Dallas, TX: National Center for Policy Analysis.
127. Sampson, R. J. (1986). Neighborhood family structure and the risk of personal victimization. In R. J. Sampson, & J. M. Byrne (Eds.), The social ecology of crime (pp. 25-46). New York: Springer-Verlag.
128. Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774-802.
129. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
130. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
131. Sandel, M. (1982). Liberalism and the limits of justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
132. Savolainen, J. (2000). Inequality, welfare state, and homicide: further support for the institutional anomie theory. Criminology, 38, 1021-1042.
133. Seitz, V. (1990). Intervention programs for impoverished children: a comparison of educational and family support models. Annals of Child Development, 7, 84-87.
134. Sharpe, N. R., & Roberts, R. A. (1997). The relationship among sums of squares, correlation coefficients, and suppression. American Statistician, 51, 46-48.
135. Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
136. Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R., & Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27, 27-55.
137. Smith, D. A., & Parker, R. N. (1980). Type of homicide and variation in regional rates. Social Forces, 59, 136-147.
138. Stack, S. (1984). Income inequality and property crime: a cross-national analysis of relative-deprivation theory. Criminology, 22, 229-257.
139. Stapleton, J. (1995). Linear statistical models. New York: Wiley.
140. Timko, C., & Moos, R. H. (1996). The mutual influence of family support and youth adaptation. In G. R. Pierce, B. R. Sarason, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 289-310). New York: Plenum.
141. Turner, J. H. (1978). The structure of sociological theory. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
142. United Nations Statistics Division. (2000). Infonation. www. un.org/pubs/cyberschoolbus/information/efonation.htm.
143. Vaux, A. (1988). Social support: theory, research, and intervention. New York: Praeger.
144. Veysey, B. M., & Messner, S. F. (1999). Further testing social disorganization theory: an elaboration of Sampson and Groves's "community structure and crime". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 156-174.
145. Vieraitis, L. M. (2000). Income inequality, poverty, and violent crime: a review of the empirical evidence. Social Pathology, 6, 24-45.
146. Walzer, M. (1983). Spheres of justice: a defense of pluralism and equality. New York: Basic Books.
147. Warner, D., & Wilcox Roundtree, P. (1997). Local ties in a community and crime model: questioning the systemic nature of informal social control. Social Problems, 44, 520-536.
148. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1982). Vulnerable but invincible: a longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
149. Whitehead, J. T., & Lab, S. P. (1989). A meta-analysis of juvenile correctional treatment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 26, 276-295.
150. Wills, T. A., Mariani, J., & Filer, M. (1996). The role of the family and peer relationships in adolescent substance use. In G. R. Pierce, B. R. Sarason, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 521-549). New York: Plenum.
151. Wilson, G. K. (1998). Only in America: the politics of the United States in comparative perspective. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
152. Wilson, J. Q., & Boland, B. (1978). The effect of the police on crime. Law and Society Review, 12, 367-390.
153. Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
154. World Health Organization (2000). World Health Report 2000.
155. Wright, J. P. (1996). Parental support and juvenile delinquency: delinquency: a test of social support theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati.
156. Wright, J. P., Cullen, F. T., & Miller, J. T. (2001). Family social capital and delinquent involvement. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 1-9.
157. Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Prevention as cumulative protection: effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 28-54.