메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 112, Issue 5 I, 2002, Pages 2173-2182

Underwater audiogram of a Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) measured with narrow-band frequency-modulated signals

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC NOISE; AUDITION; FREQUENCIES; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

EID: 0036828202     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.1508783     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (24)

References (60)
  • 1
    • 0020218146 scopus 로고
    • Ross sea killer whale vocalizations: Preliminary description and comparison with those of some northern hemisphere killer whales
    • Awbrey, F. T., Thomas, J. A., Evans, W. E., and Leatherwood, S. (1982). "Ross sea killer whale vocalizations: Preliminary description and comparison with those of some northern hemisphere killer whales," Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 32, 667-670.
    • (1982) Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. , vol.32 , pp. 667-670
    • Awbrey, F.T.1    Thomas, J.A.2    Evans, W.E.3    Leatherwood, S.4
  • 2
    • 0029668509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mixed blessing of echolocation: Differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales
    • Barrett-Lennard, L. G., Ford, J. F. B., and Heise, K. A. (1996). "The mixed blessing of echolocation: differences in sonar use by fish-eating and mammal-eating killer whales," Anim. Behav. 51, 553-565.
    • (1996) Anim. Behav. , vol.51 , pp. 553-565
    • Barrett-Lennard, L.G.1    Ford, J.F.B.2    Heise, K.A.3
  • 4
    • 0002577948 scopus 로고
    • Population assessment of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.)
    • Born, E. W., Gjertz, I., and Reeves, R. R. (1995). "Population assessment of Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus L.)," Meddelelser Norsk Polarinstitut 138, 74-76.
    • (1995) Meddelelser Norsk Polarinstitut , vol.138 , pp. 74-76
    • Born, E.W.1    Gjertz, I.2    Reeves, R.R.3
  • 5
    • 0000615608 scopus 로고
    • Acoustically evoked potentials in midbrain auditory structures in sea lions
    • Bullock, T. H., Ridgway, S. H., and Suga, N. (1971). "Acoustically evoked potentials in midbrain auditory structures in sea lions," Z. Vergl. Physiol. 74, 372-387.
    • (1971) Z. Vergl. Physiol. , vol.74 , pp. 372-387
    • Bullock, T.H.1    Ridgway, S.H.2    Suga, N.3
  • 6
    • 0027872590 scopus 로고
    • Icebreaker noise in Lancester sound, N.W.T., Canada: Implications for marine mammal behavior
    • Cosens, S. E., and Dueck, L. P. (1993). "Icebreaker noise in Lancester sound, N.W.T., Canada: Implications for marine mammal behavior," Marine Mammal Sci. 9, 285-300.
    • (1993) Marine Mammal Sci. , vol.9 , pp. 285-300
    • Cosens, S.E.1    Dueck, L.P.2
  • 8
    • 0000989185 scopus 로고
    • Structure and function of the pharyngeal pouches of the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
    • Fay, F. H. (1960). "Structure and function of the pharyngeal pouches of the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)," Mammalia (Paris) 24, 361-371.
    • (1960) Mammalia (Paris) , vol.24 , pp. 361-371
    • Fay, F.H.1
  • 11
    • 0005084847 scopus 로고
    • Time and location of mating and associated behavior of the Pacific walrus. Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger
    • edited by F. H. Fay and G. A. Fedoseev, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS
    • Fay, F. H., Ray, G. C., and Kibal'chich, A. A. (1984). "Time and location of mating and associated behavior of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger," in Soviet-American Cooperative Research on Marine Mammals. Pinnipeds, edited by F. H. Fay and G. A. Fedoseev, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS, Vol. 12, pp. 81-88.
    • (1984) Soviet-American Cooperative Research on Marine Mammals. Pinnipeds , vol.12 , pp. 81-88
    • Fay, F.H.1    Ray, G.C.2    Kibal'chich, A.A.3
  • 14
    • 0024875622 scopus 로고
    • Acoustic behavior of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia
    • Ford, J. K. B. (1989). "Acoustic behavior of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) off Vancouver Island, British Columbia," Can. J. Zool. 67, 727-745.
    • (1989) Can. J. Zool. , vol.67 , pp. 727-745
    • Ford, J.K.B.1
  • 15
    • 84958342973 scopus 로고
    • Chance orders of alternating stimuli in visual discrimination experiments
    • Gellermann, L. W. (1933). "Chance orders of alternating stimuli in visual discrimination experiments." J. Gen. Psychol. 42, 206-208.
    • (1933) J. Gen. Psychol. , vol.42 , pp. 206-208
    • Gellermann, L.W.1
  • 16
    • 0033010047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The underwater Audiogram of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)
    • Gerstein, E. R., Gerstein, L., Forsythe, S. E., and Blue, J. E. (1999). "The underwater Audiogram of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105, 3575-3583.
    • (1999) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.105 , pp. 3575-3583
    • Gerstein, E.R.1    Gerstein, L.2    Forsythe, S.E.3    Blue, J.E.4
  • 17
    • 0031980559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-frequency amphibious hearing in pinnipeds: Methods, measurements, noise, and ecology
    • Kastak, D., and Schusterman, R. J. (1998). "Low-frequency amphibious hearing in pinnipeds: Methods, measurements, noise, and ecology," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 103, 2216-2228.
    • (1998) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.103 , pp. 2216-2228
    • Kastak, D.1    Schusterman, R.J.2
  • 18
    • 0033306096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-air and underwater hearing of a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
    • Kastak, D., and Schusterman, R. J. (1999). "In-air and underwater hearing of a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)," Can. J. Zool. 77, 1751-1758.
    • (1999) Can. J. Zool. , vol.77 , pp. 1751-1758
    • Kastak, D.1    Schusterman, R.J.2
  • 19
    • 0032809691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped
    • Kastak, D., Schusterman, R. J., Southall, B. L., and Reichmuth, C. J. (1999). "Underwater temporary threshold shift induced by octave-band noise in three species of pinniped," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 106, 1142-1148.
    • (1999) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.106 , pp. 1142-1148
    • Kastak, D.1    Schusterman, R.J.2    Southall, B.L.3    Reichmuth, C.J.4
  • 20
    • 64849087282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
    • edited by W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig, and J. G. M. Thewissen (Academic, San Diego)
    • Kastelein, R. A. (2001). "Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)," in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, edited by W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig, and J. G. M. Thewissen (Academic, San Diego), pp. 1294-1300.
    • (2001) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals , pp. 1294-1300
    • Kastelein, R.A.1
  • 21
    • 0000534314 scopus 로고
    • The anatomy of the Walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus). Part 1: The skull
    • Kastelein, R. A., and Gerrits, N. M. (1990). "The anatomy of the Walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus). Part 1: The Skull," Aquatic Mammals 16, 101-119.
    • (1990) Aquatic Mammals , vol.16 , pp. 101-119
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Gerrits, N.M.2
  • 22
    • 0000788428 scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of the vibrissae of a Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Part 1
    • Kastelein, R. A., and van Gaalen, M. A. (1988). "The sensitivity of the vibrissae of a Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Part 1," Aquatic Mammals 14, 123-133.
    • (1988) Aquatic Mammals , vol.14 , pp. 123-133
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Van Gaalen, M.A.2
  • 23
    • 2142835428 scopus 로고
    • Airborne vocalizations of pacific walrus pups (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)
    • edited by R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall (De Spil, Woerden, The Netherlands)
    • Kastelein, R. A., Postma, J., and Verboom, W. C. (1995). "Airborne vocalizations of pacific walrus pups (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)," in Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals, edited by R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall (De Spil, Woerden, The Netherlands), pp. 265-286.
    • (1995) Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals , pp. 265-286
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Postma, J.2    Verboom, W.C.3
  • 24
    • 0005083925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food consumption and Body weight of captive Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)
    • Kastelein, R. A., Schooneman, N. M., and Wiepkema, P. R. (2000). "Food consumption and Body weight of captive Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)," Aquatic Mammals 26, 175-190.
    • (2000) Aquatic Mammals , vol.26 , pp. 175-190
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Schooneman, N.M.2    Wiepkema, P.R.3
  • 25
    • 0005078996 scopus 로고
    • The tactile sensitivity of the mystacial vibrissae of a Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Part 2: Masking
    • Kastelein, R. A., Stevens, S., and Mosterd, P. (1990). "The tactile sensitivity of the mystacial vibrissae of a Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). Part 2: Masking," Aquatic Mammals 16, 78-87.
    • (1990) Aquatic Mammals , vol.16 , pp. 78-87
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Stevens, S.2    Mosterd, P.3
  • 26
    • 2142683797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anatomy of the walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus). Part 4: The ears and their function in aerial and underwater hearing
    • Kastelein, R. A., Dubbeldam, J. L., de Bakker, M. A. G., and Gerrits, N. M. (1996a). "The anatomy of the walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus). Part 4: The ears and their function in aerial and underwater hearing," Aquatic Mammals 22, 95-125.
    • (1996) Aquatic Mammals , vol.22 , pp. 95-125
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Dubbeldam, J.L.2    De Bakker, M.A.G.3    Gerrits, N.M.4
  • 27
    • 33744634009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerial hearing sensitivity tests with a male Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), in the free field and with headphones
    • Kastelein, R. A., Mosterd, P., van Ligtenberg, C. L., and Verboom, W. C. (1996b). "Aerial hearing sensitivity tests with a male Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens), in the free field and with headphones," Aquatic Mammals 22, 81-93.
    • (1996) Aquatic Mammals , vol.22 , pp. 81-93
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Mosterd, P.2    Van Ligtenberg, C.L.3    Verboom, W.C.4
  • 28
    • 2142836653 scopus 로고
    • Free field hearing tests on wild Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in air
    • Kastelein, R. A., Van Ligtenberg, C. L., Gjertz, I., and Verboom, W. C. (1993). "Free field hearing tests on wild Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) in air," Aquatic Mammals 19, 143-148.
    • (1993) Aquatic Mammals , vol.19 , pp. 143-148
    • Kastelein, R.A.1    Van Ligtenberg, C.L.2    Gjertz, I.3    Verboom, W.C.4
  • 29
    • 33744657850 scopus 로고
    • Some acoustical signals of calves of the Pacific walrus
    • translated by F. H. Fay
    • Kibal'chich, A. A., and Lisitsina, T. Yu. (1979). "Some acoustical signals of calves of the Pacific walrus," Zool. Zhur. 58, 1247-1249 (translated by F. H. Fay, 1983).
    • (1979) Zool. Zhur. , vol.58 , pp. 1247-1249
    • Kibal'chich, A.A.1    Lisitsina, T.Yu.2
  • 30
    • 0022206395 scopus 로고
    • Airborne acoustic communication in the Walrus Odobenus rosmarus
    • Miller, E. H. (1985). "Airborne acoustic communication in the Walrus Odobenus rosmarus," Nat. Geogr. Res., winter, 124-145.
    • (1985) Nat. Geogr. Res. , vol.WINTER , pp. 124-145
    • Miller, E.H.1
  • 31
    • 0005076176 scopus 로고
    • Summer behavior of Atlantic Walruses Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (L.) at Coats Island, N.W.T. (Canada)
    • Miller, E. H., and Boness, D. J. (1983). "Summer behavior of Atlantic Walruses Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (L.) at Coats Island, N.W.T. (Canada)," Z. Säugetierkunde 48, 298-313.
    • (1983) Z. Säugetierkunde , vol.48 , pp. 298-313
    • Miller, E.H.1    Boness, D.J.2
  • 32
    • 0015020347 scopus 로고
    • Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics
    • Levitt, H. (1970). "Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 467-477.
    • (1970) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.49 , pp. 467-477
    • Levitt, H.1
  • 33
    • 0002660270 scopus 로고
    • Auditory sensitivity of the common seal in air and water
    • Møhl, B. (1968a). "Auditory sensitivity of the common seal in air and water," J. Aud. Res. 8, 27-38.
    • (1968) J. Aud. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 27-38
    • Møhl, B.1
  • 34
    • 0002563292 scopus 로고
    • Hearing in seals
    • edited by R. J. Harrison, R. C. Hubbard, R. S. Peterson, C. E. Rice, and R. J. Schusterman (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York)
    • Møhl, B. (1968b). "Hearing in seals," in The Behavior and Physiology of Pinnipeds, edited by R. J. Harrison, R. C. Hubbard, R. S. Peterson, C. E. Rice, and R. J. Schusterman (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York), pp. 172-195.
    • (1968) The Behavior and Physiology of Pinnipeds , pp. 172-195
    • Møhl, B.1
  • 35
    • 84986776923 scopus 로고
    • Audiometric assessment of Northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus
    • Moore, P. W. B., and Schusterman, R. J. (1987). "Audiometric assessment of Northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus," Marine Mammal Sci. 3, 31-53.
    • (1987) Marine Mammal Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 31-53
    • Moore, P.W.B.1    Schusterman, R.J.2
  • 36
    • 0030818412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Duration of stereotyped underwater vocal displays by male Atlantic walruses in relation to aerobic dive limit
    • Nowicki, S. N., Stirling, I., and Sjare, B. (1997). "Duration of stereotyped underwater vocal displays by male Atlantic walruses in relation to aerobic dive limit," Marine Mammal Sci. 13, 566-575.
    • (1997) Marine Mammal Sci. , vol.13 , pp. 566-575
    • Nowicki, S.N.1    Stirling, I.2    Sjare, B.3
  • 37
    • 2142778642 scopus 로고
    • Social function of underwater sounds in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)
    • edited by K. Ronald and A. W. Mansfield (Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer.)
    • Ray, G. C., and Watkins, W. A. (1975). "Social function of underwater sounds in the walrus (Odobenus rosmarus)," in Biology of the Seal, edited by K. Ronald and A. W. Mansfield (Rapp. P.-v. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer.), Vol. 169, pp. 524-526.
    • (1975) Biology of the Seal , vol.169 , pp. 524-526
    • Ray, G.C.1    Watkins, W.A.2
  • 40
    • 0003312075 scopus 로고
    • Psychophysical methods in modem psychoacoustics
    • edited by J. V. Tobias (Academic, New York)
    • Robinson, D. E., and Watkins, C. S. (1973). "Psychophysical methods in modem Psychoacoustics," in "Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory," edited by J. V. Tobias (Academic, New York), Vol. 2, pp. 99-131.
    • (1973) Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory , vol.2 , pp. 99-131
    • Robinson, D.E.1    Watkins, C.S.2
  • 42
    • 0002548321 scopus 로고
    • Sound structure and Directionality in Orcinus (Killer Whale)
    • Schevill, W. E., and Watkins, W. A. (1966). "Sound structure and Directionality in Orcinus (Killer Whale)," Zoologica 51, 70-76.
    • (1966) Zoologica , vol.51 , pp. 70-76
    • Schevill, W.E.1    Watkins, W.A.2
  • 43
    • 0000095177 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of underwater Odobenus calls with remarks on the development and function of the pharyngeal pouches
    • Schevill, W. E., Watkins, W. A., and Ray, C. (1966). "Analysis of underwater Odobenus calls with remarks on the development and function of the pharyngeal pouches," Zoologica 51, 103-106.
    • (1966) Zoologica , vol.51 , pp. 103-106
    • Schevill, W.E.1    Watkins, W.A.2    Ray, C.3
  • 44
    • 0015333922 scopus 로고
    • Underwater audiogram of the California sea lion by the conditioned vocalization technique
    • Schusterman, R. J., Balliet, R. F., and Nixon, J. (1972). "Underwater audiogram of the California sea lion by the conditioned vocalization technique," J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 17, 339-350.
    • (1972) J. Exp. Anal. Behav. , vol.17 , pp. 339-350
    • Schusterman, R.J.1    Balliet, R.F.2    Nixon, J.3
  • 45
    • 0017844344 scopus 로고
    • The upper limit of underwater auditory frequency discrimination in the California sea lion
    • Schusterman, R. J., and Moore, P. (1978a). "The upper limit of underwater auditory frequency discrimination in the California sea lion," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 1591-1595.
    • (1978) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.63 , pp. 1591-1595
    • Schusterman, R.J.1    Moore, P.2
  • 46
    • 0005023892 scopus 로고
    • Underwater audiogram of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)
    • Schusterman, R. J., and Moore, P. (1978b). "Underwater audiogram of the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 64, S87.
    • (1978) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 , vol.64
    • Schusterman, R.J.1    Moore, P.2
  • 47
    • 2142844270 scopus 로고
    • Effects of disturbance on marine mammals
    • edited by T. Severinsen and R. Hansson, Norwegian Polar Research Institute Report no. 66
    • Severinsen, T. (1990). "Effects of disturbance on marine mammals," in Environmental Atlas Gipsdalen, Svalbard, edited by T. Severinsen and R. Hansson, Norwegian Polar Research Institute Report no. 66, Vol. 3, pp. 41-63.
    • (1990) Environmental Atlas Gipsdalen, Svalbard , vol.3 , pp. 41-63
    • Severinsen, T.1
  • 48
    • 0001131385 scopus 로고
    • Underwater vocalizations as a tool for studying the distribution and relative abundance of wintering pinnipeds in the High Arctic
    • Stirling, I., Calvert, W., and Cleator, H. (1983). "Underwater vocalizations as a tool for studying the distribution and relative abundance of wintering pinnipeds in the High Arctic," Arctic 36, 262-274.
    • (1983) Arctic , vol.36 , pp. 262-274
    • Stirling, I.1    Calvert, W.2    Cleator, H.3
  • 49
    • 0000013896 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of stereotyped underwater vocalizations of male Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus)
    • Stirling, I., Calvert, W., and Spencer, C. (1987). "Evidence of stereotyped underwater vocalizations of male Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus)," Can. J. Zool. 65, 2311-2321.
    • (1987) Can. J. Zool. , vol.65 , pp. 2311-2321
    • Stirling, I.1    Calvert, W.2    Spencer, C.3
  • 50
    • 0001426573 scopus 로고
    • Detection thresholds of a harbor seal to repeated underwater high-frequency, short duration sinusoidal pulses
    • Terhune, J. M. (1988). "Detection thresholds of a harbor seal to repeated underwater high-frequency, short duration sinusoidal pulses," Can. J. Zool. 66, 1578-1582.
    • (1988) Can. J. Zool. , vol.66 , pp. 1578-1582
    • Terhune, J.M.1
  • 51
    • 2142841718 scopus 로고
    • Underwater click hearing thresholds of a harbor seal
    • Terhune, J. M. (1989). "Underwater click hearing thresholds of a harbor seal," Aquatic Mammal 15, 22-26.
    • (1989) Aquatic Mammal , vol.15 , pp. 22-26
    • Terhune, J.M.1
  • 52
    • 0015332871 scopus 로고
    • The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). III. The underwater audiogram
    • Terhune, J. M., and Ronald, K. (1972). "The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). III. The underwater audiogram," Can. J. Zool. 50, 565-569.
    • (1972) Can. J. Zool. , vol.50 , pp. 565-569
    • Terhune, J.M.1    Ronald, K.2
  • 53
    • 0016661241 scopus 로고
    • Underwater hearing sensitivity of two ringed seals (Pusa hispida)
    • Terhune, J. M., and Ronald, K. (1975). "Underwater hearing sensitivity of two ringed seals (Pusa hispida)," Can. J. Zool. 53, 227-231.
    • (1975) Can. J. Zool. , vol.53 , pp. 227-231
    • Terhune, J.M.1    Ronald, K.2
  • 54
    • 0002689192 scopus 로고
    • Variation in the psychometric functions and hearing thresholds of a harbour seal
    • edited by R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall (De Spil, Woerden)
    • Terhune, J., and Turnbull, S. (1995). "Variation in the psychometric functions and hearing thresholds of a harbour seal," in Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals, edited by R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall (De Spil, Woerden), pp. 81-93.
    • (1995) Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals , pp. 81-93
    • Terhune, J.1    Turnbull, S.2
  • 55
    • 0025321653 scopus 로고
    • Underwater audiogram of a Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
    • Thomas, J., Moore, P., Withrow, R., and Stoermer, M. (1990). "Underwater audiogram of a Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi)," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 417-420.
    • (1990) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.87 , pp. 417-420
    • Thomas, J.1    Moore, P.2    Withrow, R.3    Stoermer, M.4
  • 56
    • 0025639761 scopus 로고
    • White noise and pure tone masking of pure tone thresholds of a harbour seal listening in air and underwater
    • Turnbull, S. D., and Terhune, J. M. (1990). "White noise and pure tone masking of pure tone thresholds of a harbour seal listening in air and underwater," Can. J. Zool. 68, 2090-2097.
    • (1990) Can. J. Zool. , vol.68 , pp. 2090-2097
    • Turnbull, S.D.1    Terhune, J.M.2
  • 57
    • 0028036782 scopus 로고
    • Descending frequency swept tones have lower thresholds than ascending frequency swept tones for a harbor seal and human listeners
    • Turnbull, S. D., and Terhune, J. M. (1994). "Descending frequency swept tones have lower thresholds than ascending frequency swept tones for a harbor seal and human listeners," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 2631-2636.
    • (1994) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.96 , pp. 2631-2636
    • Turnbull, S.D.1    Terhune, J.M.2
  • 58
    • 33744577337 scopus 로고
    • Rutting whistles of a male Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)
    • edited by R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall (De Spil, Woerden)
    • Verboom, W. C., and Kastelein, R. A. (1995). "Rutting whistles of a male Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)," in Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals, edited by R. A. Kastelein, J. A. Thomas, and P. E. Nachtigall (De Spil, Woerden), pp. 287-298.
    • (1995) Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals , pp. 287-298
    • Verboom, W.C.1    Kastelein, R.A.2
  • 59
    • 0014582875 scopus 로고
    • Signal duration and signal frequency in relation to auditory sensitivity
    • Watson, C. S., and Gengel, R. W. (1969). "Signal duration and signal frequency in relation to auditory sensitivity," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 989-997.
    • (1969) J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , vol.46 , pp. 989-997
    • Watson, C.S.1    Gengel, R.W.2
  • 60
    • 0004252445 scopus 로고
    • Prentice-Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
    • Zar, J. H. (1984). Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd Ed. (Prentice-Hall International, Englewood Cliffs, NJ).
    • (1984) Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd Ed.
    • Zar, J.H.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.