메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 29, Issue 10-11, 2002, Pages 1505-1516

Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations

Author keywords

Avian communities; Bird surveys; Black throated green warbler; Connecticut; Eastern hemlock; Exotic pest; Forest disturbance; Hemlock woolly adelgid; Hooded warbler; Multivariate analysis; New England; Point counts

Indexed keywords

AVIFAUNA; BIOLOGICAL INVASION; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

EID: 0036816315     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00789.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (126)

References (67)
  • 2
    • 0030924359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird populations and habitat in Bacillus thuringiensis and Dimilin-treated and untreated areas of hardwood forest
    • Bell, J.L. & Whitmore, R.C. (1997) Bird populations and habitat in Bacillus thuringiensis and Dimilin-treated and untreated areas of hardwood forest. American Midland Naturalist, 137, 239-250.
    • (1997) American Midland Naturalist , vol.137 , pp. 239-250
    • Bell, J.L.1    Whitmore, R.C.2
  • 3
    • 0034486721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird nesting ecology in a forest defoliated by gypsy moths
    • Bell, J.L. & Whitmore, R.C. (2000) Bird nesting ecology in a forest defoliated by gypsy moths. Wilson Bulletin, 112, 524-531.
    • (2000) Wilson Bulletin , vol.112 , pp. 524-531
    • Bell, J.L.1    Whitmore, R.C.2
  • 4
    • 0001948677 scopus 로고
    • Hemlock decline and breeding birds. I. Hemlock ecology
    • Benzinger, J. (1994a) Hemlock decline and breeding birds. I. Hemlock ecology. Records of New Jersey Birds, 20, 2-12.
    • (1994) Records of New Jersey Birds , vol.20 , pp. 2-12
    • Benzinger, J.1
  • 5
    • 0002138808 scopus 로고
    • Hemlock decline and breeding birds. II. Effects of habitat change
    • Benzinger, J. (1994b) Hemlock decline and breeding birds. II. Effects of habitat change. Records of New Jersey Birds, 20, 34-51.
    • (1994) Records of New Jersey Birds , vol.20 , pp. 34-51
    • Benzinger, J.1
  • 6
    • 0035055366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales
    • Boulinier, T., Nichols, J.D., Hines, J.W., Sauer, J.R., Flather, C.H. & Pollack, K.H. (2001) Forest fragmentation and bird community dynamics: Inference at regional scales. Ecology, 82, 1159-1169.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 1159-1169
    • Boulinier, T.1    Nichols, J.D.2    Hines, J.W.3    Sauer, J.R.4    Flather, C.H.5    Pollack, K.H.6
  • 7
    • 0035123748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of selection cutting and landscape-scale harvesting on the reproductive success of two neotropical migrant bird species
    • Bourque, J. & Villard, M. (2001) Effects of selection cutting and landscape-scale harvesting on the reproductive success of two neotropical migrant bird species. Conservation Biology, 15, 185-195.
    • (2001) Conservation Biology , vol.15 , pp. 185-195
    • Bourque, J.1    Villard, M.2
  • 8
    • 0035426363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the removal of overstory hemlock from hemlock-dominated forests on eastern redback salamanders
    • Brooks, R.T. (2001) Effects of the removal of overstory hemlock from hemlock-dominated forests on eastern redback salamanders. Forest Ecology and Management, 149, 197-204.
    • (2001) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.149 , pp. 197-204
    • Brooks, R.T.1
  • 9
    • 0031286167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local changes in a breeding bird community following forest disturbance
    • Canterbury, G.E. & Blockstein, D.E. (1997) Local changes in a breeding bird community following forest disturbance. Journal of Field Ornithology, 68, 537-546.
    • (1997) Journal of Field Ornithology , vol.68 , pp. 537-546
    • Canterbury, G.E.1    Blockstein, D.E.2
  • 10
    • 0020859196 scopus 로고
    • Habitat associations of breeding birds in southern New England
    • Clark, K., Euler, D. & Armstrong, E. (1983) Habitat associations of breeding birds in southern New England. Wilson Bulletin, 95, 77-96.
    • (1983) Wilson Bulletin , vol.95 , pp. 77-96
    • Clark, K.1    Euler, D.2    Armstrong, E.3
  • 11
    • 0020862967 scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation in habitat structure of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens)
    • Collins, S.L. (1983) Geographic variation in habitat structure of the Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). Auk, 100, 382-389.
    • (1983) Auk , vol.100 , pp. 382-389
    • Collins, S.L.1
  • 12
    • 0034160053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest
    • Costello, C.A., Yamasaki, M., Pekins, P.J., Leak, W.B. & Neefus, C.D. (2000) Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 127, 41-54.
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.127 , pp. 41-54
    • Costello, C.A.1    Yamasaki, M.2    Pekins, P.J.3    Leak, W.B.4    Neefus, C.D.5
  • 13
    • 0003750009 scopus 로고
    • General Technical Report NE-108. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, Broomall, PA
    • DeGraaf, R.M. & Rudis, D.D. (1986) New England Wildlife: Habitat, Natural History, and Distribution. General Technical Report NE-108. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, Broomall, PA.
    • (1986) New England Wildlife: Habitat, Natural History, and Distribution
    • DeGraaf, R.M.1    Rudis, D.D.2
  • 16
    • 0031284508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach
    • Dufendre, M. & Legendre, P. (1997) Species assemblages and indicator species: The need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecological Monographs, 67, 345-366.
    • (1997) Ecological Monographs , vol.67 , pp. 345-366
    • Dufendre, M.1    Legendre, P.2
  • 17
    • 0002209684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hemlock's future in the context of its history: An ecological perspective
    • eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA
    • Foster, D.R. (2000) Hemlock's future in the context of its history: An ecological perspective. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto), pp. 1-4. 134. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America , vol.134 , pp. 1-4
    • Foster, D.R.1
  • 18
  • 20
    • 0033014488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical comparisons of breeding birds in old-growth conifer-hardwood forest on the Appalachian Plateau
    • Haney, J.C. (1999) Hierarchical comparisons of breeding birds in old-growth conifer-hardwood forest on the Appalachian Plateau. Wilson Bulletin, 111, 89-99.
    • (1999) Wilson Bulletin , vol.111 , pp. 89-99
    • Haney, J.C.1
  • 21
    • 0034789342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: Importance of habitat change
    • Holmes, R.T. & Sherry, T.W. (2001) Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: Importance of habitat change. Auk, 118, 589-609.
    • (2001) Auk , vol.118 , pp. 589-609
    • Holmes, R.T.1    Sherry, T.W.2
  • 22
    • 0034175801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in bird populations on the Highlands Plateau, North Carolina (USA), 1946-1995, with emphasis on neotropical migrants
    • Holt, J.P. (2000) Changes in bird populations on the Highlands Plateau, North Carolina (USA), 1946-1995, with emphasis on neotropical migrants. Natural Areas Journal, 20, 119-125.
    • (2000) Natural Areas Journal , vol.20 , pp. 119-125
    • Holt, J.P.1
  • 25
    • 0011941820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting long-term forest development following hemlock mortality
    • eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA
    • Jenkins, J.C., Canham, C.D. & Barten, P.K. (2000) Predicting long-term forest development following hemlock mortality. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto), pp. 62-75. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America , pp. 62-75
    • Jenkins, J.C.1    Canham, C.D.2    Barten, P.K.3
  • 26
    • 0001192841 scopus 로고
    • Breeding birds of the beech-maple-hemlock community
    • Kendeigh, S.C. (1946) Breeding birds of the beech-maple-hemlock community. Ecology, 27, 226-245.
    • (1946) Ecology , vol.27 , pp. 226-245
    • Kendeigh, S.C.1
  • 27
    • 0002651085 scopus 로고
    • Bird populations in east central Illinois: Fluctuations, variations, and development over a half-century
    • Kendeigh, S.C. (1982) Bird populations in east central Illinois: Fluctuations, variations, and development over a half-century. Illinois Biological Monographs, 52, 1-136.
    • (1982) Illinois Biological Monographs , vol.52 , pp. 1-136
    • Kendeigh, S.C.1
  • 28
    • 0036816915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock
    • Kizlinksi, M.L., Orwig, D.A., Cobb, R.C. & Foster, D.R. (2002) Direct and indirect ecosystem consequences of an invasive pest on forests dominated by eastern hemlock. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1489-1503.
    • (2002) Journal of Biogeography , vol.29 , pp. 1489-1503
    • Kizlinksi, M.L.1    Orwig, D.A.2    Cobb, R.C.3    Foster, D.R.4
  • 29
    • 24944533365 scopus 로고
    • Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method
    • Kruskal, J.B. (1964) Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: A numerical method. Psychometrica, 29, 115-129.
    • (1964) Psychometrica , vol.29 , pp. 115-129
    • Kruskal, J.B.1
  • 31
    • 0001245369 scopus 로고
    • Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests
    • MacArthur, R.H. (1958) Population ecology of some warblers of northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology, 39, 599-619.
    • (1958) Ecology , vol.39 , pp. 599-619
    • MacArthur, R.H.1
  • 33
  • 35
    • 0034752722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Densities of breeding birds and changes in vegetation in an Alaskan boreal forest following a massive disturbance by spruce beetles
    • Matsuoka, S.M., Handel, C.M. & Ruthrauff, D.R. (2001) Densities of breeding birds and changes in vegetation in an Alaskan boreal forest following a massive disturbance by spruce beetles. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 79, 1678-1690.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.79 , pp. 1678-1690
    • Matsuoka, S.M.1    Handel, C.M.2    Ruthrauff, D.R.3
  • 36
    • 0002018401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Special feature: Continental scale ecology and neotropical migratory birds: How to detect declines amid the noise
    • Maurer, B.A. & Villard, M.A. (1996) Special feature: Continental scale ecology and neotropical migratory birds: How to detect declines amid the noise. Ecology, 77, 1-2.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1-2
    • Maurer, B.A.1    Villard, M.A.2
  • 38
    • 0002070807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Pseudoscymnus tsugae the solution to the hemlock woolly adelgid problem? An early perspective
    • eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA
    • McClure, M.S., Cheah, C.A.S.-J. & Tigner, T.C. (2000) Is Pseudoscymnus tsugae the solution to the hemlock woolly adelgid problem? An early perspective. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto), pp. 89-96. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America , pp. 89-96
    • McClure, M.S.1    Cheah, C.A.S.-J.2    Tigner, T.C.3
  • 40
    • 70350344979 scopus 로고
    • Meteorological applications of permutation techniques based on distance functions
    • eds P.R. Krishnaiah and P.K. Sen. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam
    • Mielke, P.W. Jr (1984) Meteorological applications of permutation techniques based on distance functions. Handbook of Statistics, Vol. 4 (eds P.R. Krishnaiah and P.K. Sen), pp. 813-830. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam.
    • (1984) Handbook of Statistics , vol.4 , pp. 813-830
    • Mielke P.W., Jr.1
  • 41
    • 0033038301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat relationships of five northern bird species breeding in hemlock ravines in Ohio, USA
    • Mitchell, J.M. (1999) Habitat relationships of five northern bird species breeding in hemlock ravines in Ohio, USA. Natural Areas Journal, 19, 3-11.
    • (1999) Natural Areas Journal , vol.19 , pp. 3-11
    • Mitchell, J.M.1
  • 42
    • 0001335088 scopus 로고
    • The numerical response of avian and mammalian predators during a gradation of the spruce budworm
    • Morris, R.F., Cheshire, W.F., Miller, C.A. & Mott, D.G. (1958) The numerical response of avian and mammalian predators during a gradation of the spruce budworm. Ecology, 39, 487-494.
    • (1958) Ecology , vol.39 , pp. 487-494
    • Morris, R.F.1    Cheshire, W.F.2    Miller, C.A.3    Mott, D.G.4
  • 43
    • 0001885612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand dynamics associated with chronic hemlock woolly adelgid infestations in southern New England
    • eds R.C. Reardon, B.P. Onken and J. Lashomb. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication. New Brunswick, NJ
    • Orwig, D.A. (2002) Stand dynamics associated with chronic hemlock woolly adelgid infestations in southern New England. Symposium on the hemlock woolly adelgid in Eastern North America (eds R.C. Reardon, B.P. Onken and J. Lashomb), pp. 36-47. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication. New Brunswick, NJ.
    • (2002) Symposium on the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern North America , pp. 36-47
    • Orwig, D.A.1
  • 44
    • 0031785552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest response to introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA
    • Orwig, D.A. & Foster, D.R. (1998) Forest response to introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Society, 125, 60-73.
    • (1998) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Society , vol.125 , pp. 60-73
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Foster, D.R.2
  • 45
    • 0002842629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand, landscape, and ecosystem analyses of hemlock woolly adelgid outbreaks in southern New England: An overview
    • eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA
    • Orwig, D.A. & Foster, D.R. (2000) Stand, landscape, and ecosystem analyses of hemlock woolly adelgid outbreaks in southern New England: An overview. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto), pp. 123-125. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America , pp. 123-125
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Foster, D.R.2
  • 46
    • 0036816020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid
    • Orwig, D.A., Foster, D.R. & Mausel, D.L. (2002) Landscape patterns of hemlock decline in New England due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid. Journal of Biogeography, 29, 1475-1487.
    • (2002) Journal of Biogeography , vol.29 , pp. 1475-1487
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Foster, D.R.2    Mausel, D.L.3
  • 47
    • 0021066744 scopus 로고
    • The influence of Dutch elm disease on bird population trends
    • Osborne, P. (1983) The influence of Dutch elm disease on bird population trends. Bird Study, 30, 27-38.
    • (1983) Bird Study , vol.30 , pp. 27-38
    • Osborne, P.1
  • 48
    • 0022207423 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of Dutch elm disease on the birds of a Dorset dairy farm
    • Osborne, P. (1985) Some effects of Dutch elm disease on the birds of a Dorset dairy farm. Journal of Applied Ecology, 22, 681-691.
    • (1985) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.22 , pp. 681-691
    • Osborne, P.1
  • 49
    • 0029190079 scopus 로고
    • Experimental-evidence for intrinsic microhabitat preferences in the black-throated green warbler
    • Parrish, J.D. (1995) Experimental-evidence for intrinsic microhabitat preferences in the black-throated green warbler. Condor, 97, 935-943.
    • (1995) Condor , vol.97 , pp. 935-943
    • Parrish, J.D.1
  • 51
    • 0031959307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of avian communities to disturbance by an exotic insect in spruce-fir forests of the Southern Appalachians
    • Rabenold, K.N., Fauth, P.T., Goodner, B.W., Sadowski, J.A. & Parker, P.G. (1998) Response of avian communities to disturbance by an exotic insect in spruce-fir forests of the Southern Appalachians. Conservation Biology, 12, 177-189.
    • (1998) Conservation Biology , vol.12 , pp. 177-189
    • Rabenold, K.N.1    Fauth, P.T.2    Goodner, B.W.3    Sadowski, J.A.4    Parker, P.G.5
  • 52
    • 0003608723 scopus 로고
    • Managing and monitoring birds using point counts: Standards and applications
    • eds C.J. Ralph, S. Droege and J.R. Sauer. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149
    • Ralph, C.J., Droege, S. & Sauer, J.R. (1995) Managing and monitoring birds using point counts: Standards and applications. Monitoring Bird Populations by Point Counts (eds C.J. Ralph, S. Droege and J.R. Sauer), pp. 161-170. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report PSW-GTR-149.
    • (1995) Monitoring Bird Populations by Point Counts , pp. 161-170
    • Ralph, C.J.1    Droege, S.2    Sauer, J.R.3
  • 53
    • 0012000757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Milling and marketing of eastern hemlock lumber
    • eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA
    • Ritchie, R.A. (2000) Milling and marketing of eastern hemlock lumber. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto), p. 155. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America , pp. 155
    • Ritchie, R.A.1
  • 54
    • 0028974699 scopus 로고
    • Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds
    • Robinson, S.K., Thomson III, F.R., Donovan, T.M., Whitehead, D.R. & Faaborg, J. (1995) Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science, 267, 1987-1990.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 1987-1990
    • Robinson, S.K.1    Thomson F.R. III2    Donovan, T.M.3    Whitehead, D.R.4    Faaborg, J.5
  • 55
    • 0033057005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of selective logging on forest bird populations in a fragmented landscape
    • Robinson, W.D. & Robinson, S.K. (1999) Effects of selective logging on forest bird populations in a fragmented landscape. Conservation Biology, 31, 58-66.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.31 , pp. 58-66
    • Robinson, W.D.1    Robinson, S.K.2
  • 57
    • 0031788853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest
    • Schulte, L.A. & Niemi, G.J. (1998) Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 1418-1429.
    • (1998) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.62 , pp. 1418-1429
    • Schulte, L.A.1    Niemi, G.J.2
  • 58
    • 0011978333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential effects of large-scale elimination of oaks by red oak borers on breeding Neotropical migrants in the Ozarks
    • (eds C.J. Ralph and T. Rich). USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report (in press)
    • Smith, K.G. & Stephen, F.M. (2003) Potential effects of large-scale elimination of oaks by red oak borers on breeding Neotropical migrants in the Ozarks. Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas (eds C.J. Ralph and T. Rich). USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report (in press).
    • (2003) Bird Conservation Implementation and Integration in the Americas
    • Smith, K.G.1    Stephen, F.M.2
  • 59
    • 0001884555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Past and current status of HWA in eastern and Carolina hemlock stands
    • eds S.M. Salom, T.C. Tignor and R.C. Reardon. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV
    • Souto, D., Luther, T. & Chianese, B. (1996) Past and current status of HWA in eastern and Carolina hemlock stands. Proceedings of the First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review (eds S.M. Salom, T.C. Tignor and R.C. Reardon), pp. 9-15. USDA Forest Service, Morgantown, WV.
    • (1996) Proceedings of the First Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Review , pp. 9-15
    • Souto, D.1    Luther, T.2    Chianese, B.3
  • 60
    • 0030062233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of understory vegetation to variable tree mortality following a mountain pine beetle epidemic in lodgepole pine stands in northern Utah
    • Stone, W.E. & Wolfe, M.L. (1996) Response of understory vegetation to variable tree mortality following a mountain pine beetle epidemic in lodgepole pine stands in northern Utah. Vegetatio, 122, 1-12.
    • (1996) Vegetatio , vol.122 , pp. 1-12
    • Stone, W.E.1    Wolfe, M.L.2
  • 63
    • 0022226682 scopus 로고
    • Effects of logging on bird populations in British Columbia as determined by a modified point-count method
    • Wetmore, S.P., Keller, R.A. & Smith, G.E.J. (1985) Effects of logging on bird populations in British Columbia as determined by a modified point-count method. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 99, 224-233.
    • (1985) Canadian Field-Naturalist , vol.99 , pp. 224-233
    • Wetmore, S.P.1    Keller, R.A.2    Smith, G.E.J.3
  • 65
    • 0000130645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wildlife habitat associations in eastern hemlock - Birds, smaller mammals and forest carnivores
    • eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA
    • Yamasaki, M., DeGraaf, W.B. & Lanier, J.W. (2000) Wildlife habitat associations in eastern hemlock - Birds, smaller mammals and forest carnivores. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto), pp. 135-143. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America , pp. 135-143
    • Yamasaki, M.1    DeGraaf, W.B.2    Lanier, J.W.3
  • 66
    • 0002914944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of landscape correlates of eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid
    • eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA
    • Young, J., Snyder, C., Akerson, J. & Hunt, G. (2000) Assessment of landscape correlates of eastern hemlock decline due to hemlock woolly adelgid. Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America (eds K.A. McManus, K.S. Shields and D.R. Souto), p. 134. USDA General Technical Report 267. Newtown Square, PA.
    • (2000) Proceedings: Symposium on Sustainable Management of Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern North America , pp. 134
    • Young, J.1    Snyder, C.2    Akerson, J.3    Hunt, G.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.