An ethno-epidemiological model for the study of trends in illicit drug use: Reflections on the 'emergence' of crack injection

International Journal of Drug Policy

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 285-295

  Clatts, Michael C ^a   Welle, Dorinda L ^a   Goldsamt, Lloyd A ^a   Lankenau, Stephen E ^a  

^a NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES   (United States)

Author keywords

Crack cocaine; Drug trends; Epidemiology; Ethnography; Injecting drug use

Indexed keywords

COCAINE; IDOXURIDINE; ILLICIT DRUG;

ANTHROPOLOGY; BEHAVIOR; COCAINE DEPENDENCE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG USE; HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INJECTION; MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESEARCH; REVIEW; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0036803264     PISSN: 09553959     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00123-8     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Agar M. Ripping and running. 1973;Academic Press, New York.
2. Anthony J.C., Vlahov D., Nelson K.E. New evidence on intravenous cocaine use and the risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. American Journal of Epidemiology. 134:1991;1175-1189.
3. Battjes R.J., Pickens R.W., Haverkos H.W. HIV risk factors among injecting drug users in five US cities. AIDS. 8:1994;681-687.
4. Booth R.E., Watters J.K., Chitwood D.D. HIV risk related sex behaviors among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. American Journal of Public Health. 83:1993;1144-1148.
5. Bourgois P. Search of respect: selling crack in El Bario. 1995;Cambridge University Press, New York.
6. Bux D.A., Lamb R.J., Iguchi M.Y. Cocaine use and HIV risk behavior in methadone maintenance patients. Drug and Alcohol. 37:1995;29-35.
7. Carlson R.G. Shooting galleries, dope houses, and injection doctors: examining the social ecology of HIV risk behaviors among drug injectors in Dayton, OH. Human Organization. 59:(3):2000;325-333.
8. Carlson, R. G., Siegal, H. A., Falck, R. S., & Wang, J. (1998). Crack cocaine injection in the heartland: an ethnographic perspective. Presented at the annual meetings of the society for applied anthropology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
9. Chaisson R.E., Bacchetti P., Osmond D. Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco. Journal of the American Medical Association. 261:1989;561-565.
10. Chaisson M.A., Stoneburner R.L., Hilderbrandt D.S., Ewing W.E., Telzak E.E., Jafee H.A. Heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 associated with use of smokable freebase cocaine (crack). AIDS. 5:1991;1121-1126.
11. Chitwood D.D. Epidemiology of crack use among injecting drug users and sex partners of injecting drug users. Brown B.S., et al. Handbook on AIDS, IV drug users, and sexual behaviors in the US - trends, issues, and intervention strategies. 1993;Greenwood Press, New York, NY.
12. Clatts, M. C. (1989). Substance abuse and AIDS prevention strategies for homeless youth: an ethnographic perspective. Paper presented at the third international gay and lesbian health conference, San Francisco, CA.
13. Clatts M.C. Ethnographic observations of men who have sex with men in public: notes and queries toward an ecology of sexual action. Leap W., Gay sex, public space. 1998;141-156 Columbia University Press.
14. Clatts M.C., Davis W.R. A demographic and behavioral profile of homeless youth in New York City: implications for AIDS outreach and prevention. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 13:(3):1999;365-374.
15. Clatts M.C., Sotheran J.L. Challenges in research on drug and sexual risk practices of men who have sex with men: applications of ethnography in HIV epidemiology and prevention. AIDS and Behavior. 4:(2):2000;169-179.
16. Clatts M.C., Heimer R., Abdala N., Goldsamt L.A., Sotheran J.L., Anderson K.T., Gallo T.M., Hoffer L.D., Luciano P.A., Kyriakides T. HIV-1 transmission in injection paraphernalia: heating drug solutions may inactivate HIV-1. JAIDS. 22:(2):1999a;194-199.
17. Clatts M.C., Sotheran J.L., Heimer R., Goldsamt L.A. Interdisciplinary research on transmission of blood-borne pathogens among drug injectors: applications of ethnography in epidemiology and public health. Marshall P.A., Singer M., Clatts M.C., Needle R., Lambert E., Integrating cultural, observational, and epidemiology approaches in the prevention of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS: current status and future prospects. 1999b;74-93 National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD.
18. Clatts M.C., Welle D.L., Goldsamt L.A. Reconceptualizing the interaction of drug and sexual risk among MSM speed users: notes toward an ethno-epidemiology. AIDS and Behavior. 5:(2):2001;115-130.
19. Community Epidemiology Working Group (1998). Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse, vol. 1: highlights and executive summary. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, National Institute of Drug Abuse.
20. Doherty, M. C., Garfein, R. S., & Monterroso, E. (1996). Younger age of initiating injecting drug use is associated with risky behavior and HIV infection in short-term injectors. Presented at the XI international conference on AIDS, Vancouver, Canada.
21. Firth R. Malay fisherman. 1966;Norton, New York.
22. Golub, A., Johnson, B. D. (1997). Crack's Decline: Some Surprises Across US Cities. Research in brief. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
23. Greenfield L., Bigelow G.E., Brooner R.K. HIV risk behavior in drug users: increased blood "booting" during cocaine injection. AIDS Education Prevention. 4:1992;95-107.
24. Hudgins R., McCusker J., Stoddard A. Cocaine use and risky injection and sexual behaviors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 37:1995;7-14.
25. Hunter G.M., Donoghoe M.C., Stimpson G.V. Crack use and injection on the increase among injecting drug users in London. Addiction. 90:1995;1397-1400.
26. Inciardi J.A. Beyond cocaine: basuco, crack, and other coca products. Contemporary Drug Problems. 14:1987;461-492.
27. Joe G.W., Simpson D.D. HIV risks, genders, and cocaine use among opiate users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 37:1995;23-28.
28. Johnson W.A., Ouellet L.J. The injection of crack cocaine among Chicago drug users. American Journal of Public Health. 86:(2):1996;266.
29. Johnson B.D., Golub A., Fagan J. Careers in crack, drug use, drug distribution and non-drug criminality. Crime and Delinquency. 41:1995;275-295.
30. Jones D.L., Irwin K.L., Inciardi J., Bowser B., Schilling R., Word C., Evans P., Faruque S., McCoy H.V., Edlin B.R. The high-risk sexual practices of crack-smoking sex workers recruited from the streets of three American cities. The multicenter crack cocaine and HIV infection study team. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 25:1998;187-193.
31. Meandzija B., O'Connor P.G., Fitzgerald B. HIV infection and cocaine use in methadone maintained and untreated intravenous drug users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 36:1994;109-113.
32. Millson, P., Myers, T., Calzavara, L., Rea, E., Wallace, E., Major, C., & Fearon, M. (1998). Prevalence of HIV and other blood-borne viruses and associated risk behaviors in Ontario injection drug users. Unpublished manuscript.
33. Nemoto T. Patterns of cocaine use and HIV infection among injection drugs in a methadone clinic. Journal of Substance Abuse. 6:1994;169-178.
34. Preble E., Casey J. Jr. Taking care of business: the heroin user's life in the street. International Journal of the Addictions. 4:1969;1-24.
35. Rezza G., Sagliocca L., Zaccarelli M. Incidence rate and risk factors for HCV seroconversion among injecting drug users in an area with low HIV seroprevalence. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease. 28:1996;27-29.
36. Strathdee S.A., Patrick D.M., Currie S.L., Conelisse P., Rekart M.L., Montaner J.S., Schechter M.T., Oshaughnessy M.C. Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study. AIDS. 11:1997;F59-F65.
37. Thomas D.L., Vlahov D., Solmon L. Correlates of hepatitis C virus infections among injection drugs users. Medicine. 74:1995;212-220.