Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is approximately 50,000 years old

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 39-45

  Kidgell, Claire ^a   Reichard, Ulrike ^b   Wain, John ^a   Linz, Bodo ^b   Torpdahl, Mia ^c   Dougan, Gordon ^a   Achtman, Mark ^b  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR INFECTION BIOLOGY   (Germany)

^c TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Age; Clone; Epidemic disease; Housekeeping gene; Microbial evolution; Multilocus sequence typing; Salmonella; Sequence diversity

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; BASE PAIRING; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; GENE MUTATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; MOLECULAR CLONING; MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALMONELLA TYPHI; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; TYPHOID FEVER; BACTERIAL GENE; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETICS; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; POPULATION GENETICS; TIME;

ANIMALIA; SALMONELLA; SALMONELLA TYPHI;

EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; GENES, BACTERIAL; GENETICS, POPULATION; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; SALMONELLA TYPHI; TIME FACTORS; TYPHOID FEVER;

EID: 0036792524     PISSN: 15671348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1567-1348(02)00089-8     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Achtman, M., Zurth, K., Morelli, G., Torrea, G., Guiyoule, A., Carniel, E., 1999. Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague, is a recently emerged clone of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 14043-14048.
2. Altwegg, M., Hickman-Brenner, F.W., Farmer III, J.J., 1989. Ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns provide increased sensitivity for typing Salmonella typhi strains. J. Infect. Dis. 160, 145-149.
3. Clutton-Brock, J., 1999. A Natural History of Domesticated Animals, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
4. Connerton, P., Wain, J., Hien, T.T., Ali, T., Parry, C., Chinh, N.T., Vinh, H., Ho, V.A., Diep, T.S., Day, N.P., White, N.J., Dougan, G., Farrar, J.J., 2000. Epidemic typhoid in Vietnam: molecular typing of multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhi from four outbreaks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 895-897.
5. Diamond, J., 1997. Guns, Germs and Steel. Jonathan Cape, London.
6. Echeita, M.A., Usera, M.A., 1998. Chromosomal rearrangements in Salmonella enterica serotype typhi affecting molecular typing in outbreak investigations. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 2123-2126.
7. Enright, M.C., Spratt, B.G., 1999. Multilocus sequence typing. Trends Microbiol. 7, 482-487.
8. Guerrero, L., Calva, J.J., Morrow, A.L., Velazquez, F.R., Tuz-Dzib, F., Lopez-Vidal, Y., Ortega, H., Arroyo, H., Cleary, T.G., Pickering, L.K., 1994. Asymptomatic Shigella infections in a cohort of Mexican children younger than two years of age. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13, 597-602.
9. Guttman, D.S., Dykhuizen, D.E., 1994. Clonal divergence in E. coli as a result of recombination, not mutation. Science 266, 1380-1383.
10. Jukes, T.H., Cantor, C.R., 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro, H.N. (Ed.), Mammalian Protein Metabolism. Academic Press, New York, pp. 21-132.
11. Keim, P., Kalif, A., Schupp, J., Hill, K., Travis, S.E., Richmond, K., Adair, D.M., Hugh-Jones, M., Kuske, C.R., Jackson, P., 1997. Molecular evolution and diversity in Bacillus anthracis as detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. J. Bacteriol. 179, 818-824.
12. Kingsley, R.A., Baumler, A.J., 2000. Host adaptation and the emergence of infectious disease: the Salmonella paradigm. Mol. Microbiol. 36, 1006-1014.
13. Liu, S.-L., Sanderson, K.E., 1995. Rearrangements in the genome of the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 1018-1022.
14. Maiden, M.C.J., Bygraves, J.A., Feil, E., Morelli, G., Russell, J.E., Urwin, R., Zhang, Q., Zhou, J., Zurth, K., Caugant, D.A., Feavers, I.M., Achtman, M., Spratt, B.G., 1998. Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 3140-3145.
15. McKinney, J.D., Jacobs Jr., W.R., Bloom, B.R., 1998. Persisting problems in tuberculosis. In: Krause, R.M. (Ed.), Emerging Infections. Academic Press, New York, pp. 51-146.
16. Miller, S.I., Hohmann, E.L., Pegues, D.A., 1994. Salmonella (including Salmonella typhi). In: Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.R., Dolin, R. (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 2013-2033.
17. Nair, S., Schreiber, E., Thong, K.L., Pang, T., Altwegg, M., 2000. Genotypic characterization of Salmonella typhi by amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting provides increased discrimination as compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping. J. Microbiol. Methods 41, 35-43.
18. Nastasi, A., Mammina, C., Villafrate, M.R., 1991. rDNA fingerprinting as a tool in epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi infections. Epidemiol. Infect. 107, 565-576.
19. Navarro, F., Llovet, T., Echeita, M.A., Coll, P., Aladueña, A., Usera, M.A., Prats, G., 1996. Molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 2831-2834.
20. Ng, I., Liu, S.L., Sanderson, K.E., 1999. Role of genomic rearrangements in producing new ribotypes of Salmonella typhi. J. Bacteriol. 181, 3536-3541.
21. Ochman, H., Wilson, A.C., 1987. Evolution in bacteria: evidence for a universal substitution rate in cellular genomes. J. Mol. Evol. 26, 74-86.
22. Ochman, H., Elwyn, S., Moran, N.A., 1999. Calibrating bacterial evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96, 12638-12643.
23. Pang, T., Altwegg, M., Martinetti, G., Koh, C.L., Puthucheary, S., 1992. Genetic variation among Malaysian isolates of Salmonella typhi as detected by ribosomal RNA gene restriction patterns. Microbiol. Immunol. 36, 539-543.
24. Pang, T., Levine, M.M., Ivanoff, B., Wain, J., Finlay, B.B., 1998. Typhoid fever-important issues still remain. Trends Microbiol. 6, 131-133.
25. Parkhill, J., Dougan, G., James, K.D., Thomson, N.R., Pickard, D., Wain, J., Churcher, C., Mungall, K.L., Bentley, S.D., Holden, M.T., Sebaihia, M., Baker, S., Basham, D., Brooks, K., Chillingworth, T., Connerton, P., Cronin, A., Davis, P., Davies, R.M., Dowd, L., White, N., Farrar, J., Feltwell, T., Hamlin, N., Haque, A., Hien, T.T., Holroyd, S., Jagels, K., Krogh, A., Larsen, T.S., Leather, S., Moule, S., O'Gaora, P., Parry, C., Quail, M., Rutherford, K., Simmonds, M., Skelton, J., Stevens, K., Whitehead, S., Barrell, B.G., 2001. Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18. Nature 413, 848-852.
26. Pupo, G.M., Lan, R., Reeves, P.R., 2000. Multiple independent origins of Shigella clones of E. coli and convergent evolution of many of their characteristics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 10567-10572.
27. Reeves, M.W., Evins, G.M., Heiba, A.A., Plikaytis, B.D., Farmer III, J.J., 1989. Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other Salmonella as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb, and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 27, 313-320.
28. Rozas, J., Rozas, R., 1999. DnaSP version 3.0: an integrated program for molecular population genetics and molecular evolution analysis. Bioinformatics 15, 174-175.
29. Selander, R.K., Beltran, P., Smith, N.H., Helmuth, R., Rubin, F.A., Kopecko, D.J., Ferris, K., Tall, B.T., Cravioto, A., Musser, J.M., 1990. Evolutionary genetic relationships of clones of Salmonella serovars that cause human typhoid and other enteric fevers. Infect. Immunol. 58, 2262-2275.
30. Smith, B.D., 1998. The Emergence of Agriculture. Scientific American Library, New York.
31. Sreevatsan, S., Pan, X., Stockbauer, K., Connell, N.D., Kreiswirth, B.N., Whittam, T.S., Musser, J.M., 1997. Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 9869-9874.
32. Thong, K.L., Cheong, Y.M., Puthucheary, S., Koh, C.L., Pang, T., 1994. Epidemiologic analysis of sporadic Salmonella typhi isolates and those from outbreaks by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 1135-1141.
33. Thong, K.L., Puthucheary, S.D., Pang, T., 1997. Genome size variation among recent human isolates of Salmonella typhi. Res. Microbiol. 148, 229-235.
34. Threlfall, E.J., Torre, E., Ward, L.R., Davalos-Perez, A., Rowe, B., Gibert, I., 1994. Insertion sequence IS200 fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi: an assessment of epidemiological applicability. Epidemiol. Infect. 112, 253-261.
35. van Pinxteren, L.A., Cassidy, J.P., Smedegaard, B.H., Agger, E.M., Andersen, P., 2000. Control of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is dependent on CD8 T cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 3689-3698.
36. Whittam, T.S., 1996. Genetic variation and evolutionary processes in natural populations of E. coli. In: Curtiss III, R., Ingraham, J.L., Lin, E.C.C., Low, K.B., Magasanik, B., Reznikoff, W.S., Riley, M., Schaechter, M., Umbarger, H.E. (Eds.), E. coli and Salmonella. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp. 2708-2720.