An effective quiescent medium for sound propagating through an inhomogeneous, moving fluid

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Volumn 112, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 1269-1275

  Godin, Oleg A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC FIELDS; BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; FLOW OF FLUIDS; OCEAN CURRENTS; WAVE EQUATIONS;

SOUND SPEED;

ACOUSTICS;

ACOUSTICS; FLUID FLOW; INHOMOGENOUS FLOW;

ACCURACY; ACOUSTICS; ARTICLE; DENSITY; FLOW RATE; MODEL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SOUND;

ACOUSTICS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; MOTION; OCEANS AND SEAS; SOUND;

EID: 0036787515     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.1504853     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. A. R. Kriebel, "Refraction and attenuation of sound by wind and thermal profiles over a ground plane," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 19-23 (1971).
2. B. Hallberg, C. Larsson, and S. Israelson, "Measurements of meteorological effects on long-range sound propagation using m-sequence correlation," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 1038-1044 (1985).
3. A. V. Razin, "Calculation of acoustic fields in the atmospheric refraction wave guide," Izv., Acad. Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 21, 544-548 (1985).
4. K. B. Rasmussen, "Outdoor sound propagation under the influence of wind and temperature gradients," J. Sound Vib. 104, 321-335 (1986).
5. G. A. Daigle, T. F. W. Embleton, and J. E. Piercy, "Propagation of sound in the presence of gradients and turbulence near the ground," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 613-1627 (1986).
6. A. I. Otrezov and I. P. Chunchuzov, "Propagation of low-frequency acoustic waves in the surface layer of the atmosphere," Izv., Acad. Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 22, 268-271 (1986).
7. A. I. Otrezov and I. P. Chunchuzov, "The amplitude distribution of a low-frequency sound field near the surface of the Earth," Izv., Acad. Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 23, 76-78 (1987).
8. R. Makarewicz, "The shadow zone in a stratified medium," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 1092-1096 (1989).
9. K. E. Gilbert, R. Raspet, and X. Di, "Calculation of turbulence effects in an upward-refracting atmosphere," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2428-2437 (1990).
10. E. M. Salomons, "Diffraction by a screen in downwind sound propagation: A parabolic equation approach," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 3109-3117 (1994).
11. K. B. Rasmussen, "Sound propagation over screened ground under upwind conditions," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 100, 3581-3586 (1996).
12. E. R. Franchi and M. J. Jacobson, "Ray propagation in a channel with depth-variable sound speed and current," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 52, 316-331 (1972).
13. T. B. Sanford, "Observations of strong current shears in the deep ocean and some implications on sound rays," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56. 1118-1121 (1974).
14. J. S. Robertson, W. L. Siegmann, and M. J. Jacobson, "Current and current shear effects in the parabolic approximation for underwater sound channels," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 1768-1780 (1985).
15. L. Nghiem-Phu and F. Tappert, "Parabolic equation modeling of the effects of ocean currents on sound transmission and reciprocity in the time domain," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 642-648 (1985).
16. N. S. Grigor'eva and M. I. Yavor, "Influence on the sound field in the ocean of a large-scale ocean current that qualitatively alters the nature of guided-wave sound propagation," Sov. Phys. Acoust. 32, 482-485 (1986).
17. M. J. Beran and A. M. Whitman, "Effect of random velocity fluctuations on underwater scattering," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81, 647-649 (1987).
18. B. M. Howe, P. F. Worcester, and R. C. Spindel, "Ocean acoustic tomography: Mesoscale velocity," J. Geophys. Res. 92, 3785-3805 (1987).
19. J. A. Mercer, "Nonreciprocity of simulated long-range acoustic transmissions," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84, 999-1006 (1988).
20. E. C. Shang, A. G. Voronovich, Y. Y. Wang, K. A. Naugolnykh, and L. Ostrovsky, "New schemes of ocean acoustic tomography," J. Comput. Acoust. 8, 459-471 (2000).
21. K. A. Naugolnykh, Y. Y. Wang, and E. C. Shang, "Numerical simulation of transverse current monitoring in the Fram Strait," J. Comp. Acoust. 9, 413-425 (2001). press).
22. M. S. Sodha, A. Kumar, I. C. Goyal, and A. K. Ghatak, "Sound wave propagation in cylindrical inhomogeneous waveguides," Acustica 41, 232-237 (1979).
23. H. Lechner, "Ultrasonic flow metering based on transit time differentials which are insensitive to flow profile," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 955-959 (1983).
24. M. Willatzen, "Perturbation theory applied to sound propagation in flowing media confined by a cylindrical waveguide," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 102-107 (2001).
25. J. W. Strutt (Baron Rayleigh), The Theory of Sound, Vol. 2, 2nd ed., revised and enlarged (MacMillan, London, New York, 1896), p. 132.
26. C. H. E. Warren, "A note on refraction of sound in moving gas," J. Sound Vib. 1, 175-178 (1964).
27. R. J. Thompson, "Ray theory for an inhomogeneous moving medium," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 1675-1682 (1972).
28. O. A. Godin, D. Yu. Mikhin, and S. Ya. Molchanov, "Effective sound speed approximation in the acoustics of moving media," Izv., Acad. Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 29, 179-186 (1993).
29. V. E. Ostashev, Acoustics in Moving Inhomogeneous Media (Spon, London, 1997).
30. 2/ω) (Ref. 29, Sec. 4.1 and Ref. 31, Sec. 1.2). EMMA ceases to be exact and is valid only approximately when the spectrum of the acoustic field includes waves with different s values.
31. L. M. Brekhovskikh and O. A. Godin, Acoustics of Layered Media. 1: Plane and Quasi-Plane Waves (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1990 and 1998).
32. O. A. Godin, "Reciprocity and energy theorems for waves in a compressible inhomogeneous moving fluid," Wave Motion 25, 143-167 (1997).
33. M. Karweit, Ph. Blanc-Benon, D. Juvé, and G. Comte-Bellot, "Simulation of propagation of an acoustic wave through a turbulent velocity field: A study of phase variance," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 89, 52-62 (1991).
34. P. Elisseeff and H. Schmidt, "Acoustic propagation through a low Mach number, stratified flow," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 1936-1944 (1997).
35. O. A. Godin, "A wide-angle, energy-conserving parabolic equation for sound in a moving medium," in Theoretical and Computational Acoustics '97, edited by Y. C. Teng et al. (World Scientific, Singapore, 1999), pp. 329-340.
36. O. A. Godin, "Coupled-mode sound propagation in a range-dependent, moving fluid," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 111, 1984-1995 (2002)
37. O. A. Godin, "Wave equation for sound in a medium with slow currents," Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 293, 63-67 (1987) [in Russian].
38. -1 Im(ρ∇ρ*) for time-averaged density of acoustic energy flux in a motionless fluid, it follows that, up to the terms O(ε + M), the energy flux is parallel to n.
39. L. M. Brekhovskikh and O. A. Godin, Acoustics of Layered Media. 2: Point Sources and Bounded Beams, 2nd ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1999).
40. Yu. A. Kravtsov and Yu. I. Orlov, Geometrical Optics of Inhomogeneous Media (Spfinger-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1990), p. 96.
41. 2). This result is consistent with the estimate obtained in Ref. 28 from other considerations.
42. V. E. Ostashev, "Ray acoustics in a moving medium: a survey," Izv., Acad. Sci., USSR, Atmos. Oceanic Phys. 25, 661-673 (1989).
43. O. A. Godin, "On a layered moving medium approximation in acoustics," Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 316, 1378-1382 (1991) [Sov. Phys. Dokl. 36. 168-172 (1991)].
44. M. E. Goldstein, Aeroacoustics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976), Sec. 1.2.
45. A. D. Pierce, "Wave equation for sound in fluids with unsteady inhomogeneous flow," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2292-2299 (1990).