That senescence itself is an illness': A transitional medical concept of age and ageing in the eighteenth century

Medical History

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 525-548

  Schäfer, Daniel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; ARTICLE; HISTORY; HUMAN; LITERATURE; PHILOSOPHY; UNITED KINGDOM;

AGING; ENGLAND; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; PHILOLOGY, CLASSICAL; PHILOSOPHY, MEDICAL;

EID: 0036782410     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0025727300069726     Document Type: Review

References (245)

1. Jakob Hutter, Tractatio medico qua senectus ipsa morbus sistitur. Das ist: Daß das Alter an und vor sich selbst eine Kranckheit seye, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1732. The text had already appeared in May 1732 as a 'Dissertatio inauguralis medica' of the same title (without a German subtitle) with a preface by Hoffmann and a congratulatory poem. This work has up to now received only one brief mention in the standard work of Grmek, probably just because of its striking title; see Mirko D Grmek, On ageing and old age: basic problems and historic aspects of gerontology and geriatrics, The Hague, W Junk, 1958, p. 6.
2. Jakob Hutter, Tractatio medico qua senectus ipsa morbus sistitur. Das ist: Daß das Alter an und vor sich selbst eine Kranckheit seye, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1732. The text had already appeared in May 1732 as a 'Dissertatio inauguralis medica' of the same title (without a German subtitle) with a preface by Hoffmann and a congratulatory poem. This work has up to now received only one brief mention in the standard work of Grmek, probably just because of its striking title; see Mirko D Grmek, On ageing and old age: basic problems and historic aspects of gerontology and geriatrics, The Hague, W Junk, 1958, p. 6.
3. Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, ch. 2, and notes 80-82 below.
4. Publius Terentius Afer, Phormio, V 575: senectus ipsast morbu'.
5. Senectus enim insanabilis morbus est; Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ad Lucillum epistolae morales 108, 28, in Seneca, Werke, ed. François Préchac, transl. M Rosenbach, 5 vols, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995, vol. 4, p. 652. See also Seneca's obituary of Bassus Aufidius, Epist. moral. 30, 1+2, ibid., vol. 3, p. 250.
6. Senectus enim insanabilis morbus est; Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ad Lucillum epistolae morales 108, 28, in Seneca, Werke, ed. François Préchac, transl. M Rosenbach, 5 vols, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995, vol. 4, p. 652. See also Seneca's obituary of Bassus Aufidius, Epist. moral. 30, 1+2, ibid., vol. 3, p. 250.
7. Senectus enim insanabilis morbus est; Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Ad Lucillum epistolae morales 108, 28, in Seneca, Werke, ed. François Préchac, transl. M Rosenbach, 5 vols, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1995, vol. 4, p. 652. See also Seneca's obituary of Bassus Aufidius, Epist. moral. 30, 1+2, ibid., vol. 3, p. 250.
8. See Gerald J Gruman, A history of ideas about the prolongation of life, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s. vol. 56, pt 9, Philadelphia, The American Philosophical Society, 1966.
9. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
10. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
11. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
12. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
13. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
14. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
15. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
16. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
17. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
18. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
19. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
20. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
21. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
22. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
23. See J Steudel, 'Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Greisenkrankheiten', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1942, 35: 2-27; Frederic D Zeman, 'Life's later years: studies in the medical history of old age', J. Mt. Sinai Hosp., 1944/45, 11-1950/51, 17, reprinted in G J Gruman (ed.), Roots of modern gerontology and geriatrics, New York, Arno Press, 1979; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above; Richard L Grant, 'Concepts of ageing: an historical review', Perspect. Biol. Med., 1963, 6: 443-78; Paul Lüth, Geschichte der Geriatrie, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1965; Karl Müller, 'Die Entwicklung der Geriatrie im 18. Jahrhundert', MD thesis, ETH Zürich, 1966; Peter N Stearns, Old age in European society: the case of France, London, Croom Helm, 1977; idem (ed.), Old age in preindustrial society, New York and London, Holmes & Meyer, 1982; Peter Borscheid, Geschichte des Alters, 16.-18. Jahrhundert, Münster, F Coppenrath, 1987; Margaret Pelling and Richard M Smith (eds), Life, death, and the elderly: historical perspectives, London and New York, Routledge, 1991; David I Kertzer and Peter Laslett (eds), Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, Berkeley and London, University of California Press, 1995; Paul Johnson and Pat Thane (eds), Old age from Antiquity to post-modernity, London and New York, Routledge, 1998; Pat Thane, Old age in English history: past experiences, present issues, Oxford University Press, 2000; Daniel Schäfer, Medizinische Konzepte zum Alter in der frühen Neuzeit (1500-1800), Habilitationsschrift, Cologne University, 2001.
24. See notes 3 and 4 above. The tragedies of Sophocles and the comedies of Aristophanes may well have been literary models for this subject; see also Simon Byl, 'Le vieillard dans les comédies d'Aristophane', L'Antiquité Classique, 1977, 46: 52-73. Horace (Ode I, 25; Epode VIII), Juvenal (Satura X) and the elegies of Maximianus (see note 42), which date from the late ancient times, also bemoaned the horrors of senescence in a poetic way. An overview of the theme of old age in the literature of ancient times is to be found in the following works: George R Coffman, Old age from Horace to Chaucer: some literary affinities and adventures of an idea', Speculum, 1934, 9: 249-77, on pp. 249-53; Georges Minois, History of old age, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1989, pp. 47-53, 92-100; Umberto Mattioli (ed.), Senectus. La vecchiaia nel mondo classico, 2 vols, Bologna, Patron Editore, 1995.
25. See notes 3 and 4 above. The tragedies of Sophocles and the comedies of Aristophanes may well have been literary models for this subject; see also Simon Byl, 'Le vieillard dans les comédies d'Aristophane', L'Antiquité Classique, 1977, 46: 52-73. Horace (Ode I, 25; Epode VIII), Juvenal (Satura X) and the elegies of Maximianus (see note 42), which date from the late ancient times, also bemoaned the horrors of senescence in a poetic way. An overview of the theme of old age in the literature of ancient times is to be found in the following works: George R Coffman, Old age from Horace to Chaucer: some literary affinities and adventures of an idea', Speculum, 1934, 9: 249-77, on pp. 249-53; Georges Minois, History of old age, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1989, pp. 47-53, 92-100; Umberto Mattioli (ed.), Senectus. La vecchiaia nel mondo classico, 2 vols, Bologna, Patron Editore, 1995.
26. See notes 3 and 4 above. The tragedies of Sophocles and the comedies of Aristophanes may well have been literary models for this subject; see also Simon Byl, 'Le vieillard dans les comédies d'Aristophane', L'Antiquité Classique, 1977, 46: 52-73. Horace (Ode I, 25; Epode VIII), Juvenal (Satura X) and the elegies of Maximianus (see note 42), which date from the late ancient times, also bemoaned the horrors of senescence in a poetic way. An overview of the theme of old age in the literature of ancient times is to be found in the following works: George R Coffman, Old age from Horace to Chaucer: some literary affinities and adventures of an idea', Speculum, 1934, 9: 249-77, on pp. 249-53; Georges Minois, History of old age, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1989, pp. 47-53, 92-100; Umberto Mattioli (ed.), Senectus. La vecchiaia nel mondo classico, 2 vols, Bologna, Patron Editore, 1995.
27. See notes 3 and 4 above. The tragedies of Sophocles and the comedies of Aristophanes may well have been literary models for this subject; see also Simon Byl, 'Le vieillard dans les comédies d'Aristophane', L'Antiquité Classique, 1977, 46: 52-73. Horace (Ode I, 25; Epode VIII), Juvenal (Satura X) and the elegies of Maximianus (see note 42), which date from the late ancient times, also bemoaned the horrors of senescence in a poetic way. An overview of the theme of old age in the literature of ancient times is to be found in the following works: George R Coffman, Old age from Horace to Chaucer: some literary affinities and adventures of an idea', Speculum, 1934, 9: 249-77, on pp. 249-53; Georges Minois, History of old age, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1989, pp. 47-53, 92-100; Umberto Mattioli (ed.), Senectus. La vecchiaia nel mondo classico, 2 vols, Bologna, Patron Editore, 1995.
28. Ebers Papyrus 855 m; see H von Deines and H Grapow and W Westendorf, Übersetzung der Medizinischen Texte, Grundriß der Medizin der Alten Ägypter IV/1, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1958, p. 5.
29. Ebers Papyrus 855 m; see H von Deines and H Grapow and W Westendorf, Übersetzung der Medizinischen Texte, Grundriß der Medizin der Alten Ägypter IV/1, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1958, p. 5.
30. Aphorismoi III 31; Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, ed. É Littré, 10 vols, Paris, Baillière, 1839-61, repr. Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1961, vol. 4, p. 500. In particular, the Corpus Hippocraticum mentioned that many complaints are age-related and the course that they take is described along with the diet recommended in each case; compare Aphorismoi I 14, ibid., vol. 4, p. 466; De victu I 33, ibid., vol. 6, pp. 510-12.
31. Aphorismoi III 31; Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, ed. É Littré, 10 vols, Paris, Baillière, 1839-61, repr. Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1961, vol. 4, p. 500. In particular, the Corpus Hippocraticum mentioned that many complaints are age-related and the course that they take is described along with the diet recommended in each case; compare Aphorismoi I 14, ibid., vol. 4, p. 466; De victu I 33, ibid., vol. 6, pp. 510-12.
32. Aphorismoi III 31; Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, ed. É Littré, 10 vols, Paris, Baillière, 1839-61, repr. Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1961, vol. 4, p. 500. In particular, the Corpus Hippocraticum mentioned that many complaints are age-related and the course that they take is described along with the diet recommended in each case; compare Aphorismoi I 14, ibid., vol. 4, p. 466; De victu I 33, ibid., vol. 6, pp. 510-12.
33. Aphorismoi III 31; Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, ed. É Littré, 10 vols, Paris, Baillière, 1839-61, repr. Amsterdam, Hakkert, 1961, vol. 4, p. 500. In particular, the Corpus Hippocraticum mentioned that many complaints are age-related and the course that they take is described along with the diet recommended in each case; compare Aphorismoi I 14, ibid., vol. 4, p. 466; De victu I 33, ibid., vol. 6, pp. 510-12.
34. See overview by Simon Byl, 'La vieillesse dans Ie Corpus hippocratique', in François Lasserre and Philippe Mudry (eds), Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique, Geneva, Droz, 1983, pp. 89-95. For overviews of ancient geriatric medicine, see Steudel, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 2-6; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 50-5; Hermann Orth, 'Diaita geronton - die Geriatrie der griechischen Antike', Centaurus, 1963, 8: 19-47; Lüth, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 45-91; Stefan Eidam, 'De senectute: Eine medizinhistorische Studie', Med. thesis, Munich, Technical University, 1989, pp. 8-19.
35. See overview by Simon Byl, 'La vieillesse dans Ie Corpus hippocratique', in François Lasserre and Philippe Mudry (eds), Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique, Geneva, Droz, 1983, pp. 89-95. For overviews of ancient geriatric medicine, see Steudel, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 2-6; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 50-5; Hermann Orth, 'Diaita geronton - die Geriatrie der griechischen Antike', Centaurus, 1963, 8: 19-47; Lüth, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 45-91; Stefan Eidam, 'De senectute: Eine medizinhistorische Studie', Med. thesis, Munich, Technical University, 1989, pp. 8-19.
36. See overview by Simon Byl, 'La vieillesse dans Ie Corpus hippocratique', in François Lasserre and Philippe Mudry (eds), Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique, Geneva, Droz, 1983, pp. 89-95. For overviews of ancient geriatric medicine, see Steudel, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 2-6; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 50-5; Hermann Orth, 'Diaita geronton - die Geriatrie der griechischen Antike', Centaurus, 1963, 8: 19-47; Lüth, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 45-91; Stefan Eidam, 'De senectute: Eine medizinhistorische Studie', Med. thesis, Munich, Technical University, 1989, pp. 8-19.
37. See overview by Simon Byl, 'La vieillesse dans Ie Corpus hippocratique', in François Lasserre and Philippe Mudry (eds), Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique, Geneva, Droz, 1983, pp. 89-95. For overviews of ancient geriatric medicine, see Steudel, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 2-6; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 50-5; Hermann Orth, 'Diaita geronton - die Geriatrie der griechischen Antike', Centaurus, 1963, 8: 19-47; Lüth, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 45-91; Stefan Eidam, 'De senectute: Eine medizinhistorische Studie', Med. thesis, Munich, Technical University, 1989, pp. 8-19.
38. See overview by Simon Byl, 'La vieillesse dans Ie Corpus hippocratique', in François Lasserre and Philippe Mudry (eds), Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique, Geneva, Droz, 1983, pp. 89-95. For overviews of ancient geriatric medicine, see Steudel, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 2-6; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 50-5; Hermann Orth, 'Diaita geronton - die Geriatrie der griechischen Antike', Centaurus, 1963, 8: 19-47; Lüth, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 45-91; Stefan Eidam, 'De senectute: Eine medizinhistorische Studie', Med. thesis, Munich, Technical University, 1989, pp. 8-19.
39. See overview by Simon Byl, 'La vieillesse dans Ie Corpus hippocratique', in François Lasserre and Philippe Mudry (eds), Formes de pensée dans la Collection hippocratique, Geneva, Droz, 1983, pp. 89-95. For overviews of ancient geriatric medicine, see Steudel, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 2-6; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 50-5; Hermann Orth, 'Diaita geronton - die Geriatrie der griechischen Antike', Centaurus, 1963, 8: 19-47; Lüth, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 45-91; Stefan Eidam, 'De senectute: Eine medizinhistorische Studie', Med. thesis, Munich, Technical University, 1989, pp. 8-19.
40. Rhetoric II 13 (1389b-1390a); Aristotle, Works (Loeb Classical Library), 23 vols, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1983-1995, vol. 22, pp. 250-254; Politics II 6, 17 (1270b-1271a), ibid., vol. 21, p. 142; Nicomachean Ethics IV 1, 37 (1121b) and VIII 6, 1 (1158a), ibid., vol. 19, pp. 200 and 472.
41. Rhetoric II 13 (1389b-1390a); Aristotle, Works (Loeb Classical Library), 23 vols, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1983-1995, vol. 22, pp. 250-254; Politics II 6, 17 (1270b-1271a), ibid., vol. 21, p. 142; Nicomachean Ethics IV 1, 37 (1121b) and VIII 6, 1 (1158a), ibid., vol. 19, pp. 200 and 472.
42. Rhetoric II 13 (1389b-1390a); Aristotle, Works (Loeb Classical Library), 23 vols, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1983-1995, vol. 22, pp. 250-254; Politics II 6, 17 (1270b-1271a), ibid., vol. 21, p. 142; Nicomachean Ethics IV 1, 37 (1121b) and VIII 6, 1 (1158a), ibid., vol. 19, pp. 200 and 472.
43. Rhetoric II 13 (1389b-1390a); Aristotle, Works (Loeb Classical Library), 23 vols, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1983-1995, vol. 22, pp. 250-254; Politics II 6, 17 (1270b-1271a), ibid., vol. 21, p. 142; Nicomachean Ethics IV 1, 37 (1121b) and VIII 6, 1 (1158a), ibid., vol. 19, pp. 200 and 472.
44. Rhetoric II 13 (1389b-1390a); Aristotle, Works (Loeb Classical Library), 23 vols, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1983-1995, vol. 22, pp. 250-254; Politics II 6, 17 (1270b-1271a), ibid., vol. 21, p. 142; Nicomachean Ethics IV 1, 37 (1121b) and VIII 6, 1 (1158a), ibid., vol. 19, pp. 200 and 472.
45. Rhetoric II 13 (1389b-1390a); Aristotle, Works (Loeb Classical Library), 23 vols, Cambridge, MA, and London, Harvard University Press and William Heinemann, 1983-1995, vol. 22, pp. 250-254; Politics II 6, 17 (1270b-1271a), ibid., vol. 21, p. 142; Nicomachean Ethics IV 1, 37 (1121b) and VIII 6, 1 (1158a), ibid., vol. 19, pp. 200 and 472.
46. De generatione animalium V 4 (784b 33-34), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 13, p. 530. This labelling of old age is also adopted by Clement of Alexandria, Stromata IV 6, 38, for example.
47. De generatione animalium V 4 (784b 33-34), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 13, p. 530. This labelling of old age is also adopted by Clement of Alexandria, Stromata IV 6, 38, for example.
48. De caelo II 6 (288b 15-17), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 6, p. 172.
49. De caelo II 6 (288b 15-17), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 6, p. 172.
50. On youth and old age IV and V (Parva naturala 469b), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 8, pp. 422-4; On respiration XVII (Parva naturalia 478b-479a), ibid., vol. 8, pp. 470-4. See also On length and shortness of life V (Parva naturalia 466a + b; ibid., vol. 8, pp. 400-4), where the degenerative function of waste products is one of the topics discussed.
51. On youth and old age IV and V (Parva naturala 469b), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 8, pp. 422-4; On respiration XVII (Parva naturalia 478b-479a), ibid., vol. 8, pp. 470-4. See also On length and shortness of life V (Parva naturalia 466a + b; ibid., vol. 8, pp. 400-4), where the degenerative function of waste products is one of the topics discussed.
52. On youth and old age IV and V (Parva naturala 469b), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 8, pp. 422-4; On respiration XVII (Parva naturalia 478b-479a), ibid., vol. 8, pp. 470-4. See also On length and shortness of life V (Parva naturalia 466a + b; ibid., vol. 8, pp. 400-4), where the degenerative function of waste products is one of the topics discussed.
53. On youth and old age IV and V (Parva naturala 469b), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 8, pp. 422-4; On respiration XVII (Parva naturalia 478b-479a), ibid., vol. 8, pp. 470-4. See also On length and shortness of life V (Parva naturalia 466a + b; ibid., vol. 8, pp. 400-4), where the degenerative function of waste products is one of the topics discussed.
54. On youth and old age IV and V (Parva naturala 469b), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 8, pp. 422-4; On respiration XVII (Parva naturalia 478b-479a), ibid., vol. 8, pp. 470-4. See also On length and shortness of life V (Parva naturalia 466a + b; ibid., vol. 8, pp. 400-4), where the degenerative function of waste products is one of the topics discussed.
55. On youth and old age IV and V (Parva naturala 469b), Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 8, pp. 422-4; On respiration XVII (Parva naturalia 478b-479a), ibid., vol. 8, pp. 470-4. See also On length and shortness of life V (Parva naturalia 466a + b; ibid., vol. 8, pp. 400-4), where the degenerative function of waste products is one of the topics discussed.
56. De Sanitate tuenda I 5 and VI 2; Galen, Opera omnia, ed. C G Kühn, 20 vols, Leipzig, 1821-33, repr. Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1964-65, vol. 6, pp. 20f., 387-8; idem, De marcore IV, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 680-1. For more information about Galen's ideas on old age, compare Simon Byl, 'La gérontologie de Galien', Hist. Philos. Life Sci., 1988, 10: 73-92.
57. De Sanitate tuenda I 5 and VI 2; Galen, Opera omnia, ed. C G Kühn, 20 vols, Leipzig, 1821-33, repr. Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1964-65, vol. 6, pp. 20f., 387-8; idem, De marcore IV, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 680-1. For more information about Galen's ideas on old age, compare Simon Byl, 'La gérontologie de Galien', Hist. Philos. Life Sci., 1988, 10: 73-92.
58. De Sanitate tuenda I 5 and VI 2; Galen, Opera omnia, ed. C G Kühn, 20 vols, Leipzig, 1821-33, repr. Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1964-65, vol. 6, pp. 20f., 387-8; idem, De marcore IV, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 680-1. For more information about Galen's ideas on old age, compare Simon Byl, 'La gérontologie de Galien', Hist. Philos. Life Sci., 1988, 10: 73-92.
59. De Sanitate tuenda I 5 and VI 2; Galen, Opera omnia, ed. C G Kühn, 20 vols, Leipzig, 1821-33, repr. Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1964-65, vol. 6, pp. 20f., 387-8; idem, De marcore IV, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 680-1. For more information about Galen's ideas on old age, compare Simon Byl, 'La gérontologie de Galien', Hist. Philos. Life Sci., 1988, 10: 73-92.
60. De Sanitate tuenda I 5 and VI 2; Galen, Opera omnia, ed. C G Kühn, 20 vols, Leipzig, 1821-33, repr. Hildesheim, Georg Olms, 1964-65, vol. 6, pp. 20f., 387-8; idem, De marcore IV, ibid., vol. 7, pp. 680-1. For more information about Galen's ideas on old age, compare Simon Byl, 'La gérontologie de Galien', Hist. Philos. Life Sci., 1988, 10: 73-92.
61. This is probably a reference to the sophist and physician Philippos, a student of Archigenes, who is also dealt with by Galen in De sanitate tuenda I, 12 and VI, 3; see Erich Beintker and Wilhelm Kahlenberg (transl.), Die Werke des Galenos, 5 vols, Stuttgart, Hippokrates-Verlag Marquardt, 1939, vol. 1, p. 48, n. 45; ByI, op. cit., note 15 above, p. 86.
62. This is probably a reference to the sophist and physician Philippos, a student of Archigenes, who is also dealt with by Galen in De sanitate tuenda I, 12 and VI, 3; see Erich Beintker and Wilhelm Kahlenberg (transl.), Die Werke des Galenos, 5 vols, Stuttgart, Hippokrates-Verlag Marquardt, 1939, vol. 1, p. 48, n. 45; ByI, op. cit., note 15 above, p. 86.
63. This is probably a reference to the sophist and physician Philippos, a student of Archigenes, who is also dealt with by Galen in De sanitate tuenda I, 12 and VI, 3; see Erich Beintker and Wilhelm Kahlenberg (transl.), Die Werke des Galenos, 5 vols, Stuttgart, Hippokrates-Verlag Marquardt, 1939, vol. 1, p. 48, n. 45; ByI, op. cit., note 15 above, p. 86.
64. De marcore II, Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, pp. 670-1.
65. De marcore II, Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, pp. 670-1.
66. .. 77UOOj ßîáíÜãêç;, De marcore I; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, p. 669.
67. .. 77UOOj ßîáíÜãêç;, De marcore I; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, p. 669.
68. Ars medica 1; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 1, p. 307. See note 35 below.
69. Ars medica 1; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 1, p. 307. See note 35 below.
70. De sanitate tuenda V 9 and VI 2; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, pp. 356, 389; compare the proverbial Latin translation from early modem times also used by Kühn: Senum sanitas querimoniis non vacat.
71. De sanitate tuenda V 9 and VI 2; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, pp. 356, 389; compare the proverbial Latin translation from early modem times also used by Kühn: Senum sanitas querimoniis non vacat.
72. De sanitate tuenda V 9 and VI 2; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, pp. 356, 389; compare the proverbial Latin translation from early modem times also used by Kühn: Senum sanitas querimoniis non vacat.
73. The concept of gerocomy (care of the aged) was coined in De sanitate tuenda V 4; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, p. 330. Regarding the early-modern gerocomies, see notes 42 and 43 below, and Daniel Schäfer, 'Gerokomien - eine vergessene Fachlitatur der frühen Neuzeit', Würzburger Medizinhistorische Mittelungen, 2001, 20: 7-17.
74. The concept of gerocomy (care of the aged) was coined in De sanitate tuenda V 4; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, p. 330. Regarding the early-modern gerocomies, see notes 42 and 43 below, and Daniel Schäfer, 'Gerokomien - eine vergessene Fachlitatur der frühen Neuzeit', Würzburger Medizinhistorische Mittelungen, 2001, 20: 7-17.
75. The concept of gerocomy (care of the aged) was coined in De sanitate tuenda V 4; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, p. 330. Regarding the early-modern gerocomies, see notes 42 and 43 below, and Daniel Schäfer, 'Gerokomien - eine vergessene Fachlitatur der frühen Neuzeit', Würzburger Medizinhistorische Mittelungen, 2001, 20: 7-17.
76. De sanitate tuenda I 5; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, p. 21. See De symptomatum differentiis I; ibid., vol. 7, p. 47.
77. De sanitate tuenda I 5; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, p. 21. See De symptomatum differentiis I; ibid., vol. 7, p. 47.
78. De sanitate tuenda I 5; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, p. 21. See De symptomatum differentiis I; ibid., vol. 7, p. 47.
79. De sanitate tuenda I 5; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 6, p. 21. See De symptomatum differentiis I; ibid., vol. 7, p. 47.
80. De marcore IV and V; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, pp. 677-87; De praesagiis ex pulsibus I, ibid., vol. 9, p. 247; Severus Iatrosophista, De instrumenta infusoriis seu clysteribus ad Timotheum, ed. F R Dietz (Med. thesis, Königsberg, 1836), p. 28.
81. De marcore IV and V; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, pp. 677-87; De praesagiis ex pulsibus I, ibid., vol. 9, p. 247; Severus Iatrosophista, De instrumenta infusoriis seu clysteribus ad Timotheum, ed. F R Dietz (Med. thesis, Königsberg, 1836), p. 28.
82. De marcore IV and V; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, pp. 677-87; De praesagiis ex pulsibus I, ibid., vol. 9, p. 247; Severus Iatrosophista, De instrumenta infusoriis seu clysteribus ad Timotheum, ed. F R Dietz (Med. thesis, Königsberg, 1836), p. 28.
83. De marcore IV and V; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, pp. 677-87; De praesagiis ex pulsibus I, ibid., vol. 9, p. 247; Severus Iatrosophista, De instrumenta infusoriis seu clysteribus ad Timotheum, ed. F R Dietz (Med. thesis, Königsberg, 1836), p. 28.
84. De marcore IV and V; Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, pp. 677-87; De praesagiis ex pulsibus I, ibid., vol. 9, p. 247; Severus Iatrosophista, De instrumenta infusoriis seu clysteribus ad Timotheum, ed. F R Dietz (Med. thesis, Königsberg, 1836), p. 28.
85. De marcore VIII (quoting Philippos, see note 16 above); Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, p. 700; the Latin term can be found in, for example, André du Laurens, A discourse of the preservation of the sight, of melancholike diseases: of rheumes, and of old age, transl. Richard Surphlet, London, Felix Kingston, 1599, p. 174.
86. De marcore VIII (quoting Philippos, see note 16 above); Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, p. 700; the Latin term can be found in, for example, André du Laurens, A discourse of the preservation of the sight, of melancholike diseases: of rheumes, and of old age, transl. Richard Surphlet, London, Felix Kingston, 1599, p. 174.
87. De marcore VIII (quoting Philippos, see note 16 above); Galen, op. cit., note 15 above, vol. 7, p. 700; the Latin term can be found in, for example, André du Laurens, A discourse of the preservation of the sight, of melancholike diseases: of rheumes, and of old age, transl. Richard Surphlet, London, Felix Kingston, 1599, p. 174.
88. Epitomae Medicae libri septem I 23; Paulos von Aegina des besten Arztes sieben Bücher, transi. I. Berendes, Leiden, 1914, pp. 23-4.
89. Epitomae Medicae libri septem I 23; Paulos von Aegina des besten Arztes sieben Bücher, transi. I. Berendes, Leiden, 1914, pp. 23-4.
90. See Michael McVaugh, 'The "humidum radicale" in thirteenth-century medicine', Traditio, 1974, 30: 259-83, on p. 261.
91. 'About fevers' (Peri pyretõri) IV;
92. Alexander von Tralles, Original text und Übersetzung, ed. T Puschmann, 2 vols, Vienna, W Braumüller, 1878, I, 369.
93. V.
94. Compare 'Flos medicinae Scholae Salerni', cap. 8, pars 4 and cap. 9, verses 1820-29, in S De Renzi (ed.), Collectio Salernitana, 5 vols, Naples, Filiatre-Sebezio, 1859; reprint Bologna, Fomi, 1967, vol. 5, p. 52; see also Gerhard Baader, 'Die Schule von Salerno', Medizinhist. J., 1978, 13: 124-45.
95. Compare 'Flos medicinae Scholae Salerni', cap. 8, pars 4 and cap. 9, verses 1820-29, in S De Renzi (ed.), Collectio Salernitana, 5 vols, Naples, Filiatre-Sebezio, 1859; reprint Bologna, Fomi, 1967, vol. 5, p. 52; see also Gerhard Baader, 'Die Schule von Salerno', Medizinhist. J., 1978, 13: 124-45.
96. Compare 'Flos medicinae Scholae Salerni', cap. 8, pars 4 and cap. 9, verses 1820-29, in S De Renzi (ed.), Collectio Salernitana, 5 vols, Naples, Filiatre-Sebezio, 1859; reprint Bologna, Fomi, 1967, vol. 5, p. 52; see also Gerhard Baader, 'Die Schule von Salerno', Medizinhist. J., 1978, 13: 124-45.
97. Regarding the acceptance of the corresponding papers of Galen by medicine in the late Middle Ages, see also Luke Demaitre, 'The care and extension of old age in medieval medicine', in Michael M Sheehan (ed.), Aging and the aged in medieval Europe, Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990, pp. 3-22, on pp. 4-5, 9; Luke Demaitre, 'The medical notion of "withering" from Galen to the fourteenth century: the treatise on marasmus by Bernard of Gordon', Traditio, 1992, 47: 259-307, on pp. 261-2.
98. Regarding the acceptance of the corresponding papers of Galen by medicine in the late Middle Ages, see also Luke Demaitre, 'The care and extension of old age in medieval medicine', in Michael M Sheehan (ed.), Aging and the aged in medieval Europe, Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990, pp. 3-22, on pp. 4-5, 9; Luke Demaitre, 'The medical notion of "withering" from Galen to the fourteenth century: the treatise on marasmus by Bernard of Gordon', Traditio, 1992, 47: 259-307, on pp. 261-2.
99. De generatione animalium V 4 (784 b 24-34); Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 13, pp. 528-9.
100. De generatione animalium V 4 (784 b 24-34); Aristotle, op. cit., note 11 above, vol. 13, pp. 528-9.
101. Roger Bacon, De retardatione accidentium senectutis, ed. A G Little and E Withington, Oxford University Press, 1928, p. 19.
102. Uno modo ex naturali cursu nature, alio modo ex necessitatibus et curis pessimis; Bacon, op. cit., note 32 above, pp. 10-11. Compare also Roger Bacon, Opus maius ad Clementem Quartum, London, W Bowyer, 1732, pp. 466-72.
103. Uno modo ex naturali cursu nature, alio modo ex necessitatibus et curis pessimis; Bacon, op. cit., note 32 above, pp. 10-11. Compare also Roger Bacon, Opus maius ad Clementem Quartum, London, W Bowyer, 1732, pp. 466-72.
104. Uno modo ex naturali cursu nature, alio modo ex necessitatibus et curis pessimis; Bacon, op. cit., note 32 above, pp. 10-11. Compare also Roger Bacon, Opus maius ad Clementem Quartum, London, W Bowyer, 1732, pp. 466-72.
105. See note 28 above.
106. vb) the question of "whether old age is a illness" (quid senes sunt egri); see Demaitre, 'The care and extension of old age', op. cit, note 30 above, p. 9. Similar arguments are to be found in the late scholastic commentaries on Galen's Ars parva; see Timo Joutsivuo, Scholastic tradition and humanist innovation: the concept of Neutrum in Renaissance medicine, Helsinki, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1999, pp. 180-90.
107. vb) the question of "whether old age is a illness" (quid senes sunt egri); see Demaitre, 'The care and extension of old age', op. cit, note 30 above, p. 9. Similar arguments are to be found in the late scholastic commentaries on Galen's Ars parva; see Timo Joutsivuo, Scholastic tradition and humanist innovation: the concept of Neutrum in Renaissance medicine, Helsinki, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1999, pp. 180-90.
108. vb) the question of "whether old age is a illness" (quid senes sunt egri); see Demaitre, 'The care and extension of old age', op. cit, note 30 above, p. 9. Similar arguments are to be found in the late scholastic commentaries on Galen's Ars parva; see Timo Joutsivuo, Scholastic tradition and humanist innovation: the concept of Neutrum in Renaissance medicine, Helsinki, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1999, pp. 180-90.
109. See Peter H Niebyl, 'Old age, fever, and the lamp metaphor', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1971, 26: 351-68, on pp. 359-68.
110. See C Villa, 'Terenz im Mittelalter und im Humanismus', in Lexikon des Mittelalters, 9 vols, Munich and Zürich, Artemis, 1980-99, vol. 8, pp. 549-50. The quotation of Terence is also to be found in numerous handwritten texts from the Middle Ages; see Hans Walther (ed.), Proverbia sententiaeque latinitatis medii ac recentioris aevi, 9 vols, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1963-86, vol. 4, p. 795, No. 28006.
111. See C Villa, 'Terenz im Mittelalter und im Humanismus', in Lexikon des Mittelalters, 9 vols, Munich and Zürich, Artemis, 1980-99, vol. 8, pp. 549-50. The quotation of Terence is also to be found in numerous handwritten texts from the Middle Ages; see Hans Walther (ed.), Proverbia sententiaeque latinitatis medii ac recentioris aevi, 9 vols, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1963-86, vol. 4, p. 795, No. 28006.
112. See Jacques Levebre, Libri commentariorum in epistolas Pauli, Paris, 1512 (unpaginated): senectus . . . corporis naturalis morbus est, quod naturaliter in corruptionem tendet, verum non est morbus anime . . .; quotation according to Rolf Sprandel, 'Alter und Todesfurcht in der spätmittelalterlichen Bibelexegese', in Herman Braet and Werner Verbeke (eds), Death in the Middle Ages, Leuven University Press, 1983, p. 113.
113. See Jacques Levebre, Libri commentariorum in epistolas Pauli, Paris, 1512 (unpaginated): senectus . . . corporis naturalis morbus est, quod naturaliter in corruptionem tendet, verum non est morbus anime . . .; quotation according to Rolf Sprandel, 'Alter und Todesfurcht in der spätmittelalterlichen
114. Cf. Minois, op. cit., note 7 above, pp. 249-87.
115. Terence or Seneca are indirectly quoted by Erasmus: teterrima porro senecta morbus ingens . . .; Erasmus of Rotterdam, 'Carmen ad Guilielmum Copum Basileiensem de senectutis incommodis', in Lukian, De senectute, habes hic primum Luciani Samosateni Macrobios, hoc est longaevos, Vincentio Obsopoeo interprete . . . Adj. Carmen Erasmi Roterodami de molestiis senuctutis [sic] . . ., Nuremberg, 1537 (unpaginated).
116. Martin Luther, 'Annotationes in ecclesiasten Salomonis', in idem, Exegetica opera latina, ed. Christoph Stephan Gottlieb Elsperger and Heinrich Schmidt, 28 vols, Erlangen, Caroli Heyderi, 1829-86, vol. 21, p. 236. Ambroise Paré, 'Introduction a la chirurgie', cap. 14, in idem, Œ́uvres complètes, 3 vols, Paris, J-B Baillière, 1840-41, vol. 1, p. 66.
117. Martin Luther, 'Annotationes in ecclesiasten Salomonis', in idem, Exegetica opera latina, ed. Christoph Stephan Gottlieb Elsperger and Heinrich Schmidt, 28 vols, Erlangen, Caroli Heyderi, 1829-86, vol. 21, p. 236. Ambroise Paré, 'Introduction a la chirurgie', cap. 14, in idem, Œ́uvres complètes, 3 vols, Paris, J-B Baillière, 1840-41, vol. 1, p. 66.
118. See Gabriele Zerbi, Gerontocomia: on the care of the aged, and Maxmianus [sic], Elegies on old age and love, transi. L R Lind, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1988, pp. 35-6.
119. See Gabriele Zerbi, Gerontocomia: on the care of the aged, and Maxmianus [sic], Elegies on old age and love, transi. L R Lind, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1988, pp. 35-6.
120. See Gilbert Philaretes [Fuchs], Gerocomice, hoc est, senes rite educandi modus & ratio, Cologne, Martin Gymnich, 1545; Antonio Fumanelli, 'De senum regimine commentarius', in idem, Opera multa ac varia, cum ad tuendam Sanitatem, tum ad profligandos morbos plurimum conducentia, Zurich, Andreas Gesner, 1557, pp. 1-89; Aurelio Anselmi, Gerocomica. Sive de senum regimine opus, Venice, Francesco Ciotti, 1606; François Ranchin, 'THROKOMIKH - De senum conservatione & senilium Morborum Curatione', in idem, Opuscula medica, Lyons, Pierre Rabaud, 1627, pp. 456-592; Bernardinus Stainer, Gerocomicon sive Diaeteticum Regimen de conservanda senum sanitate . . ., Würzburg, Elias Michael Zinck, 1631; John Floyer, Medicina gerocomica: or, the Galenic art of preserving old men's healths, London, J Isted, 1724.
121. See Gilbert Philaretes [Fuchs], Gerocomice, hoc est, senes rite educandi modus & ratio, Cologne, Martin Gymnich, 1545; Antonio Fumanelli, 'De senum regimine commentarius', in idem, Opera multa ac varia, cum ad tuendam Sanitatem, tum ad profligandos morbos plurimum conducentia, Zurich, Andreas Gesner, 1557, pp. 1-89; Aurelio Anselmi, Gerocomica. Sive de senum regimine opus, Venice, Francesco Ciotti, 1606; François Ranchin, 'THROKOMIKH - De senum conservatione & senilium Morborum Curatione', in idem, Opuscula medica, Lyons, Pierre Rabaud, 1627, pp. 456-592; Bernardinus Stainer, Gerocomicon sive Diaeteticum Regimen de conservanda senum sanitate . . ., Würzburg, Elias Michael Zinck, 1631; John Floyer, Medicina gerocomica: or, the Galenic art of preserving old men's healths, London, J Isted, 1724.
122. See Gilbert Philaretes [Fuchs], Gerocomice, hoc est, senes rite educandi modus & ratio, Cologne, Martin Gymnich, 1545; Antonio Fumanelli, 'De senum regimine commentarius', in idem, Opera multa ac varia, cum ad tuendam Sanitatem, tum ad profligandos morbos plurimum conducentia, Zurich, Andreas Gesner, 1557, pp. 1-89; Aurelio Anselmi, Gerocomica. Sive de senum regimine opus, Venice, Francesco Ciotti, 1606; François Ranchin, 'THROKOMIKH - De senum conservatione & senilium Morborum Curatione', in idem, Opuscula medica, Lyons, Pierre Rabaud, 1627, pp. 456-592; Bernardinus Stainer, Gerocomicon sive Diaeteticum Regimen de conservanda senum sanitate . . ., Würzburg, Elias Michael Zinck, 1631; John Floyer, Medicina gerocomica: or, the Galenic art of preserving old men's healths, London, J Isted, 1724.
123. See Gilbert Philaretes [Fuchs], Gerocomice, hoc est, senes rite educandi modus & ratio, Cologne, Martin Gymnich, 1545; Antonio Fumanelli, 'De senum regimine commentarius', in idem, Opera multa ac varia, cum ad tuendam Sanitatem, tum ad profligandos morbos plurimum conducentia, Zurich, Andreas Gesner, 1557, pp. 1-89; Aurelio Anselmi, Gerocomica. Sive de senum regimine opus, Venice, Francesco Ciotti, 1606; François Ranchin, 'THROKOMIKH - De senum conservatione & senilium Morborum Curatione', in idem, Opuscula medica, Lyons, Pierre Rabaud, 1627, pp. 456-592; Bernardinus Stainer, Gerocomicon sive Diaeteticum Regimen de conservanda senum sanitate . . ., Würzburg, Elias Michael Zinck, 1631; John Floyer, Medicina gerocomica: or, the Galenic art of preserving old men's healths, London, J Isted, 1724.
124. See Gilbert Philaretes [Fuchs], Gerocomice, hoc est, senes rite educandi modus & ratio, Cologne, Martin Gymnich, 1545; Antonio Fumanelli, 'De senum regimine commentarius', in idem, Opera multa ac varia, cum ad tuendam Sanitatem, tum ad profligandos morbos plurimum conducentia, Zurich, Andreas Gesner, 1557, pp. 1-89; Aurelio Anselmi, Gerocomica. Sive de senum regimine opus, Venice, Francesco Ciotti, 1606; François Ranchin, 'THROKOMIKH - De senum conservatione & senilium Morborum Curatione', in idem, Opuscula medica, Lyons, Pierre Rabaud, 1627, pp. 456-592; Bernardinus Stainer, Gerocomicon sive Diaeteticum Regimen de conservanda senum sanitate . . ., Würzburg, Elias Michael Zinck, 1631; John Floyer, Medicina gerocomica: or, the Galenic art of preserving old men's healths, London, J Isted, 1724.
125. See Gilbert Philaretes [Fuchs], Gerocomice, hoc est, senes rite educandi modus & ratio, Cologne, Martin Gymnich, 1545; Antonio Fumanelli, 'De senum regimine commentarius', in idem, Opera multa ac varia, cum ad tuendam Sanitatem, tum ad profligandos morbos plurimum conducentia, Zurich, Andreas Gesner, 1557, pp. 1-89; Aurelio Anselmi, Gerocomica. Sive de senum regimine opus, Venice, Francesco Ciotti, 1606; François Ranchin, 'THROKOMIKH - De senum conservatione & senilium Morborum Curatione', in idem, Opuscula medica, Lyons, Pierre Rabaud, 1627, pp. 456-592; Bernardinus Stainer, Gerocomicon sive Diaeteticum Regimen de conservanda senum sanitate . . ., Würzburg, Elias Michael Zinck, 1631; John Floyer, Medicina gerocomica: or, the Galenic art of preserving old men's healths, London, J Isted, 1724.
126. Anselmi, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 21; see also cap. 8 Num senectus sit morbus, ibid., pp. 50-6.
127. Anselmi, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 21; see also cap. 8 Num senectus sit morbus, ibid., pp. 50-6.
128. Morbus praeter naturam vel potius contra naturam; ibid., p. 52.
129. Ibid., p. 22;
130. cf. Aph. 2, 39, Hippocrates, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 4, p. 480.
131. Paolo Zacchia, Quaestiones medico-legales, 4 vols, Leipzig, Rehefeld, 1630, vol. 1, tit. 1, q. 9, pp. 77-81.
132. Haec senium ex morbo appellatur, Ranchin, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 459.
133. Haec senium ex morbo appellatur, Ranchin, op. cit., note 43 above, p. 459.
134. Deficiant opera, ut in morbis; ibid., pp. 541-2 (An senectus morbus senilis dici debeat).
135. Ibid. It is not clear whether Ranchin is referring to authors of ancient times (the sophists from Galen's De marcore IV, mentioned ibid., p. 541) or to contemporaries; see note 60 below.
136. Ranchin, op. cit., note 43 above, pp. 459, 465-6.
137. Disputatio de senectutis et senum statu ac conditione: Solennis exercitii gratia in alma Argentoratensium Universitate proposita à Melchiore Sebizio ... Respondente Georgia Hieronymo Welsch, Strasbourg, Eberhard Welper, 1645, th. XLIII and XLIV (unpaginated).
138. Here (th. LXIII, unpaginated) Sebitz and Welsch are apparently referring (with regard to the first half of the sentence) to an already quoted passage from the Corpus Hippocraticum (De victu I, 32), which from the context really applies only to people with a cold and moist constitution: Hippocrates, op. cit., note 9 above, vol. 6, p. 508. It is impossible to establish whether the second part of the quotation is contained in the Corpus Hippocraticum, and it is probably meant for alii (perhaps Terence, earlier mentioned in th. LIII, or the sophists from Galen's De marcore IV, mentioned in th. LVI). This lack of clarity in Welsch and Sebitz's text could be the cause of the error which is also to be observed in the work of Friedrich Hoffmann (see note 79 below).
139. On the contrary, Robert Le Secq and Joannes Bonier (Quaestio medica An senibus exercitatio? Paris, 1627, unpaginated) work from a broad definition of health, emphasizing that senectus non est morbus; similarly Joannes Mandat and Lancelotus De Frade, Quaestio medica An mel senibus?, Paris, 1630 (unpaginated).
140. On the contrary, Robert Le Secq and Joannes Bonier (Quaestio medica An senibus exercitatio? Paris, 1627, unpaginated) work from a broad definition of health, emphasizing that senectus non est morbus; similarly Joannes Mandat and Lancelotus De Frade, Quaestio medica An mel senibus?, Paris, 1630 (unpaginated).
141. Sebitz and Welsch, op. cit., note 52 above, th. XLI-LIII (unpaginated).
142. The Terence quotation is also mentioned in passing in juridical dissertations and theological tracts of the seventeenth century: Friedrich Deckherr and Georg Lessius, EIITAΣ quaestionum de jure senectutis, Strasbourg, Josias Stadel, 1642, Quaestio V (unpaginated); Johannes Rebhan and Johannes Paulus Ebner, De jure senum senectutisque privilegiis, Strasbourg, Georg Andreas Dolhopff, 1663, p. 6; Benedictus de Bacquere, Senum medicus, quaedam praescribens observanda, ut sine magnis molestiis aliquousque Senectus protrahatur, Cologne, Heirs of J Widenfeldt, 1673, p. 246.
143. The Terence quotation is also mentioned in passing in juridical dissertations and theological tracts of the seventeenth century: Friedrich Deckherr and Georg Lessius, EIITAΣ quaestionum de jure senectutis, Strasbourg, Josias Stadel, 1642, Quaestio V (unpaginated); Johannes Rebhan and Johannes Paulus Ebner, De jure senum senectutisque privilegiis, Strasbourg, Georg Andreas Dolhopff, 1663, p. 6; Benedictus de Bacquere, Senum medicus, quaedam praescribens observanda, ut sine magnis molestiis aliquousque Senectus protrahatur, Cologne, Heirs of J Widenfeldt, 1673, p. 246.
144. The Terence quotation is also mentioned in passing in juridical dissertations and theological tracts of the seventeenth century: Friedrich Deckherr and Georg Lessius, EIITAΣ quaestionum de jure senectutis, Strasbourg, Josias Stadel, 1642, Quaestio V (unpaginated); Johannes Rebhan and Johannes Paulus Ebner, De jure senum senectutisque privilegiis, Strasbourg, Georg Andreas Dolhopff, 1663, p. 6; Benedictus de Bacquere, Senum medicus, quaedam praescribens observanda, ut sine magnis molestiis aliquousque Senectus protrahatur, Cologne, Heirs of J Widenfeldt, 1673, p. 246.
145. François de Fougerolles, De senum affectibus praecavendis nonnullisque curandis enarratio, Lyons, Ian. de Gabiano, and Laur. Durand, 1617, p. 53.
146. Augustin Thoner, Observationum medicinalium, haud trivialium, Libri 4 [. . .] adjuncti sunt Consulationum cum ditersarum regionum medicis habitarum, et Epistolarum de variis rebus medico-philosophicis, disserentium, Libri2, Ulm, Gerlin, 1651, Epistola No. 4, p. 284.
147. Santorio Santorio, De medicina statica aphorismi, I 83, V 35, V 80; see Johann Timmii, Transpiratio Sanctoriana . . . oder des berühmten Medici Sanctorii à Sanctorio Tractat von der unempfindlichen Ausdünstung aus dem Lateinischen ins Teutsche übersetzt. . ., Bremen, Nathanael Saurmann, 1736, pp. 39, 165.
148. Santorio Santorio, De medicina statica aphorismi, I 83, V 35, V 80; see Johann Timmii, Transpiratio Sanctoriana . . . oder des berühmten Medici Sanctorii à Sanctorio Tractat von der unempfindlichen Ausdünstung aus dem Lateinischen ins Teutsche übersetzt. . ., Bremen, Nathanael Saurmann, 1736, pp. 39, 165.
149. Compare the comment from Bernardinus Stainer in connection with a quotation from Galen (De sanitate tuenda V): Uno verbo alibi seniwn vocat perpetuam aegritudinem; Stainer, op. cit., note 43 above, Dedicatio (unpaginated). Etienne Le Gaigneur and Charles Marteau (1663) argue in a more polemic way, maintaining that old age is only an illness among idle old people (otiosi), who are more prone to melancholic diseases. Ten years later, Caspar Posner and Justus Hermann Vultejus, in principle staunch Galenists, do not even criticize Terence in their reflections on the concept of a natural death brought on solely by the illness "old age"; Caspar Posner and Justus Hermann Vultejus, Diatribe academica de longaevitate hominum, Jena, Nisianus, 1673, § 5 (unpaginated).
150. Compare the comment from Bernardinus Stainer in connection with a quotation from Galen (De sanitate tuenda V): Uno verbo alibi seniwn vocat perpetuam aegritudinem; Stainer, op. cit., note 43 above, Dedicatio (unpaginated). Etienne Le Gaigneur and Charles Marteau (1663) argue in a more polemic way, maintaining that old age is only an illness among idle old people (otiosi), who are more prone to melancholic diseases. Ten years later, Caspar Posner and Justus Hermann Vultejus, in principle staunch Galenists, do not even criticize Terence in their reflections on the concept of a natural death brought on solely by the illness "old age"; Caspar Posner and Justus Hermann Vultejus, Diatribe academica de longaevitate hominum, Jena, Nisianus, 1673, § 5 (unpaginated).
151. Compare the comment from Bernardinus Stainer in connection with a quotation from Galen (De sanitate tuenda V): Uno verbo alibi seniwn vocat perpetuam aegritudinem; Stainer, op. cit., note 43 above, Dedicatio (unpaginated). Etienne Le Gaigneur and Charles Marteau (1663) argue in a more polemic way, maintaining that old age is only an illness among idle old people (otiosi), who are more prone to melancholic diseases. Ten years later, Caspar Posner and Justus Hermann Vultejus, in principle staunch Galenists, do not even criticize Terence in their reflections on the concept of a natural death brought on solely by the illness "old age"; Caspar Posner and Justus Hermann Vultejus, Diatribe academica de longaevitate hominum, Jena, Nisianus, 1673, § 5 (unpaginated).
152. Friedrich Schrader and Johann Heinrich Blume, Dissertatio medica inauguralis de senectutis pracsidiis. Helmstadt, Georg Wolfgang Hamm, 1699, §§ 4 and 10 (unpaginated).
153. Like Schrader and Blume, Hermann Paul Juch and Johannes Gottfried Kamper also reject the Terence quotation with the objection that the application of the concept of illness is too broad (nimis latum eins vocis usum); Hermann Paul Juch and Johannes Gottfried Kamper, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de scnectute, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1732, p. 20.
154. Totum Hominem a Nativitate Morbum esse; Aegidius Glagau, Disputalio medica inauguralis de senectute ipsa morbo, Leiden, 19 September 1715, Prooemium (unpaginated). The aphorism cannot be found in this form in the Corpus Hippocraticum. However other authors of the eighteenth century also attribute this quotation to Hippocrates: Michael Alberti and Johann Gottlieb Hoffmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica, De dysuria senili, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1728, p. 3. In another paper quoting this aphorism the authorship of Hippocrates is only hinted at: Georg Ernst Stahl and Johannes Conradus Michaelis, Dissertatio inauguralis meica, De senum affectibus, Halle an der Saale, Christian Henckel, 1710, p. 5.
155. Totum Hominem a Nativitate Morbum esse; Aegidius Glagau, Disputalio medica inauguralis de senectute ipsa morbo, Leiden, 19 September 1715, Prooemium (unpaginated). The aphorism cannot be found in this form in the Corpus Hippocraticum. However other authors of the eighteenth century also attribute this quotation to Hippocrates: Michael Alberti and Johann Gottlieb Hoffmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica, De dysuria senili, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1728, p. 3. In another paper quoting this aphorism the authorship of Hippocrates is only hinted at: Georg Ernst Stahl and Johannes Conradus Michaelis, Dissertatio inauguralis meica, De senum affectibus, Halle an der Saale, Christian Henckel, 1710, p. 5.
156. Totum Hominem a Nativitate Morbum esse; Aegidius Glagau, Disputalio medica inauguralis de senectute ipsa morbo, Leiden, 19 September 1715, Prooemium (unpaginated). The aphorism cannot be found in this form in the Corpus Hippocraticum. However other authors of the eighteenth century also attribute this quotation to Hippocrates: Michael Alberti and Johann Gottlieb Hoffmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica, De dysuria senili, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1728, p. 3. In another paper quoting this aphorism the authorship of Hippocrates is only hinted at: Georg Ernst Stahl and Johannes Conradus Michaelis, Dissertatio inauguralis meica, De senum affectibus, Halle an der Saale, Christian Henckel, 1710, p. 5.
157. Totum Hominem a Nativitate Morbum esse; Aegidius Glagau, Disputalio medica inauguralis de senectute ipsa morbo, Leiden, 19 September 1715, Prooemium (unpaginated). The aphorism cannot be found in this form in the Corpus Hippocraticum. However other authors of the eighteenth century also attribute this quotation to Hippocrates: Michael Alberti and Johann Gottlieb Hoffmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica, De dysuria senili, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1728, p. 3. In another paper quoting this aphorism the authorship of Hippocrates is only hinted at: Georg Ernst Stahl and Johannes Conradus Michaelis, Dissertatio inauguralis meica, De senum affectibus, Halle an der Saale, Christian Henckel, 1710, p. 5.
158. Glagau op. cit., note 63 above, pp. 21-2.
159. Regarding Hoffmann see notes 78 and 79 below; see also W U Eckart and C Gradmann (eds), Ärztelexikon, Munich, C H Beck, 1995, pp. 194-95. Both Hoffmann and Hutter appear in the literature indexes of Canstatt and Geist as the author of Hutter's Dissertatio of 1732: Carl Friedrich Canstatt, Die Krankheiten des höheren Alters und ihre Heilung, Erlangen, Ferdinand Enke, 1839, p. 6; Lorenz Geist, Klinik der Greisenkrankheiten, Erlangen, Ferdinand Enke, 1860, p. 15.
160. Regarding Hoffmann see notes 78 and 79 below; see also W U Eckart and C Gradmann (eds), Ärztelexikon, Munich, C H Beck, 1995, pp. 194-95. Both Hoffmann and Hutter appear in the literature indexes of Canstatt and Geist as the author of Hutter's Dissertatio of 1732: Carl Friedrich Canstatt, Die Krankheiten des höheren Alters und ihre Heilung, Erlangen, Ferdinand Enke, 1839, p. 6; Lorenz Geist, Klinik der Greisenkrankheiten, Erlangen, Ferdinand Enke, 1860, p. 15.
161. Regarding Hoffmann see notes 78 and 79 below; see also W U Eckart and C Gradmann (eds), Ärztelexikon, Munich, C H Beck, 1995, pp. 194-95. Both Hoffmann and Hutter appear in the literature indexes of Canstatt and Geist as the author of Hutter's Dissertatio of 1732: Carl Friedrich Canstatt, Die Krankheiten des höheren Alters und ihre Heilung, Erlangen, Ferdinand Enke, 1839, p. 6; Lorenz Geist, Klinik der Greisenkrankheiten, Erlangen, Ferdinand Enke, 1860, p. 15.
162. Hutter mentioned only theological doctrines: the separation of soul and body; divine providence on account of the Fall of Man; Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 5-6.
163. Ibid. The theory of the inner warmth (color innatus), which Hutter traced back to van Helmont and his students, is of course derived from both ancient and Islamic sources (see below). Van Helmont, however, rejected Galen's concept of a drying out of the moist nutrition of the flame; he applied this idea much more to the Spiritus vitalis of the blood, which decomposes not as a result of drying out, but because of an overall decrease in vitality. See Niebyl, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 365-6; Michael Stolberg, 'Die Lehre vom "calor innatus" im lateinischen Canon medicinae des Avicenna', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1993, 77: 33-53.
164. Ibid. The theory of the inner warmth (color innatus), which Hutter traced back to van Helmont and his students, is of course derived from both ancient and Islamic sources (see below). Van Helmont, however, rejected Galen's concept of a drying out of the moist nutrition of the flame; he applied this idea much more to the Spiritus vitalis of the blood, which decomposes not as a result of drying out, but because of an overall decrease in vitality. See Niebyl, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 365-6; Michael Stolberg, 'Die Lehre vom "calor innatus" im lateinischen Canon medicinae des Avicenna', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1993, 77: 33-53.
165. Ibid. The theory of the inner warmth (color innatus), which Hutter traced back to van Helmont and his students, is of course derived from both ancient and Islamic sources (see below). Van Helmont, however, rejected Galen's concept of a drying out of the moist nutrition of the flame; he applied this idea much more to the Spiritus vitalis of the blood, which decomposes not as a result of drying out, but because of an overall decrease in vitality. See Niebyl, op. cit., note 36 above, pp. 365-6; Michael Stolberg, 'Die Lehre vom "calor innatus" im lateinischen Canon medicinae des Avicenna', Sudhoffs Archiv, 1993, 77: 33-53.
166. Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 6.
167. See Michael Alberti, Introductio in universam medicinam tam theoreticam quam practicam. Certis positionibus comprehensa, Halle an der Saale, Waisenhaus, 1718, pp. 435-6.
168. This idea is a reference to the animism of Georg Ernst Stahl, but using the iatromechanical terminology of the motus vitales (see below). The animistic concept does not however appear in an earlier dissertation supervised by Stahl and Michaelis, op. cit., note 63 above.
169. Cf. Ingo Wilhelm Müller, Iatromechanische Therapie und ärztliche Praxis im Vergleich zur galenistischen Medizin: Friedrich HoffmannPieter van Foreest, Jan van Heurne, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 1991, pp. 161-2. This part of Hutter's thesis (op. cit., note 1 above, § 6, p. 11) is also clearly influenced by the concept of the "six non-naturals"; cf. Wolfram Schmitt, 'Res non naturales', in Lexikon des Mittelalters, op. cit., note 37 above, vol. 7, pp. 751-2.
170. Cf. Ingo Wilhelm Müller, Iatromechanische Therapie und ärztliche Praxis im Vergleich zur galenistischen Medizin: Friedrich HoffmannPieter van Foreest, Jan van Heurne, Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 1991, pp. 161-2. This part of Hutter's thesis (op. cit., note 1 above, § 6, p. 11) is also clearly influenced by the concept of the "six non-naturals"; cf. Wolfram Schmitt, 'Res non naturales', in Lexikon des Mittelalters, op. cit., note 37 above, vol. 7, pp. 751-2.
171. Nemo nostrum idem est in senectute, qui fuit juvenis, nemo mane, qui pridie, corpora nostra rapiuntur fluminum mare . . . corpus nostrum transit ad perfectionem, transit etiam rursus ad interitum; Seneca, Epistolae morales 58, 22,
172. Seneca, op. cit., note 4 above, vol. 3, p. 480.
173. Cf. Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 12.
174. Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 21. This concept of liquidum nerveum, an ether-like substance, which is produced in the tubuli of the brain and stimulates the extremities through the nerves, can be compared to Galen's spiritus animales; with regard to its mechanical structure and way of functioning it represents an important part of the medical theory of Friedrich Hoffmann; cf. Müller, op. cit., note 69 above, pp. 112-13.
175. Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 21. This concept of liquidum nerveum, an ether-like substance, which is produced in the tubuli of the brain and stimulates the extremities through the nerves, can be compared to Galen's spiritus animales; with regard to its mechanical structure and way of functioning it represents an important part of the medical theory of Friedrich Hoffmann; cf. Müller, op. cit., note 69 above, pp. 112-13.
176. According to Grmek (op. cit., note 1, p. 77), hardening in the walls of the aorta had been discussed by Galen. Santorio Santorio also describes old age as a general hardening of the fibres in his De medicina statica, see note 59 above.
177. Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, §§ 5-17, pp. 10-24.
178. See note 69 above. Hutter mentions briefly each of the "non-naturals"; Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, §§ 27-33, pp. 33-40.
179. Ibid., pp. 40-4. Most of these remedies had already been recommended by Hoffmann and Nitschius, op. cit., note 79 below.
180. Ibid., pp. 40-4. Most of these remedies had already been recommended by Hoffmann and Nitschius, op. cit., note 79 below.
181. See Müller, op. cit., note 69 above, pp. 132-3.
182. Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, § 16, p. 23.
183. Friedrich Hoffmann, Opera omnia physicomedica, 6 vols, Geneva, Tournes, 1748, vol. 1, pp. 30-2 (lib. 1, sect. 1, cap. 2; the Terence quotation is to be found in the proceeding chapter, cap. 1, § 38). See also Müller, op. cit., note 69 above, pp. 70-8.
184. Friedrich Hoffmann and Mauritius Fridericus Nitschius, Dissertatio de valetudine senum, Halle an der Saale, 1725, in Hoffmann, op. cit., note 78, vol. 5, pp. 289-96, on p. 289 (§ 2). For Hoffmann's concept of the ageing process, see also Müller, op. cit., note 69, pp. 132-3. Such a statement cannot be proved in the Corpus Hippocraticum, but is widespread in the eighteenth century (see note 81). It is possible that Hoffmann's assertion was based on an unclear quotation from Melchior Sebitz (see note 53 above).
185. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
186. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
187. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
188. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
189. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
190. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
191. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
192. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
193. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
194. See Justus Vesti and Ambrosius Stegmann, Disputatio inauguralis medica de affectibus senum Salomonaeis . . . sub praesidio . . . Justi Vesti, Erfurt, Kindlebianus, 1692, p. 4; Christian Warlitz, Valetudinarium senum Salomonaeum medico-sacrum, ad Ecclesiastae cap. 12, in quo simul itinerarium sanguinis microcosmicum seu circulus sanguinis, antiquis tectus, detegitur, Leipzig, Friederich Lanck, 1708, pp. 17-18 (here Johannes Chrysostomus among others is referred to as source); Alberti and Hoffmann, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 3; Johann Friedrich Depré and Hermann Härtel, Dissertatio inauguralis medico, De analogia inter primam et ultimam senectutem, Erfurt, J H Grosch, 1720, §§ 7, 14, pp. 20, 34; Juch and Kamper, op. cit., note 62 above, p. 20; Johann Heinrich Schulze and Johann Daniel Rohr, De senum diaeta, Halle an der Saale, Jo. Christian Hilliger, 1735, § 94, p. 35; Michael Fridericus Liefmann, Dissertatio inauguralis medica de adynamia artis medicae in senibus, Erfurt, J C Hering, 1737, p. 21; Richard Mead, 'Medica sacra', in idem, The medical works, Edinburgh, Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775, repr. New York, AMS Press, 1978, pp. 442-90, on p. 459 (eh. 6, The disease of old age'); Friedrich Christian Juncker and Johannes Heinrich Buihring, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De caussis quibusdam praematurae senectutis praccipuis, Halle an der Saale, Stephan, 1765, § 2, p. 5; Cornelius Van Diepen, Dissertatio medica inauguralis De senectute morbosa, Leiden, Johan Bos, 1768, § 2, p. 9 (contains reference to Hoffmann; may mean Hutter's dissertation).
195. Johann Georg Bergen and Joachim Horn, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De venae sectionis usu in senibus, Frankfurt an der Oder, Joh. Christoph. Schwartz, 1726, th. 6, p. 8; Christian Lodberg Friis and Robert Stephan Heinrich, Dissertatio medica de morbis senum secundum Hippocratis Aphor. [X]XXI Sect. 3, Copenhagen, 1739, § 3, p. 10; Andreas Elias Büchner and Gottlieb Ernst Gorn, De plethora senum eiusque rationali therapeutica tractatione per venaesectionem speciatim suscipienda, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1750, p. 18; Heinrich Grosser, Fulcrum Hypocraticum senectutis humanae, Würzburg, Franz Ernst Nitribitt, 1770, p. 4. For Hoflmann's attribution to Hippocrates see note 79 above.
196. Johann Georg Bergen and Joachim Horn, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De venae sectionis usu in senibus, Frankfurt an der Oder, Joh. Christoph. Schwartz, 1726, th. 6, p. 8; Christian Lodberg Friis and Robert Stephan Heinrich, Dissertatio medica de morbis senum secundum Hippocratis Aphor. [X]XXI Sect. 3, Copenhagen, 1739, § 3, p. 10; Andreas Elias Büchner and Gottlieb Ernst Gorn, De plethora senum eiusque rationali therapeutica tractatione per venaesectionem speciatim suscipienda, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1750, p. 18; Heinrich Grosser, Fulcrum Hypocraticum senectutis humanae, Würzburg, Franz Ernst Nitribitt, 1770, p. 4. For Hoflmann's attribution to Hippocrates see note 79 above.
197. Johann Georg Bergen and Joachim Horn, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De venae sectionis usu in senibus, Frankfurt an der Oder, Joh. Christoph. Schwartz, 1726, th. 6, p. 8; Christian Lodberg Friis and Robert Stephan Heinrich, Dissertatio medica de morbis senum secundum Hippocratis Aphor. [X]XXI Sect. 3, Copenhagen, 1739, § 3, p. 10; Andreas Elias Büchner and Gottlieb Ernst Gorn, De plethora senum eiusque rationali therapeutica tractatione per venaesectionem speciatim suscipienda, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1750, p. 18; Heinrich Grosser, Fulcrum Hypocraticum senectutis humanae, Würzburg, Franz Ernst Nitribitt, 1770, p. 4. For Hoflmann's attribution to Hippocrates see note 79 above.
198. Johann Georg Bergen and Joachim Horn, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De venae sectionis usu in senibus, Frankfurt an der Oder, Joh. Christoph. Schwartz, 1726, th. 6, p. 8; Christian Lodberg Friis and Robert Stephan Heinrich, Dissertatio medica de morbis senum secundum Hippocratis Aphor. [X]XXI Sect. 3, Copenhagen, 1739, § 3, p. 10; Andreas Elias Büchner and Gottlieb Ernst Gorn, De plethora senum eiusque rationali therapeutica tractatione per venaesectionem speciatim suscipienda, Halle an der Saale, Joh. Christian Hendel, 1750, p. 18; Heinrich Grosser, Fulcrum Hypocraticum senectutis humanae, Würzburg, Franz Ernst Nitribitt, 1770, p. 4. For Hoflmann's attribution to Hippocrates see note 79 above.
199. Stahl and Michaelis, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 4; Georg Michael Neukum, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De marasmo senili sive marcore naturali, Basel, Academiae Basilensis, Joh. Heinrich Decker, 1743, § 24, p. 15; Johann Christophorus Pohl and Johannes Arnoldus Lebrecht Hagemeyer, De fibra senili, Leipzig, Langenhem, 1746, p. 4; Christian Gottlieb Ludwig, De sanitate senili, [Leipzig], 1759, p. IV; Carolus Linnaeus and Johan Pilgren, 'Senium Salomoneum' (Uppsala, 1759), in Caroli Linnaei Amoenitates academicae, seu Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, nunc collectae et auctae, Stockholm, Salvius, 1760, vol. 5, pp. 253-72, on pp. 259.
200. Stahl and Michaelis, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 4; Georg Michael Neukum, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De marasmo senili sive marcore naturali, Basel, Academiae Basilensis, Joh. Heinrich Decker, 1743, § 24, p. 15; Johann Christophorus Pohl and Johannes Arnoldus Lebrecht Hagemeyer, De fibra senili, Leipzig, Langenhem, 1746, p. 4; Christian Gottlieb Ludwig, De sanitate senili, [Leipzig], 1759, p. IV; Carolus Linnaeus and Johan Pilgren, 'Senium Salomoneum' (Uppsala, 1759), in Caroli Linnaei Amoenitates academicae, seu Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, nunc collectae et auctae, Stockholm, Salvius, 1760, vol. 5, pp. 253-72, on pp. 259.
201. Stahl and Michaelis, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 4; Georg Michael Neukum, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De marasmo senili sive marcore naturali, Basel, Academiae Basilensis, Joh. Heinrich Decker, 1743, § 24, p. 15; Johann Christophorus Pohl and Johannes Arnoldus Lebrecht Hagemeyer, De fibra senili, Leipzig, Langenhem, 1746, p. 4; Christian Gottlieb Ludwig, De sanitate senili, [Leipzig], 1759, p. IV; Carolus Linnaeus and Johan Pilgren, 'Senium Salomoneum' (Uppsala, 1759), in Caroli Linnaei Amoenitates academicae, seu Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, nunc collectae et auctae, Stockholm, Salvius, 1760, vol. 5, pp. 253-72, on pp. 259.
202. Stahl and Michaelis, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 4; Georg Michael Neukum, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De marasmo senili sive marcore naturali, Basel, Academiae Basilensis, Joh. Heinrich Decker, 1743, § 24, p. 15; Johann Christophorus Pohl and Johannes Arnoldus Lebrecht Hagemeyer, De fibra senili, Leipzig, Langenhem, 1746, p. 4; Christian Gottlieb Ludwig, De sanitate senili, [Leipzig], 1759, p. IV; Carolus Linnaeus and Johan Pilgren, 'Senium Salomoneum' (Uppsala, 1759), in Caroli Linnaei Amoenitates academicae, seu Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, nunc collectae et auctae, Stockholm, Salvius, 1760, vol. 5, pp. 253-72, on pp. 259.
203. Stahl and Michaelis, op. cit., note 63 above, p. 4; Georg Michael Neukum, Dissertatio inauguralis medica De marasmo senili sive marcore naturali, Basel, Academiae Basilensis, Joh. Heinrich Decker, 1743, § 24, p. 15; Johann Christophorus Pohl and Johannes Arnoldus Lebrecht Hagemeyer, De fibra senili, Leipzig, Langenhem, 1746, p. 4; Christian Gottlieb Ludwig, De sanitate senili, [Leipzig], 1759, p. IV; Carolus Linnaeus and Johan Pilgren, 'Senium Salomoneum' (Uppsala, 1759), in Caroli Linnaei Amoenitates academicae, seu Dissertationes variae physicae, medicae, botanicae, antehac seorsim editae, nunc collectae et auctae, Stockholm, Salvius, 1760, vol. 5, pp. 253-72, on pp. 259.
204. See Lehrbuch der Greisenkrankheiten, ed. Julius Schwalbe, Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 1909, p. VIII. According to Grmek, the Russian biologist, "Elie Metehnikoff" did not think that senescence was necessarily a physiological process. In his opinion, it was an accidental disease, which could be checked by preventing intestinal putrefaction"; Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, p. 12.
205. The protocol of the Zürich local council of the seventeenth century which records the admission of needy people to the town hospital often contains the combination "alt und übelmögenl krancl bresthaft" (old and ill); according to an lecture from Aline Steinbrecher, Zürich, 1997. See also the forthcoming thesis of Louise Gray which deals with the definition and use of terms such as "old and worn-out" in the seventeenth-century hospital admissions.
206. Alvise Cornaro, Vom maβvollen Leben oder die Kunst, gesund alt zu werden, edited and introduced by Klaus Bergdolt, Heidelberg, Manutius, 1997.
207. Osmund Lewry lists, by way of example for the thirteenth to fifteenth century, the number of approximately forty philosophical comments about the Aristotelian Parva naturalia, which deals with the quality and length of life, including works by Albertus Magnus and Petrus Hispanus; Osmund Lewry, 'Study of aging in the Arts Faculty of the universities of Paris and Oxford', in Sheehan (ed.), op. cit., note 30 above, pp. 23-38.
208. See Hans Böhner, 'Die Geschichte des medizinischen Ausbildungs- und Prüfungswesens in Deutschland von etwa 1240 n. Chr. bis heute', Med. thesis, Cologne University, 1962, p. 16.
209. Simone Antonio Bringaud and Joannes Nicolaus Millin de la Courveault, Quaestio medica . . . Estne totus homo a natura morbus?, Paris, Widow Quillau, 1753. Compare also Johann Bernhard von Fischer, Abhandlung von dem hohen Alter des Menschen, den Stufen, Krankheiten desselben, und den Mitteln, zu denselben zu gelangen, transl. and ed. Theodor Thomas Weichardt, Leipzig, Johann Gottfried Müller, 1777, cap. III, § 14, pp. 282-3.
210. Simone Antonio Bringaud and Joannes Nicolaus Millin de la Courveault, Quaestio medica . . . Estne totus homo a natura morbus?, Paris, Widow Quillau, 1753. Compare also Johann Bernhard von Fischer, Abhandlung von dem hohen Alter des Menschen, den Stufen, Krankheiten desselben, und den Mitteln, zu denselben zu gelangen, transl. and ed. Theodor Thomas Weichardt, Leipzig, Johann Gottfried Müller, 1777, cap. III, § 14, pp. 282-3.
211. See John Graunt, Natural and political observations . . . made upon the Bills of Mortality, London, Roycroft, 1662, fig. 'The table of casualities' after p. 76, reprinted in: The earliest classics, Pioneers of Demography Series, introduction by Peter Laslett, Farnborough, Gregg International, 1973; Hans-Joachim von Kondratowitz, 'Die Medikalisierung des höheren Lebensalters. Kontinuität und Wandlungen vom ausgehenden 18. bis zum frühen 20. Jahrhundert", in Medizinische Deutungsmacht im sozialen Wandel des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, ed. Alfons Labisch and Reinhard Spree, Bonn, Psychiatrie-Verlag, 1989, pp. 207-22, on p. 218.
212. See John Graunt, Natural and political observations . . . made upon the Bills of Mortality, London, Roycroft, 1662, fig. 'The table of casualities' after p. 76, reprinted in: The earliest classics, Pioneers of Demography Series, introduction by Peter Laslett, Farnborough, Gregg International, 1973; Hans-Joachim von Kondratowitz, 'Die Medikalisierung des höheren Lebensalters. Kontinuität und Wandlungen vom ausgehenden 18. bis zum frühen 20. Jahrhundert", in Medizinische Deutungsmacht im sozialen
213. See John Graunt, Natural and political observations . . . made upon the Bills of Mortality, London, Roycroft, 1662, fig. 'The table of casualities' after p. 76, reprinted in: The earliest classics, Pioneers of Demography Series, introduction by Peter Laslett, Farnborough, Gregg International, 1973; Hans-Joachim von Kondratowitz, 'Die Medikalisierung des höheren Lebensalters. Kontinuität und Wandlungen vom ausgehenden 18. bis zum frühen 20. Jahrhundert", in Medizinische Deutungsmacht im sozialen Wandel des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, ed. Alfons Labisch and Reinhard Spree, Bonn, Psychiatrie-Verlag, 1989, pp. 207-22, on p. 218.
214. Correspondingly, Neukum (op. cit., note 82 above) recognized that, according to the traditional definition, a natural death from old age occurred without a preceding illness, while an expanded concept of illness would consider old age itself to be the illness [which led to death from old age].
215. Friedrich Hoffmann and Christian Blüdorn, 'De generatione mortis in morbis', in Hoffmann, op. cit., note 78 above, vol. 6, pp. 244-50.
216. See Hoffmann and Nitschius, op. cit., note 79 above, § 5, p. 290; Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, § 23, p. 30 (marasmus senilis is equivalent to febris hectica when old people are affected); Neukum op. cit., note 82 above, § 21, p. 13; Abraham Saur, Dissertatio medica inauguralis materiam sistens De marasmo senili, oder Von dem sich selbst verzehrenden Alter, Königsberg, Reusner, 1744, § 19, p. 14; Pohl and Hagemeyer, op. cit., note 82 above, § 9, pp. 18-19.
217. See Hoffmann and Nitschius, op. cit., note 79 above, § 5, p. 290; Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, § 23, p. 30 (marasmus senilis is equivalent to febris hectica when old people are affected); Neukum op. cit., note 82 above, § 21, p. 13; Abraham Saur, Dissertatio medica inauguralis materiam sistens De marasmo senili, oder Von dem sich selbst verzehrenden Alter, Königsberg, Reusner, 1744, § 19, p. 14; Pohl and Hagemeyer, op. cit., note 82 above, § 9, pp. 18-19.
218. See Hoffmann and Nitschius, op. cit., note 79 above, § 5, p. 290; Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, § 23, p. 30 (marasmus senilis is equivalent to febris hectica when old people are affected); Neukum op. cit., note 82 above, § 21, p. 13; Abraham Saur, Dissertatio medica inauguralis materiam sistens De marasmo senili, oder Von dem sich selbst verzehrenden Alter, Königsberg, Reusner, 1744, § 19, p. 14; Pohl and Hagemeyer, op. cit., note 82 above, § 9, pp. 18-19.
219. See Hoffmann and Nitschius, op. cit., note 79 above, § 5, p. 290; Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, § 23, p. 30 (marasmus senilis is equivalent to febris hectica when old people are affected); Neukum op. cit., note 82 above, § 21, p. 13; Abraham Saur, Dissertatio medica inauguralis materiam sistens De marasmo senili, oder Von dem sich selbst verzehrenden Alter, Königsberg, Reusner, 1744, § 19, p. 14; Pohl and Hagemeyer, op. cit., note 82 above, § 9, pp. 18-19.
220. See Hoffmann and Nitschius, op. cit., note 79 above, § 5, p. 290; Hutter, op. cit., note 1 above, § 23, p. 30 (marasmus senilis is equivalent to febris hectica when old people are affected); Neukum op. cit., note 82 above, § 21, p. 13; Abraham Saur, Dissertatio medica inauguralis materiam sistens De marasmo senili, oder Von dem sich selbst verzehrenden Alter, Königsberg, Reusner, 1744, § 19, p. 14; Pohl and Hagemeyer, op. cit., note 82 above, § 9, pp. 18-19.
221. Turn quoque crescimus, vita decrescit; Georg Gottlob Richter, 'Prolusio de morte sine morbo', in Opuscula medica, 3 vols, Frankfurt and Leipzig, I G Fleischer, 1781, vol. 3, pp. 1-24, on p. 12 (quotation from Seneca, Epistolae morales 24, 20) and pp. 21-2 (about Cornaro).
222. Turn quoque crescimus, vita decrescit; Georg Gottlob Richter, 'Prolusio de morte sine morbo', in Opuscula medica, 3 vols, Frankfurt and Leipzig, I G Fleischer, 1781, vol. 3, pp. 1-24, on p. 12 (quotation from Seneca, Epistolae morales 24, 20) and pp. 21-2 (about Cornaro).
223. Fischer, op. cit., note 88 above, cap. III 12, pp. 280-1.
224. Burkhard Wilhelm Seiler, Anatomia corporis humani senilis specimen, Erlangen, Hilpertianis, 1799, pp. XVII-XVIII.
225. This is what the pathologist W Doerr maintains in relation to the former geriatrician R Rössle: "It is indisputable that there is a 'natural' death as a result of consumption (ageing). Such people do not die, they just stop living"; W Doerr, 'Arzt und Tod', in Der Tod in der Dichtung, Philosophie und Kunst, ed. H H Jansen, Darmstadt, Steinkopff, 1978, pp. 1-11, on p. 7.
226. See Ed Friedlander, 'Aging', in Online in Internet: URL: http://www.pathguy.comllecturesl aging.htm [5/26/02].
227. 99 Correspondingly, one of the few critics of the eighteenth century (see also note 62) condemns the concept of an illness "old age" as a "cloudy invention" (nugatorium) elaborated expansively by Rhetoribus, because this viewpoint presents old age in a one-sided way as a major deficit (defectu grandi); Stahl and Michaelis, op. cit., note 63 above, § 23, p. 18.
228. See also Achim Schulz, 'Paracelsus und die künstliche Lebensverlängerung', Med. thesis, University of Göttingen, 1994; Paul Diepgen, Das Elixir, die köstlichste der Arzneien, Ingelheim, C H Boehringer, 1951, pp. 13-36.
229. See also Achim Schulz, 'Paracelsus und die künstliche Lebensverlängerung', Med. thesis, University of Göttingen, 1994; Paul Diepgen, Das Elixir, die köstlichste der Arzneien, Ingelheim, C H Boehringer, 1951, pp. 13-36.
230. Hermann Paal, Johann Heinrich Cohausen (1665-1750), Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1931, p. 49.
231. For example, Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, Makrobiotik oder die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1860, pp. 7-8, but also Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 44-5, and Joseph T Freeman, 'The history of geriatrics', Annals of Medical History, n.s., 1938, 10: 324-35, p. 327.
232. For example, Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, Makrobiotik oder die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1860, pp. 7-8, but also Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 44-5, and Joseph T Freeman, 'The history of geriatrics', Annals of Medical History, n.s., 1938, 10: 324-35, p. 327.
233. For example, Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, Makrobiotik oder die Kunst, das menschliche Leben zu verlängern, Berlin, Georg Reimer, 1860, pp. 7-8, but also Grmek, op. cit., note 1 above, pp. 44-5, and Joseph T Freeman, 'The history of geriatrics', Annals of Medical History, n.s., 1938, 10: 324-35, p. 327.
234. See Paal, op. cit., note 101 above, pp. 7-13, 20-3.
235. Stearns, Old age in European society, op. cit., note 6 above, p. 81.
236. See Grmek, op. cit, note 1 above, pp. 69-72; regarding Canstatt and Geist see note 65 above.
237. For example in the emblem Non illaudata senectus, which portrays a fish out of water as pictura; see Joachim Camerarius, Symbola et emblemata, 4 vols, Nürnberg, 1590-1604, repr. Graz 1988, vol. 4, p. 27.
238. Borscheid, op. cit., note 6 above, pp. 105-291.
239. Probably the most comprehensive bibliography on this topic up to the present day can be found in John Sinclair, The code of health and longevity, 4 vols, Edinburgh, A Constable, 1807, vol. 2, pp. 185-303; see also Joseph T Freeman, Aging, its history and literature, New York, Human Sciences Press, 1979, pp. 61-78.
240. Probably the most comprehensive bibliography on this topic up to the present day can be found in John Sinclair, The code of health and longevity, 4 vols, Edinburgh, A Constable, 1807, vol. 2, pp. 185-303; see also Joseph T Freeman, Aging, its history and literature, New York, Human Sciences Press, 1979, pp. 61-78.
241. See note 93 above. A short paper by Heinrich Stomer in his old age is an exception; Heinrich Stomer von Auerbach, Schutzrede und Verteidigung des ehrlichen und löblichen Alters, Welchs von groben unverstendigen unbillich verschmecht und gelestert wird, Wittemberg, Georg Rhau, 1537. At the start, Stromer, like Cicero, highlights the advantages of old age, but continues by turning his attention to the related complaints and illnesses. Anselmi too reviews Cicero, basing his rejection of the Terence quotation on this; Anselmi, op. cit., note 43 above, pp. 54-6.
242. See note 93 above. A short paper by Heinrich Stomer in his old age is an exception; Heinrich Stomer von Auerbach, Schutzrede und Verteidigung des ehrlichen und löblichen Alters, Welchs von groben unverstendigen unbillich verschmecht und gelestert wird, Wittemberg, Georg Rhau, 1537. At the start, Stromer, like Cicero, highlights the advantages of old age, but continues by turning his attention to the related complaints and illnesses. Anselmi too reviews Cicero, basing his rejection of the Terence quotation on this; Anselmi, op. cit., note 43 above, pp. 54-6.
243. This interpretation is even supported by the frequent quotation of a further non-medical text in the medical sources of early modern times, i.e. Ecclesiastes 12:1-6. Theologians and doctors interpret this intensive succession of metaphors as a pejorative description of old age, which is inevitably destined to end in death. See Daniel Schäfer, '"Hebraeorum Hippokrates rei medicae peritissimus fuit". Über die Rezeption der pseudosalomonischen Metaphern zum Greisenalter (Koh. 12, 1-6) in der frühneuzeitlichen Medizin', Medizinhist. J., 2000, 35: 219-50.
244. References to an honourable old age are increasingly found in the gerontological literature of the eighteenth century; see Fischer, op. cit., note 88 above, cap. III, § 20, p. 286; Evaristus Albites, De consequenda, et producenda scnectute disquisitio, Rome, Philippo Neri, 1790, p. 5.
245. See Reiner Glauer, 'Gesundheitserziehung durch Ärzte als naturrechtlich begründetes Programm aufgeklärter Medizin im 18. Jahrhundert', Med. dentistry thesis, Hanover Medical School, 1976, pp. 11-12.