The diaphragm: Two physiological muscles in one

Journal of Anatomy

Volumn 201, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 305-312

  Pickering, Mark ^a   Jones, James F X ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Crural diaphragm; Phrenic nerve; Xenopus

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL TISSUE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAPHRAGM MUSCLE; EVOLUTIONARY HOMOLOGY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; LOWER ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE RELAXATION; NERVE CONDUCTION; NONHUMAN; PHRENIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; RESPIRATION CONTROL; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; REVIEW; SENSORY NERVE; SWALLOWING; TIDAL VOLUME; VOMITING; XENOPUS LAEVIS;

ANIMALS; DEGLUTITION; DIAPHRAGM; ESOPHAGUS; EVOLUTION; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; MOTOR NEURONS; PHRENIC NERVE; RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY; VOMITING;

ANIMALIA; ANURA; EMESIS; MAMMALIA; PIPIDAE; VERTEBRATA; XENOPUS (GENUS); XENOPUS LAEVIS;

EID: 0036773226     PISSN: 00218782     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00095.x     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Alexander WF (1940) The innervation of the biliary system. J. Comparative Neurol. 72, 357-370.
2. Altschuler SM, Boyle JT, Nixon TE, Pack AI, Cohen S (1985) Simultaneous reflex inhibition of lower esophageal sphincter and crural diaphragm in cats. Am. J. Physiol. 249, G586-G591.
3. Altschuler SM, Davies RO, Pack AI (1987) Role of medullary neurones in the control of the diaphragm during oesophageal stimulation in cats. J. Physiol. 39, 289-298.
4. Balkowiec A, Szulczyk P (1992) Properties of postganglionic sympathetic neurons with axons in phrenic nerve. Respiration Physiol. 88, 323-331.
5. Balkowiec A, Kukula K, Szulczyk P (1995) Functional classification of afferent phrenic nerve fibres and diaphragmatic receptors in cats. J. Physiol. 483, 759-768.
6. Barnes JH (1984) The physiology and pharmacology of emesis. Mol Aspects Med. 7, 397- 508.
7. Biancani P, Zabinski M, Kerstein M, Behar J (1982) Lower esophageal sphincter mechanics: anatomic and physiologic relationships of the esophagogastric junction of cat. Gastroenterology 82, 466-475.
8. Boyle JT, Altschuler SM, Nixon TE, Tuchman DN, Pack AI, Cohen S (1985) Role of the diaphragm in the genesis of lower esophageal sphincter pressure in the cat. Gastroenterology 88, 723-730.
9. Brizzee KR (1990) Mechanics of vomiting: a minireview. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68, 221-229.
10. Cherniack NS, Haxhiu MA, Mitra J, Strohl K, Lunteren EV (1984) Response of upper airway, intercostal and diaphragm muscle activity to stimulation of oesophageal afferents in dogs. J. Physiol. 349, 15-25.
11. Corda M, Von Euler C, Lennerstrand G (1965) Proprioceptive innervation of the diaphragm. J. Physiol. 178, 161-177.
12. De Troyer A, Sampson M, Sigrist S, MacKlem PT (1981) The diaphragm: two muscles. Science 213, 237-238.
13. De Troyer A, Sampson M, Sigrist S, MacKlem PT (1982) Action of the costal and crural parts of the diaphragm on the rib cage in dog. J. Appl. Physiol. 53, 30-39.
14. DeMeester TR, Peters JH, Bremner CG, Chandrasoma P (1999) Biology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: pathophysiology relating to medical and surgical treatment. Annu. Rev. Med. 50, 469-506.
15. Duron B, Jung-Caillol MC, Marlot D (1978) Myelinated nerve fibre supply and muscle spindles in the respiratory muscles of the cat: a quantitative study. Anat. Embryol. 152, 171-192.
16. Fournier M, Sieck GC (1988) Somatotopy in the segmental innervation of the cat diaphragm. J. Appl. Physiol. 64, 291-298.
17. Gordon DC, Richmond FJ (1990) Topography in the phrenic motoneuron nucleus demonstrated by retrograde multiple-labelling techniques. J. Comparative Neurol. 292, 424-434.
18. Greer JJ, Allan DW, Martin-Caraballo M, Lemke RP (1999) An overview of phrenic nerve and diaphragm muscle development in the perinatal rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 779-786.
19. Hammond CG, Gordon DC, Fisher JT, Richmond FJ (1989) Motor unit territories supplied by primary branches of the phrenic nerve. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 61-71.
20. Harrison RJ, Tomlinson JDW (1963) Anatomical and physiological adaptations in diving mammals. In Viewpoints in Biology (eds Carthy JD, Duddington CL), Vol. 2, pp. 115-162. London: Butterworths.
21. Holland CT, Satchell PT, Farrow BRH (1994) Vagal afferent dysfunction in naturally occurring canine esophageal motility disorder. Digestive Dis. Sci. 39, 2090-2098.
22. Jammes Y, Arbogast S, De Troyer A (2000) Response of the rabbit diaphragm to tendon vibration. Neuroscience Lett. 290, 85-88.
23. Jones JFX, Mckeogh D, Nolan P, O'Regan RG (1994) The effects of oesophageal distension on diaphragm and laryngeal muscle activity in the anaesthetized cat. Exp. Physiol. 79, 505-513.
24. Keith A (1905) The nature of the mammalian diaphragm and pleural cavities. J. Anat. Physiol. 39, 243-284.
25. Kellog EA, Shaffer HB (1993) Model organisms in evolutionary studies. Syst. Biol. 42, 409-414.
26. Kostreva DR, Pontus SP (1993a) Pericardial mechanoreceptors with phrenic afferents. Am. J. Physiol. 265, H1836-H1846.
27. Kostreva DR, Pontus SP (1993b) Hepatic vein, hepatic parenchyma, and inferior vena caval mechanoreceptors with phrenic afferents. Am. J. Physiol. 265, G15-G20.
28. Lang IM (1990) Digestive tract motor correlates of vomiting and nausea. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68, 242-253.
29. Langford LA, Schmidt RF (1983) An electron microscopic analysis of the left phrenic nerve in the rat. Anat. Record 205, 207-213.
30. Langman J (1969) Medical Embryology, pp. 278-280, 2nd edn. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd.
31. Liu J, Yamamato Y, Schirmer BD, Ross RA, Mittal RK (2000) Evidence for a peripheral mechanism of esophagocrural diaphragm inhibitory reflex in cats. Am. J. Physiol. 278, G281-G288.
32. Martin C, Dodds W, Liem H, Dantas R., Layman R., Dent J (1992) Diaphragmatic contribution to gastrooesophageal competence and reflux in dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 263, G551-G557.
33. McCarthy LE, Borison (1974) Respiratory mechanics of vomiting in decerebrate cats. Am. J. Physiol. 226, 738-743.
34. Miller AD, Lacos SF, Tan LK (1988) Central motor program for relaxation of perioesophageal diaphragm durin expulsive phase of vomiting. Brain Res. 456, 367-370.
35. Miller AD (1990) Respiratory muscle control during vomiting. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68, 237-241.
36. Miller AD (1999) Central mechanisms of vomiting. Digestive Dis Sci. 44 (Suppl.), 39S-43S.
37. Mittal RK (1993) The crural diaphragm, an external lower esophageal sphincter: a definitive study. Gastroenterology 105, 1565-1567.
38. Mittal RK, Sivri B, Schirmer BD, Heine KJ (1993) Effect of crural myotomy on the incidence and mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in cats. Gastroenterology 105, 740-747.
39. Monges H, Salducci J, Naudy B (1978) Dissociation between the electrical activity of the diaphragmatic dome and crura muscle fibres during oesophageal distension, vomiting and eructation. J. Physiol. (Paris) 74, 541-554.
40. Naitoh T, Wassersug RJ, Leslie RA (1989) The Physiology, morphology, and ontogeny of emetic behaviour in Anuran Amphibians. Physiol. Zool. 62, 819-843.
41. Neuhuber WL, Worl J, Berthoud HR, Conte B (1994) NADPH diaphorase positive nerve fibres associated with motor endplates in the rat esophagus: new evidence for coinnervation of striated muscle by enteric neurons. Cell Tissue Res. 276, 23-30.
42. Oliven A, Haxhiu M, Kelsen SG (1989) Reflex effect of esophageal distension on respiratory muscle activity and pressure. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 536-541.
43. Oyer LM, Knuth SL, Ward DK, Bartlett D (1989a) Reflex inhibition of the crural diaphragmatic activity by esophageal distension in cats. Respiratory Physiol. 77, 195-202.
44. Oyer LM, Knuth SL, Ward DK, Bartlett D (1989b) Patterns of neural and muscular electrical activity in the costal and crural portions of the diaphragm. J. Appl. Physiol. 66, 2092-2100.
45. Pickering M, Campion DP, Jones JFX (2000) A technique for recording the electrical activity of single crural phrenic moto-neurones in the anaesthetized rat. Irish J. Med. Sci. 169, 277.
46. Pickering M, Campion DP, Jones JFX (2002) Reflex cardiorespiratory effects of nociceptive oesophageal distension in the decerebrate rat. Exp. Physiol. 87, 41-48.
47. Pollard MJ, Megirian D, Sherrey JH (1985) Unity of costal and crural diaphragmatic activity in respiration. Exp. Neurol. 90, 187-193.
48. Sant'Ambrogio G, Frazier DT, Wilson MF, Agostini E (1963) Motor innervation and pattern of activity of the cat diaphragm. J. Appl. Physiol. 18, 43-46.
49. Schoeman MN, Tippett MD, Akkermans LM, Dent J, Holloway RH (1995) Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in ambulant healthy human subjects. Gastroenterology 108, 83-91.
50. Snapper JR, Tenney SM, Mccann FV (1974) Observations on the amphibian 'diaphragm'. Comparative Biochem. Physiol. A. 49, 223-230.
51. Soto C, Qi B, Diez-Pardo JA, Tovar JA (1997) Identification of diaphragmatic crural component of gastroesophageal barrier in the rat. Digestive Dis. Sci. 42, 2420-2425.
52. Thatch BT (2000) Sudden infant death syndrome: can gastro-esophageal reflux cause sudden infant death? Am. J. Med. 108, 144s-148s.
53. Wang TI, Xie Z, Bal L (1995) Nitric oxide mediates activity-dependent synaptic suppression at developing neuromuscular synapse. Nature 374, 262-265.