The effects of co-morbidity on the onset and persistence of generalized anxiety disorder in the ICPE surveys

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 32, Issue 7, 2002, Pages 1213-1225

  Kessler, R C ^a,b,c,d,e   Andrade, L H ^a,b,c,d,e   Bijl, R V ^a,b,c,d,e   Offord, D R ^a,b,c,d,e   Demler, O V ^a,b,c,d,e   Stein, D J ^a,b,c,d,e  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^c NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH AND ADDICTION   (Netherlands)

^d MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e STELLENBOSCH UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGORAPHOBIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BRAZIL; CANADA; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE MARKER; DYSTHYMIA; FEMALE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MANIA; MOOD DISORDER; NETHERLANDS; PANIC; PHOBIA; PREDICTION; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; REMISSION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SURVIVAL TIME; UNITED STATES; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE OF ONSET; ANXIETY DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PREVALENCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES;

EID: 0036772935     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291702006104     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III, 3rd edn. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC.
2. Andrade, L., de Lolio, C., Gentil, V., Laurenti, R. & Werebe, D. (1996). Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders in a catchment area in São Paulo, Brazil. In Abstracts from the VII Congress of the International Federation of Psychiatric Epidemiology: Mental Health Problems in Changing Societies; Epidemiological Issues; 1996. Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
3. Andrade, L., Amaro, C. A., Gentil, V. & Laurenti, R. (1999). Epidemiologica dos transtornos mentais em uma area definida de captação da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínic 26, 257-261.
4. Angst, J. & Vollrath, M. (1991). The natural history of anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 84, 446-452.
5. Bijl, R. V., van Zessen, G., Ravelli, A., de Rijk, C. & Langendoen, Y. (1998). The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS): objectives and design. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, 581-586.
6. Binder, D. A. (1983). On the variances of asymptomatically normal estimators from complex surveys. International Statistical Review 51, 279 292.
7. Boyle, M. H., Offord, D. R., Campbell, D., Catlin, D., Goering, P., Lin, E. & Racine, Y. A. (1996). Mental Health Supplement to the Ontario Health Survey: methodology. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, 549 558.
8. Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H. & Liebowitz, M. (1994). The empirical basis of generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 1272-1280.
9. Burke, K. C., Burke, J. D., Rae, D. S. & Regier, D.A. (1991). Comparing age at onset of major depression and other psychiatric disorders by birth cohorts in five US community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry 48, 789-795.
10. Efron, B. (1988). Logistic regression, survival analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier curve. Journal of the American Statistical Association 83, 414-425.
11. Flint, A. J. (1994). Epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 640-649.
12. Goisman, R. M., Goldenberg, I., Vasile, R. G. & Keller, M. B. (1995). Comorbidity of anxiety disorders in a multicenter anxiety study. Comprehensive Psychiatry 36, 303-311.
13. Goldenberg, I. M., White, K., Yonkers, K., Reich, J., Warshaw, M. G., Goisman, R. M. & Keller, M. B. (1996). The infrequency of 'pure culture' diagnoses among the anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57, 528-533.
14. Gorman, J. M. (1996). Comorbid depression and anxiety spectrum disorders. Depression and Anxiety 4, 160-168.
15. International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (2000). Cross-national comparisons of the prevalences and correlates of mental disorders. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78, 413-426.
16. Kaplan, E. L. & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association 53, 457-481.
17. Kendler, K. S. (1996). Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder. Same genes, (partly) different environments-revisited. British Journal of Psychiatry (suppl. 30), 68-75.
18. Kessler, R. C. (1997). The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity. In Treatment Strategies for Patients with Psychiatric Comorbidity (ed. S. Wetzler and W. C. Sanderson), pp. 23-48. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
19. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.-U. & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 8-19.
20. Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Liu, J., Swartz, M. S. & Blazer, D. G. (1996). Comorbidity of DSM-III-R major depressive disorder in the general population: results from the US National Comorbidity Survey. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, 17-30.
21. Kessler, R. C., Stang, P., Wittchen, H.-U., Üstün, T. B., Roy-Byrne, P. P. & Walters, E. E. (1998a). Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 801-808.
22. Kessler, R. C., Wittchen, H.-U., Abelson, J. M., McGonagle, K. A., Schwarz, N., Kendler, K. S., Knäuper, B. & Zhao, S. (1998b). Methodological studies of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in the US National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 7, 33-55.
23. Kessler, R. C., DuPont, R. L., Berglund, P. & Wittchen, H.-U. (1999). Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. American Journal of Psychiatry 156, 1915-1923.
24. Kessler, R. C., Keller, M. B. & Wittchen, H.-U. (2001). The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 24, 19-40.
25. Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E. & Wittchen, H.-U. (2002). Epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder. In Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Advances in Research and Practice (ed. R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk and D. S. Mennin). Guilford Press: New York. (In the press.)
26. Knäuper, B., Cannell, C. F., Schwarz, N., Bruce, M. L. & Kessler, R. C. (1999). Improving accuracy of major depression age-of-onset reports in the US National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 8, 39-48.
27. Offord, D. R., Boyle, M., Campbell, D., Cochrane, J., Goering, P. N., Lin, E., Rhodes, A. & Wong, M. (1994). Mental Health in Ontario: Selected Findings from the Mental Health Supplement to the Ontario Health Survey. Queen's Printer for Ontario: Toronto.
28. Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Campbell, D., Goering, P., Lin, E., Wong, M. & Racine, Y. A. (1996). One-year prevalence of psychiatric disorder in Ontarians 15 to 64 years of age. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, 559-563.
29. Rice, J., Andreasen, N. C., Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Fawcett, J., Hirschfeld, R. M., Keller, M. B., Klerman, G. L., Lavori, P. & Reich, T. (1989). NIMH Collaborative Program of Psychobiology of Depression: clinical. Genetic Epidemiology 6, 179-182.
30. Rogers, M. P., Warshaw, M. G., Goisman, R. M., Goldenberg, I., Rodriguez-Villa, F., Mallya, G., Freeman, S. A. & Keller, M. B. (1999). Comparing primary and secondary generalized anxiety disorder in a long-term naturalistic study of anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety 10, 1-7.
31. Roy-Byrne, P. P. (1996). Generalized anxiety and mixed anxiety-depression: association with disability and health care utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 57, 86-91.
32. Roy-Byrne, P. P., Stang, P., Wittchen, H.-U., Ustun, T. B., Walters, E. E. & Kessler, R. C. (2000). Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. Association with symptoms, impairment, course and help-seeking. British Journal of Psychiatry 176, 229 235.
33. Wittchen, H.-U. (1994). Reliability and validity studies of the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI): a critical review. Journal of Psychiatric Research 28, 57-84.
34. Wittchen, H.-U., Üstün, T. B. & Kessler, R. C. (1999). Diagnosing mental disorders in the community. A difference that matters. Psychological Medicine 29, 1021-1027.
35. World Health Organization (1990). Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), Version 1.0. World Health Organization: Geneva.
36. Yonkers, K. A., Warshaw, M. G., Massion, A. O. & Keller, M. B. (1996). Phenomenology and course of generalised anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 168, 308-313.