Psychological challenges of bioterror: Containing contagion

International Journal of Emergency Mental Health

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 245-252

  Saathoff, Gregory ^a,b   Everly Jr , George S ^c,d,e  

^a Critical Incident Analysis Group   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^c International Critical Incident Stress Foundation   (United States)

^d LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MARYLAND   (United States)

^e JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioterrorism; Contagion; Mental health; Shielding; Terrorism

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIOLOGICAL WARFARE; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT;

BIOTERRORISM; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS;

EID: 0036769792     PISSN: 15224821     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. U.S. Dept. of Justice. Terrorism in the United States. Wash. D.C.: DoJ, 1996.
2. Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, copyright 1987.
3. Galea, S., et al. Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002, 346, 982-987.
4. North, C. et al. Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1999, 282, 755-762.
5. Hoven, C. cited in Susser, E., Herman, D., & Aaaron, B. Combating the Terror of Terrorism. Scientific American, August, 2002, 70-77.
6. Schlenger, W. et al. Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581-588.
7. Schuster, M.A., Stein, B.D., Jaycox, L.H., Collins, R.L., Marshall, G.N., Elliott, M.N., Zhou, A.J., Kanouse, D.E., Morrison, J.L., & Berry, S.H. "A National Survey of Stress Reactions After the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks." N Engl J Med. 2001; 345:1507-1512.
8. Glass, T.A., & Schoch-Spana, M. Bioterrorism and the People: How to Vaccinate a City against Panic. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2002: 34:217-23.
9. Selye, H. The Physiology and Pathology of Exposure to Stress. Acta, Montreal, 1950.
10. Cannon, W. The Wisdom of the Body. Norton, New York, 1932.
11. Cohen, R., et al. "Human Problems in Major Disasters: A Training Curriculum for Emergency Medial Personnel." U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1987.
12. For a review, see Everly, G.S., & Lating, J. A Clinical Guide to the Treatment of the Human Stress Response. Plenum, New York, 2002.
13. DeMartino, R. Bio-terrorism. Bio-Security Conference, Las Vegas, 2002, as reported AOL News.
14. Barkun, M. September 11th through Conspiracists' Eyes, Critical Incident Analysis Group (CIAG) conference, "Terrorism, Intelligence and Democracy," University of Virginia, Charlottesville, April 9, 2002. www.hsc.virginia.edu/csmhi/ciag report_barkun.html
15. Abenhaim, L., Dab W., and Salmi, L.R. Study of civilian victims of terrorist attacks (France 1982-1987), J. Clin. Epidemiol. 45(2):103-109(1992)
16. Willie, C.V., Rieker, P.P., Kramer, B.M., & Brown, B.S. Mental Health, Racism and Sexism, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1993.
17. Annas, G.J. Bioterrorism, Public Health, and Civil Liberties, New England Journal of Medicine. 2002, 346:1337-1342.
18. Maslow, A. A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 1943, 50, 394-395.
19. These natural cohorts may be trained to respond to both physical and mental health crises. A simple planning formula may be employed in order to assess needs and train to proficiency. That formula consists of the identification of the SPECIFIC THREAT(S) anticipated, identification of the TARGET population to be served, selection of the TYPE of intervention indicated, selection of the most appropriate TIMING for interventions, and identification of the RESOURCES necessary and available for a tactical response.
20. Skills specific to emergency mental health would most likely include large group crisis intervention, small group crisis intervention, psychological first aid with individuals, psychological triage, and strategic planning within an incident command system.
21. National Institute of Mental Health. Mental Health and Mass Violence. Wash., D.C., NIMH, 2002.
22. Employee Assistance Professionals' Association. Report of the Disaster Preparedness Task Force, Boston, November, 2002.
23. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, entire issue, September, 2002.
24. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Ibid.
25. See Employee Assistance Professionals' Association. Report of the Disaster Preparedness Task Force, Boston, November, 2002, for potential intervention models.