White racial identity attitudes and the ego defense mechanisms used by White counselor trainees in racially provocative counseling situations

Journal of Counseling and Development

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 475-483

  Utsey, Shawn O ^a   Gernat, Carol A ^b  

^a HOWARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SETON HALL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036763373     PISSN: 07489633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00214.x     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Ackerman, N.W., & Jahoda, M. (1950). Anti-Semitism and emotional disorder. New York: Harper.
2. Alexander, C.M. (1993). Construct validity and reliability of the White Racial Identity Attitude Scales. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(11), 379A.
3. Behrens, J.T. (1997). Does the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale measure racial identity? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 3-12.
4. Bennett, S.K., Behrens, J.T, & Rowe, W. (1993, August). The White Racial Identity Attitude Scale: Validity and factor structure. Paper presented at the 101st annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
5. Bowser, B.P., & Hunt, R.G. (1996). Impacts of racism on White Americans (2nd ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
6. Bradby, D., & Helms, J.E. (1990). Black racial identity attitudes and White therapist cultural sensitivity in cross-racial therapy dyads: An exploratory study. In J.E. Helms (Ed.), Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 165-176). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
7. Burkard, A.W., Ponterotto, J.G., Reynolds, A.L., & Alfonso, V.C. (1999). White counselor trainees' racial identity and working alliance perceptions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 324-329.
8. Carter, R.T. (1984). The relationship between Black students' value orientations and their racial identity attitudes. Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park.
9. Carter, R.T. (1990). The relationship between racism and racial identity among White Americans: An exploratory investigation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 46-50.
10. Carter, R.T., & Helms, J.E. (1990). White racial identity attitudes and cultural values. In J.E. Helms (Ed.), Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 105-118). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
11. Carter, R.T., & Jones, J.M. (1996). Racism and white racial identity: Merging realities. In B.P. Bowser & R.G. Hunt (Eds.), Impacts of racism on White Americans (2nd ed., pp. 1-23). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
12. Cook, D.A., & Helms, J.E. (1988). Visible racial/ethnic group supervisees' satisfaction with cross-cultural supervision as predicted by relationship characteristics. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 268-274.
13. Dawis, R.V. (1987). Scale construction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 481-489.
14. Gleser, G.C., & Ihilevich, D. (1969). An objective instrument for measuring defense mechanisms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 51-60.
15. Greenberg, J.R., & Mitchell, S.A. (1983). Object relations in psychoanalytic theory (pp. 79-115). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Grieger, I., & Ponterotto, J.G. (1995). A framework for assessment in multicultural counseling. In J.G. Ponterotto, J.M. Casas, L.A. Suzuki, & C.M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 357-374). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
17. Helms, J.E. (1984). Toward a theoretical explanation of the effects of race on counseling: A Black and White model. The Counseling Psychologist, 12, 153-165.
18. Helms, J.E. (Ed.). (1990). Black and White racial identity: Theory, research, and practice. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
19. Helms, J.E. (1994). How multiculturalism obscures racial factors in the psychotherapy process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 162-165.
20. Helms, J.E. (1995). An update on Helms' White and people of color racial identity models. In J. Ponterotto, J.M. Casas, L.A. Suzuki, & C.M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 181-198). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Helms, J.E. (1997). Implications of Behrens (1997) for the validity of the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 13-16.
22. Helms, J.E., & Cook, D.A. (Eds.). (1999). Using race and culture in counseling and psychotherapy. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
23. Kovel, J. (1984). White racism: A psychohistory. New York: Columbia University Press.
24. Ladany, N., Inman, A.G., Constantine, M.G., & Hofheinz, E.W. (1997). Supervisee multicultural case conceptualization ability and self-reported multicultural competence as functions of supervisee racial identity and supervision focus. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 284-293.
25. Lewis, M.D., & Junyk, N. (1997). The self organization of psychological defenses. In F. Masterpasqua & P.A. Perna (Eds.), The psychological meaning of chaos (pp. 41-73). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
26. Meerloo, J.A.M. (1961). That difficult peace. Great Neck, NY: Channel Press.
27. Neville, H.A., Heppner, M.J., Louie, C.E., Thompson, C.E., Brooks, L., & Baker, C.E. (1996). The impact of multicultural training on White racial identity attitudes and therapy competencies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 27, 83-89.
28. Norusis, M.J. (1997). SPSS professional statistics 7.5. Chicago: SPSS, Inc.
29. Ochs, N.G. (1994). The incidence of racial issues in White counseling dyads: An exploratory survey. Counselor Education and Supervision, 33, 305-313.
30. Ottavi, T.M., Pope-Davis, D.B., & Dings, J.G. (1994). Relationship between White racial identity attitudes and self-reported multi-cultural counseling competencies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 149-154.
31. Pack-Brown, S.P. (1999). Racism and White counselor training: Influence of White racial identity theory and research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 87-92.
32. Ponterotto, J.G., Fuertes, J.N., & Chen, E.C. (2000). Models of multicultural counseling. In S.D. Brown & R.W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed., pp. 639-670). New York: Wiley.
33. Pope-Davis, D.P., & Ottavi, T.M. (1994). The relationship between racism and racial identity among White Americans: A replication and extension. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72, 293-297.
34. Richardson, T.Q., & Molinaro, K.L. (1996).White counselor self-awareness: A prerequisite for developing multicultural competence. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 238-242.
35. Ridley, C.R. (1995). Overcoming unintentional racism in counseling and therapy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. Robinson, T.L., & Ginter, E.J. (1999). Introduction to the Journal of Counseling & Development's special issue on racism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77, 3.
37. Rowe, W., Behrens, J.T., & Leach, M.M. (1995). Racial/ethnic identity and racial consciousness: Looking back and looking forward. In J.G. Ponterotto, J.M. Casas, L.A. Suzuki, & C.M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 218-236). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
38. Stark, M. (1994). Working with resistance. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
39. Sue, D.W., Ivey, A.E., & Pedersen, P. (Eds.). (1996). A theory of multicultural counseling and therapy. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
40. Swanson, J.L., Tokar, D.M., & Davis, L.E. (1994). Content and construct validity of the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44, 198-217.
41. Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed., pp. 195-239). New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.
42. Thompson, C.E., & Carter, R.T. (1997). An overview and elaboration of Helms' racial identity development theory. In C.E. Thompson & R.T. Carter (Eds.), Racial identity theory: Applications to individual, group, and organizational interventions (pp. 15-32). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Thompson, C.E., & Jenal, S.T. (1994). Interracial and intraracial quasi-counseling interactions when counselors avoid discussing race. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 484-491.
44. Thompson, C.E., & Neville, H.A. (1999). Racism, mental health, and mental health practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 27, 155-223.
45. Timimi, S.B. (1996). Race and color in internal and external reality. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 13, 183-192.
46. Utsey, S.O., McCarthy, E., Adrian, G., & Eubanks, R. (2002). White racism and suboptimal psychological functioning among White Americans: Implications for counseling and prejudice prevention. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 30, 81-95.
47. Welsing, F.C. (1991). The Isis papers: The keys to the colors. Chicago: Third World Press.