Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: A review

Veterinary Clinical Pathology

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 140-151

  Harr, Kendal E ^a  

^a Florida Vet Path   (United States)

Author keywords

Avian; Chemistry; Electrolytes; Enzymes; Metabolites; Proteins; Sample collection

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALBUMIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; AMMONIA; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; BILE ACID; BILIRUBIN; BILIVERDIN; CALCIUM; CHOLESTEROL; CREATINE KINASE; ELECTROLYTE; FERRITIN; FIBRINOGEN; GALACTOSE; GAMMA GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE; GLOBULIN; GLUCOSE; GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE; IRON; PHOSPHORUS; PREALBUMIN; PROTEIN; URIC ACID;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BIRD; BIRD DISEASE; BLOOD; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BLOOD SAMPLING; BONE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; CLINICAL CHEMISTRY; DATA ANALYSIS; DOMESTIC ANIMAL; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; KIDNEY; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LIVER; MAMMAL; METABOLISM; MUSCLE; NONHUMAN; OSMOREGULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS; REFERENCE VALUE; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; URINALYSIS; URINE; UROGENITAL SYSTEM;

ANIMALIA; AVES; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0036751665     PISSN: 02756382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2002.tb00295.x     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Vatn S, Framstad T, Torsteinbø WO. Hematologic evaluation of normal and anemic lambs with the Technicon H*1 using EDTA or heparin as anticoagulants. Vet Clin Pathol. 2000;29:62-68.
2. Bonvicini P, Ceriotti G, Plebani M, Volpe G. Heparin interferes with albumin determination by dye-binding methods. Clin Chem. 1979;25:1459-1460.
3. Finotti P, Pagetta A. Heparin-induced structural modifications and oxidative cleavage of human serum albumin in the absence and presence of glucose-implications for transcapillary leakage of albumin in hyperglycaemia. Eur J Biochem. 1997;247:1000-1008.
4. Perry BW, Doumas BT. Effect of heparin on albumin determination by use of bromcresol green and bromcresol purple. Clin Chem. 1979;25:1520-1522.
5. Campbell TW. Avian Hematology and Cytology. 2nd ed. Ames, Ia: Iowa State University Press; 1995.
6. Meyer DJ, Harvey JW. Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: Interpretation and Diagnosis. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1992.
7. Wideman RF, Jr, Gregg CM. Model for evaluating avian renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration rate autoregulation. Am J Physiol. 1988;254:R925-R932.
8. Goldstein DL, Skadhauge E. Renal and extrarenal regulation of body fluid composition. In: Whittow GC, ed. Sturkie's Avian Physiology. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 2000:265-298.
9. Shideman JR, Evans RL, Bierer DW, Quebbemann AJ. Renal venous portal contribution to PAH and uric acid clearance in the chicken. Am J Physiol. 1981;240:F46-F53.
10. Goldstein DL, Braun EJ. Contributions of the kidneys and intestines to water conservation, and plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone, during dehydration in house sparrows (Passer domesticus). J Comp Physiol. 1988;158B:353-361.
11. Arnason SS, Rice GE, Chadwick A, Skadhauge E. Plasma levels of arginine vasotocin, prolactin, aldosterone and corticosterone during prolonged dehydration in the domestic fowl: effect of dietary NaCl. J Comp Physiol. 1986;156B:383-397.
12. Braun EJ. Comparative aspects of the urinary concentrating process. Ren Physiol. 1985;8:249-260.
13. Goldstein DL, Braun EJ. Structure and concentrating ability in the avian kidney. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:R501-R509.
14. Goldstein DL, Braun EJ. Lower intestinal modification of ureteral urine in hydrated house sparrows. Am J Physiol. 1986;250:R89-R95.
15. Lumeij JT. Avian clinical biochemistry. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, eds. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1997:857-884.
16. Shideman JR, Zmuda MJ, Quebbemann AJ. The acute effects of furosemide, ethacrynic acid and chlorothiazide on the renal tubular handling of uric acid in the chicken. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981;216:441-446.
17. Braun EJ. Glomerular filtration in birds-its control. Fed Proc. 1982;41:2377-2381.
18. Dantzler WH, Braun EJ. Comparative nephron function in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Am J Physiol. 1980;239:R197-R213.
19. Braun EJ. Comparative renal function in birds, reptiles, and mammals. Sem Avian Exotic Pet Med. 1998;7:62-71.
20. Lumeij JT. Plasma urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations in response to dehydration in racing pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Avian Pathol. 1987;16:377-382.
21. Lumeij JT. The diagnostic value of plasma proteins and non-protein nitrogen substances in birds. Vet Q. 1987;9:262-268.
22. Kolmstetter CM, Ramsay ER. Effects of feeding on plasma uric acid and urea concentrations in blackfooted penguins (Spheniscus demersus). J Avian Med Surg. 2000;14:177-179.
23. Lumeij JT, Remple JD. Plasma urea, creatinine and uric acid concentrations in relation to feeding in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Avian Pathol. 2002;20:79-83.
24. James SB, Raphael BL, Clippinger T. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a barred owl (Strix varia). J Avian Med Surg. 2002;14:268-272.
25. Long S, Skadhauge E. Renal acid excretion in the domestic fowl. J Exp Biol. 1983;104:51-58.
26. Wideman RF, Jr., Braun EJ. Ureteral urine collection from anesthetized domestic fowl. Lab Anim Sci. 1982;32:298-301.
27. Casotti G, Braun EJ. Renal anatomy in sparrows from different environments. J Morphol. 2000;243:283-291.
28. Janes DN, Braun EJ. Urinary protein excretion in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus). Comp Biochem Physiol. 1997;118A:1273-1275.
29. Long S, Skadhauge E. The role of urinary precipitates in the excretion of electrolytes and urate in the domestic fowl. J Exp Biol. 1983;104:41-50.
30. Harrison GJ, Ritchie BW. Making distinctions in the physical examination. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR, eds. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Lake Worth, Fla: Wingers Publishing, Inc; 1994:144-175.
31. Lumeij JT. Hepatology. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR, eds. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Lake Worth, Fla: Wingers Publishing, Inc; 1994:522-537.
32. Phalen DN. The avian urinary system: form, function, diseases. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1990:44-57.
33. Dumonceaux G, Harrison GJ. Toxins. In: Ritchie BW, Harrison GJ, Harrison LR, eds. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Lake Worth, Fla: Wingers Publishing, Inc; 1994:1030-1052.
34. Rosskopf WJ, Woerpel RW. Kidney disease in a military macaw, a yellow-naped Amazon parrot, and an unbrella cockatoo. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1988:207-218.
35. Candeletta SC, Homer BL, Garner MM, Isaza R. Diabetes mellitus associated with chronic lymphocytic pancreatitis in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus). J Assoc Avian Vet. 1993;7:39-43.
36. Wallner-Pendleton EA, Rogers D, Epple A. Diabetes mellitus in a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Avian Pathol. 1993; 22:631-635.
37. Jaensch MJ, Cullen L, Raidal SR. Assessment of liver function in galahs/cockatoos (Eolophus roseicapillus) after partial hepatectomy: a comparison of plasma enzyme concentrations, serum bile acid levels, and galactose clearance tests. J Avian Med Surg. 2000;14:164-171.
38. Dabbert CB, Powell KC. Serum enzymes as indicators of capture myopathy in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). J Wildl Dis. 1993;29:304-309.
39. Lumeij JT, Westerhof I. Blood chemistry for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in birds. A review. Vet Q. 1987;9:255-261.
40. Battison AL, Buczkowski S, Archer FJ. The potential use of plasma glutamate dehydrogenase activity for the evaluation of hepatic disease in the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Vet Clin Pathol. 1996;25:43-47.
41. Joseph V. Raptor hematology and chemistry evaluation. Vet Clin North Am Exotic Anim Pract. 1999;2:689-99.
42. Chaplin SB, Mueller LR, Degernes LA. Physiological assessment of rehabilitated raptors prior to release. In: Redig PT, Cooper JE, Remple JD, Hunter DB, eds. Raptor Biomedicine. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press; 1993:167-173.
43. Kramer JW, Hoffmann WE. Clinical enzymology. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey J, Bruss ML, eds. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1998:303-325.
44. Lumeij JT. A Contribution to Clinical Investigative Methods for Birds, with Special Reference to the Racing Pigeon, Columba livia domestica. Utrecht: Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht; 1987.
45. Jones MP. Avian clinical pathology. Vet Clin North Am Exotic Anim Pract. 1999;2:663-87.
46. Phalen DN, Homco L, Jaeger L. Investigations into the etiologic agent of internal papillomatosis of parrots and ultrasonographic and serum chemical changes in Amazon parrots with bile duct carcinomas. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1997:53-56.
47. Munson L, Clyde VL, Orosz SE. Severe hepatic fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia in four Amazon parrots. J Avian Med Surg. 1996;10:252-257.
48. Hillyer EV, Moroff S, Hoefer H, et al. Bile duct carcinoma in two out of ten Amazon parrots with cloacal papillomas. J Assoc Avian Vet. 1991;5:91-95.
49. Elangbam CS, Panciera RJ. Cholangiocarcinoma in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona estiva). Avian Dis. 1988;32:594-596.
50. Coleman CW. Bile duct carcinoma and cloacal prolapse in an orange-winged Amazon parrot (Amazona amazonica). J Assoc Avian Vet. 1991;5:87-89.
51. Itoh S, Imai T, Kondo M. Relationships between serum (ZZ)-bilirubin, its subfractions and biliverdin concentrations in infants at one-month check ups. Ann Clin Biochem. 2001;38:323-328.
52. Johnson AL. Reproduction in the female. In: Whittow GC, ed. Sturkie's Avian Physiology. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 2000:569-596.
53. Harr KE, Alleman AR, Dennis PM, Maxwell LK, Lock BA, Bennett RA et al. Morphologic and cytochemical characteristics of blood cells and hematologic and plasma biochemical reference ranges in green iguanas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;218:915-921.
54. Hornbuckle WE, Tennant BC. Gastrointestinal function. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, eds. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1997:367-406.
55. Elkin RG, Wood KV, Hagey LR. Biliary bile acid profiles of domestic fowl as determined by high performance liquid chromatography and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1990;96B:157-161.
56. Denbow DM. Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. In: Whittow GC, ed. Sturkie's Avian Physiology. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 2000:299-326.
57. Hoeffer H. Bile acid testing in psittacine birds. Sem Avian Exotic Pet Med. 1994;3:33-37.
58. Flammer K. Serum bile acids in psittacine birds. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1994;9-12.
59. Battison AL, Buckzowski S, Archer FJ. Plasma bile acid concentration in the cockatiel. Can Vet J. 1996;37:233-234.
60. Lumeij JT, Remple JD, Remple CJ, Riddle KE. Plasma chemistry in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus): reference values and physiological variations of importance for interpretation. Avian Pathol. 1998;27:129-132.
61. Diamond JM, Karasov WH, Phan D, Carpenter FL. Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds. Nature. 1986;320:62-63.
62. Hazelwood RL. Pancreas. In: Whittow GC, ed. Sturkie's Avian Physiology. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 2000:539-556.
63. Altman RB, Kirmayer AH. Diabetes mellitus in the avian species. J Assoc Avian Vet. 1977;12:531-537.
64. Hazelwood RL. Carbohydrate metabolism. In: Sturkie PD, ed. Avian Physiology. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1986:303-325.
65. Riesenfeld G, Sklan D, Barr A, et al. Glucose absorption and starch digestion in the intestine of the chicken. J Nutr. 1980;110:117-121.
66. Harr KE, Raskin RE, McKinsey JE. Hematologic and biochemical changes caused by commonly used anticoagulants on macaw (Anodorhynchus sp.) blood over time [abstract]. Vet Clin Pathol. 2002;31:157.
67. Laverty G, Dantzler WH. Micropuncture study of urate transport by superficial nephrons in avian (Sturnus vulgaris) kidney. Pflugers Arch. 1983;397:232-236.
68. Simkiss K. Calcium in Reproductive Physiology: A Comparative Study of Vertebrates. New York, NY: Reinhold Publishing Corp; 1967: 155-197.
69. Verstappen FA, Lumeij JT, Bronneberg RG. Plasma chemistry reference values in ostriches. J Wildl Dis. 2002;38:154-159.
70. Lumeij JT. Relation of plasma calcium to total protein and albumin in African grey (Psittacus erithacus) and Amazon (Amazon spp) parrots. Avian Pathol. 1990;19:661-667.
71. Lumeij JT, Remple JD, Riddle KE. Relationship of plasma total protein and albumin to total calcium in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Avian Pathol. 1993;22:183-188.
72. Bailey TA, Wernery U, Howlett J, Naldo J, Samour JH. Age-related plasma chemistry findings in the buff-crested bustard (Eupodotis ruficrista gindiana). Zentralbl Veterinarmed. 1998;45B:635-640.
73. Verstappen FA, Lumeij JT, Bronneberg RG. Plasma chemistry reference values in ostriches. J Wildl Dis. 2002;38:154-159.
74. Kolling K, Hofmeier A, Merkenschlager M. Ionized calcium in the blood of domestic chickens: dependence on the laying cycle. Zentralbl Veterinarmed. 1992;39A:115-120.
75. Andreasen CB, Latimer KS, Kircher IM, Brown J. Determination of chicken and turkey plasma and serum protein concentrations by refractometry and the biuret method. Avian Dis. 1989;33:93-96.
76. Lumeij JT, Maclean B. Total protein determination in pigeon plasma and serum: comparison of refractometric methods with biuret method. J Avian Med Surg. 1996;10:150-152.
77. Lumeij JT, de Bruijne JJ. Evaluation of refractometric method for the determination of total protein in avian plasma or serum. Avian Pathol. 1985;14:441-444.
78. Morgan GW, Thaxton P, Eden FW. Estimation of protein content in the plasma of young chickens by a refractometric method. Poult Sci. 1975;54:1312-1314.
79. Fudge AM. Laboratory reference ranges for selected avian, mammalian, and reptilian species. In: Fudge AM, ed. Laboratory Medicine: Avian and Exotic Pets. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2000:376-400.
80. Spano JS, Whitesides JF, Pedersoli WM, Krista LM, Ravis WM. Comparative albumin determinations in ducks, chickens, and turkeys by electrophoretic and dye-binding methods. Am J Vet Res. 1988;49:325-326.
81. Cray C, Tatum L. Applications of protein electrophoresis in avian diagnostics. J Avian Med Surg. 1998;12:4-10.
82. Chang L, Munro SL, Richardson SJ, Schreiber G. Evolution of thyroid hormone binding by transthyretins in birds and mammals. Eur J Biochem. 1999;259:534-542.
83. Farer LS, Robbins J, Blumberg GS, et al. Thyroxine serum protein complexes in various animals. Endocrinology. 1962;70:686-696.
84. Archer FJ, Battison AL. Differences in electrophoresis patterns between plasma albumins of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) and the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Avian Pathol. 1997;26:865-870.
85. Wilson GH, Greenacre CB, Howerth EW, et al. Ascaridosis in a group of psittacine birds. J Avian Med Surg. 1999;13:32-39.
86. Stone EG, Redig PT. Preliminary evaluation of hetastarch for the management of hypoproteinemia and hypovolemia. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1994:197-199.
87. Hawkey C, Hart MG. An analysis of the incidence of hyperfibrinogenemia in birds with bacterial infections. Avian Pathol. 1988;17:427-432.
88. Tolman KG, Rej R. Liver function. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, editors. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 2001:747-770.
89. Worell AB. Further investigations in rhamphastids concerning hemochromatosis. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1993:98-107.
90. Rosskopf WJ, Woerpel RW, Fudge AM, et al. Iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) in a citron-crested cockatoo and other psittacine species. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1992:98-107.
91. Turner R. Iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) in the curassow. Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1994:265-267.
92. Gosselin SJ, Kramer LW. Pathophysiology of excessive iron storage in mynah birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1983;183:1238-1240.
93. Dorrestein GM, Grinwis GM, Dominguez L, et al. An induced iron storage disease syndrome in doves and pigeons: a model for hemochromatosis in mynah birds? Proc Assoc Avian Vet. Lake Worth, Fla: Assoc Avian Vet Publications; 1992:108-112.
94. Smith JE. Iron metabolism and its disorders. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, eds. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 1997:223-239.
95. Gonzalez D. Comparative study of ferritins from dove (Columba oena) and chicken (Gallus domesticus) livers. Comp Biochem Physiol. 1983;76:568.