Color patterns among wolves in western North America

Wildlife Society Bulletin

Volumn 30, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 821-830

  Gipson, Philip S ^a   Bangs, Edward E ^a   Bailey, Theodore N ^a   Boyd, Diane K ^a   Dean Cluff, H ^a   Smith, Douglas W ^a   Jiminez, Michael D ^a  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Age; Black; Canis lupus; Color; Gray; Injury; Stress; White; Wolf

Indexed keywords

CANID; COLOR; TAXONOMY;

NORTH AMERICA;

CANIS LUPUS;

EID: 0036749526     PISSN: 00917648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Baker, K. P. 1967. Senile changes of dog skin. Journal of Small Animal Practice 8: 49-54.
2. Ballard, W. B., J. S. Whitman, and C. L. Gardner. 1987. Ecology of an exploited wolf population in southcentral Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 98.
3. Ballard, W. B., L. A. Ayres, P. R. Krausman, D. J. Reed, and S. G. Fancy. 1997. Ecology of wolves in relation to a migratory caribou herd in northwest Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 135.
4. Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University, of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
5. Boyd, D. K., and D. H. Pletscher. 1999. Characteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central Rocky Mountains. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 1094-1098.
6. Brown, D. E. 1983. The wolf in the southwest: the making of an endangered species. University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
7. Carbyn, L. N., S. M. Oosenbrug, and D. W. Anions. 1993. Wolves, bison and the dynamics related to the Peace-Athabasca Delta in Canada's Wood Buffalo National Park. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Circumpolar Research Series Number 4.
8. Cluff, H. D., L. R. Walton, and P. C. Paquet. 2001. Movements and habitat use of wolves denning in the central Arctic, Nunavut and Northwest Territories. Final report to the West Kitikmeot/Slave Study Society, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada.
9. Cole, L. J., and R. M. Shackelford. 1943. White spotting in the fox. American Naturalist 77: 289-321.
10. Cowan, I. McT., And C. J. Guiguet. 1975. The mammals of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook Number 11.
11. Darwin, C. 1874. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Murray, London, United Kingdom.
12. Dekker, D. 1986. Wolf, Canis lupus, numbers and color phases in Jasper national Park, Alberta: 1965-1984. Canadian Field-Naturalist 100: 550-553.
13. Dekker, D. 1998. Pack size and colour morphs of one wolf, Canis lupus, pack in Jasper National Park, Alberta, 1979-1998. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112: 709-710.
14. Gipson, P. S., and W. B. Ballard. 1998. Accounts of famous North American wolves, Canis lupus. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112: 724-739.
15. Iljin, N. A. 1941. Wolf dog genetics. Journal of Genetics 42: 359-414.
16. Jolicoeur, P. 1959. Multivariate geographical variation in the wolf, Canis lupus L. Evolution 13: 283-299.
17. King, C. L. 1965. Reasons for the decline of game in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. Vantage, New York, New York, USA.
18. Kitagawa, H., H. Satoh, C. Komatsuzaki, F. Mori, and N. Kudo. 1987. Fox minute virus-like particle. Journal of Veterinary Research 35: 21-39.
19. Kolenosky, G. B., and R. O. Standfield. 1975. Morphological and ecological variation among gray wolves (Canis lupus) of Ontario, Canada. Pages 62-72 in M. W. Fox, editor. The wild canids: their systematics, behavioral ecology, and evolution. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, New York, USA.
20. Little, C. C. 1957. The inheritance of coat color in dogs. Howell Book House, New York, New York, USA.
21. Marquard-Petersen, U. 1995. Status of wolves in Greenland. Pages 55-57 in L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, editors. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
22. Mayr, E. 1970. Populations, species, and evolution. Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
23. McBride, R. T. 1980. The Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi). United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Report Number 8.
24. Mech, L. D. 1970. The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species. Natural History Press, New York, New York, USA.
25. Mech, L. D. 1988. Longevity in wild wolves. Journal of Mammalogy 69: 197-198.
26. Mech, L. D. 1995. A ten-year history of the demography and productivity of an arctic wolf pack. Arctic 48: 329-332.
27. Mech, L. D. 1997. The arctic wolf: ten years with the pack. Revised 1988 edition. Voyageur, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA.
28. Mech, L. D. 2000. The Minnesota wolf. Pages 51-58 in L. D. Mech, editor. The wolves of Minnesota. Voyageur, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA.
29. Mech, L. D., L. Adams, T. J. Meier, J. W. Burch, and B. W. Dale. 1998. The wolves of Denali. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
30. Mech, L. D., and L. D. Frenzel, Jr. 1971. Ecological studies of the timber wolf in northeastern Minnesota. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Research Paper NC-52.
31. Miller, F. L. 1995. Status of wolves on the Canadian Arctic Islands. Pages 353-373 in L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, editors. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
32. Miller, F. L., and F. D. Reintjes. 1995. Wolf sightings on the Canadian Arctic Islands. Arctic 48: 313-323.
33. Morgan, R. V. 1989. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in humans and dogs. The Compendium 11: 1211-1218.
34. Morgan, S. O. 1990. Wolf. Annual report survey-inventory activities. Volume XX. Part XV. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Report, Project W-23-3, Juneau, USA.
35. Muller, G. H., R. W. Kirk, and D. W. Scott. 1989. Small animal dermatology. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
36. Nowak, R. M. 1995. Another look at wolf taxonomy. Pages 375-397 in L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, editors. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
37. Peterson, R. O., J. D. Woolington, and T. N. Bailey. 1984. Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 88.
38. Phillips, M. K., and D. W. Smith. 1996. The wolves of Yellowstone. Voyageur, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA.
39. Schleifenbaum, V. C. 1976. Zeichnung und farbung bei wolfen und den kieler pudel-wolf-bastarden (English abstract). Zeitschrift feur Seaugetierkunde 41: 147-167.
40. Seton, E. T. 1929. Lives of game animals. Volume I: cats, wolves, and foxes. Doubleday, Doran and Company, Garden City, New York, USA.
41. Smith, F. B. 1975. Naturalist's color guide. American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA.
42. Smyth, J. R., R. E. Boissy, and K. V. Fite. 1981. The DAM chicken: a model for spontaneous postnatal cutaneous and ocular amelanosis. Journal of Heredity, 72: 150-156.
43. Van Balenberghe, V. 1977. Physical characteristics of timber wolves in Minnesota. Pages 213-219 in R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, editors. Proceedings of the 1975 Predator Symposium, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, University of Montana, Missoula, USA.
44. Vila, C., and R. K. Waste. 1999. Hybridization between wolves and dogs. Conservation Biology 13: 195-198.
45. Walton, L. R., H. D. Cluff, P. C. Paquet, and M. A. Ramsay. 2001. Movement patterns of barren ground wolves in the central Canadian arctic. Journal of Mammalogy 82: 867-876.
46. Wayne, R. K., N. Lehman, and T. K. Fuller. 1995. Conservation genetics of the gray wolf. Pages 399-407 in L. N. Carbyn, S. H. Fritts, and D. R. Seip, editors. Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
47. White, S. D., and S. Batch. 1990. Leukotrichia in a litter of Labrador retrievers. Journal of the American Hospital Association 26: 319-321.
48. Willis, M. B. 1989. Genetics of the dog. Howell Book House, New York, New York, USA.
49. Young, S. P., and E. A. Goldman. 1944. The wolves of North America. Dover, New York, New York, USA.