Political-economic elites and Russian regional elections 1999-2000: Democratic tendencies in Kaliningrad, Perm and Volgograd

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 54, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 905-931

  Moses, Joel C ^a,b  

^a IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTION; ELITE POLITICS; POLITICAL ECONOMY; POLITICAL REFORM; POLITICAL SYSTEM;

RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0036746326     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0966813022000008456     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. In researching this article I am indebted to Iowa State University for a faculty professional development grant in the autumn semester of 2000 and to the International Research & Exchanges Board for a short-term travel grant to Russia in September-October 2000. Very special thanks are also due to the European University at St Petersburg and to Professor Vladimir Gel'man in the Department of Political Science there. An earlier version was presented at the Annual Convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, 15-18 November 2001, Crystal City, Virginia.
2. Andrei Tsygankov, 'Manifestations of Delegative Democracy in Russian Local Politics: What Does It Mean for the Future of Russia?', Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 31, 4, October-December 1998, pp. 329-344.
3. Vladimir Gel'man, Sergei Ryzhenkov & Igor' Semenov, 'Saratovskaya oblast': pobeditel' poluchaet vse', in V. Gel'man et al. (eds), Rossiya regionov: transformatsiya politicheskikh rezhimov (Moscow, Ves' Mir, 2000), pp. 109-145.
4. On Putin's federal reforms as a direct response to the legacy of a weak federal government and undemocratic political regimes in Russia see Eugene Huskey, 'Overcoming the Yeltsin Legacy: Vladimir Putin and Russian Political Reform', paper presented at VIICCEES World Congress, Tampere, Finland, 3 August 2000; and Richard Sakwa, 'Novyi federalizm V. Putina', and Leonid Smirnyagin, 'Strasti po federalizmu', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 2, 11, 5 June 2000.
5. On Putin's federal reforms as a direct response to the legacy of a weak federal government and undemocratic political regimes in Russia see Eugene Huskey, 'Overcoming the Yeltsin Legacy: Vladimir Putin and Russian Political Reform', paper presented at VIICCEES World Congress, Tampere, Finland, 3 August 2000; and Richard Sakwa, 'Novyi federalizm V. Putina', and Leonid Smirnyagin, 'Strasti po federalizmu', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 2, 11, 5 June 2000.
6. On Putin's federal reforms as a direct response to the legacy of a weak federal government and undemocratic political regimes in Russia see Eugene Huskey, 'Overcoming the Yeltsin Legacy: Vladimir Putin and Russian Political Reform', paper presented at VIICCEES World Congress, Tampere, Finland, 3 August 2000; and Richard Sakwa, 'Novyi federalizm V. Putina', and Leonid Smirnyagin, 'Strasti po federalizmu', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 2, 11, 5 June 2000.
7. The total of 46 treaties excludes a 47th signed with Chechnya ending the war in 1996 but subsequently broken by Moscow's invasion of the region in September 1999. The 46th and last treaty signed by El'tsin with a federation subject was with the city of Moscow in June 1998.
8. On Savchenko's re-election in May 1999, moving the date forward eight months so the gubernatorial election would not coincide with a State Duma election in which the Belgorod Communists were anticipated to do well, see Roman Pyrma, 'Agrarii (Nabrosok politicheskogo portreta Evgeniya Savchenko)', Carnegie-Moscow Center, Pro & Contra, 5, 1, Winter 2000; and 'Belgorodskaya oblast' - Politicheskaya situatsiya', Panorama-Moscow, Obshchestvo.ru, 2000. Other governors who resorted to the 'Belgorod alternative' to ensure their re-election include Kirov Governor Vladimir Sergeenkov, who moved the gubernatorial election forward to March 2000 from its scheduled autumn date.
9. On Savchenko's re-election in May 1999, moving the date forward eight months so the gubernatorial election would not coincide with a State Duma election in which the Belgorod Communists were anticipated to do well, see Roman Pyrma, 'Agrarii (Nabrosok politicheskogo portreta Evgeniya Savchenko)', Carnegie-Moscow Center, Pro & Contra, 5, 1, Winter 2000; and 'Belgorodskaya oblast' - Politicheskaya situatsiya', Panorama-Moscow, Obshchestvo.ru, 2000. Other governors who resorted to the 'Belgorod alternative' to ensure their re-election include Kirov Governor Vladimir Sergeenkov, who moved the gubernatorial election forward to March 2000 from its scheduled autumn date.
10. Sergei Mitrofanov, 'Byl li sovershen perevorot v Kurskoi oblasti?', SMI. ru, 23 October 2000; and Svetlana Ofitova, 'Verkhovnyi sud otkazal Rutskomu', Segodnya, 3 November 2000. On the parallel with the removal of Chub's principal rival Ivanchenko within three weeks of the election in September 2001 see Elena Stroiteleva, 'Pany derutsya', Izvestiya, 30 August 2001.
11. Sergei Mitrofanov, 'Byl li sovershen perevorot v Kurskoi oblasti?', SMI. ru, 23 October 2000; and Svetlana Ofitova, 'Verkhovnyi sud otkazal Rutskomu', Segodnya, 3 November 2000. On the parallel with the removal of Chub's principal rival Ivanchenko within three weeks of the election in September 2001 see Elena Stroiteleva, 'Pany derutsya', Izvestiya, 30 August 2001.
12. Sergei Mitrofanov, 'Byl li sovershen perevorot v Kurskoi oblasti?', SMI. ru, 23 October 2000; and Svetlana Ofitova, 'Verkhovnyi sud otkazal Rutskomu', Segodnya, 3 November 2000. On the parallel with the removal of Chub's principal rival Ivanchenko within three weeks of the election in September 2001 see Elena Stroiteleva, 'Pany derutsya', Izvestiya, 30 August 2001.
13. Evgeniya Chaliyan, 'Predvybornoe shou: dvoinyashki i troinyashki nabatute', Bryanskoe vremya (Bryansk), 10 November 2000; and Aleksei Makarkin, 'Klonirovanie po-bryanski', Sem' dnei (electronic version of Segodnya), 1 December 2000.
14. Evgeniya Chaliyan, 'Predvybornoe shou: dvoinyashki i troinyashki nabatute', Bryanskoe vremya (Bryansk), 10 November 2000; and Aleksei Makarkin, 'Klonirovanie po-bryanski', Sem' dnei (electronic version of Segodnya), 1 December 2000.
15. Robert Orttung, 'Federation Council Chairman Stroev Reelected', Institute of East-West Studies, Russian Regional Report, 2, 37, 30 October 1997. Parallels between the Rostov situation in September 2001 and the ploy first used in 1997 by Governor Stroev in Orel were pointed out by Dar'ya Guseva, 'V Rostove oprobovali "upravlyaemuyu demokratiyu" ', Vremya novostei, 25 September 2001.
16. Robert Orttung, 'Federation Council Chairman Stroev Reelected', Institute of East-West Studies, Russian Regional Report, 2, 37, 30 October 1997. Parallels between the Rostov situation in September 2001 and the ploy first used in 1997 by Governor Stroev in Orel were pointed out by Dar'ya Guseva, 'V Rostove oprobovali "upravlyaemuyu demokratiyu" ', Vremya novostei, 25 September 2001.
17. Irina Serbina, 'Vybory - 2000', transcription of Radio Liberty, 1 March 2001. Tuleev probably copied the precedent of Governor Konstantin Titov in Samara, who resigned in March 1999 and was re-elected to another term within three months.
18. Vladimir Putin, 'Putin Says No Threat of Police State', Izvestiya, 14 July 2000 (interview translated in Johnson's Russia List, 16 July 2000); Internet Press Conference with Vladimir Putin, Gazeta.ru, 6 March 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 March 2001); and Vladimir Putin, 'Press Conference', 18 July 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 19 July 2001).
19. Vladimir Putin, 'Putin Says No Threat of Police State', Izvestiya, 14 July 2000 (interview translated in Johnson's Russia List, 16 July 2000); Internet Press Conference with Vladimir Putin, Gazeta.ru, 6 March 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 March 2001); and Vladimir Putin, 'Press Conference', 18 July 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 19 July 2001).
20. Vladimir Putin, 'Putin Says No Threat of Police State', Izvestiya, 14 July 2000 (interview translated in Johnson's Russia List, 16 July 2000); Internet Press Conference with Vladimir Putin, Gazeta.ru, 6 March 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 March 2001); and Vladimir Putin, 'Press Conference', 18 July 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 19 July 2001).
21. Vladimir Putin, 'Putin Says No Threat of Police State', Izvestiya, 14 July 2000 (interview translated in Johnson's Russia List, 16 July 2000); Internet Press Conference with Vladimir Putin, Gazeta.ru, 6 March 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 March 2001); and Vladimir Putin, 'Press Conference', 18 July 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 19 July 2001).
22. Vladimir Putin, 'Putin Says No Threat of Police State', Izvestiya, 14 July 2000 (interview translated in Johnson's Russia List, 16 July 2000); Internet Press Conference with Vladimir Putin, Gazeta.ru, 6 March 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 March 2001); and Vladimir Putin, 'Press Conference', 18 July 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 19 July 2001).
23. Vladimir Putin, 'Putin Says No Threat of Police State', Izvestiya, 14 July 2000 (interview translated in Johnson's Russia List, 16 July 2000); Internet Press Conference with Vladimir Putin, Gazeta.ru, 6 March 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 March 2001); and Vladimir Putin, 'Press Conference', 18 July 2001 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 19 July 2001).
24. Putin, Izvestiya, 14 July 2000.
25. On the democratic implications of new laws under Putin, changing the requirements for the registration of political parties and mandating that half the seats in all regional assemblies be allocated by proportional party list ballots, see Pavel Isaev, 'Vybory v regional'nye parlamenty budut provodit' sya po partiinym spiskam?', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 3, 13, 2 July 2001; and Vladimir Gel'man, 'Reforma regional'nykh izbiratel'nykh system: kakovy perspektivy', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 3, 16, 27 August 2001.
26. On the democratic implications of new laws under Putin, changing the requirements for the registration of political parties and mandating that half the seats in all regional assemblies be allocated by proportional party list ballots, see Pavel Isaev, 'Vybory v regional'nye parlamenty budut provodit' sya po partiinym spiskam?', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 3, 13, 2 July 2001; and Vladimir Gel'man, 'Reforma regional'nykh izbiratel'nykh system: kakovy perspektivy', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 3, 16, 27 August 2001.
27. Among other highly visible and open political conflicts between governors and the mayors of the regional capitals over the past five years have been Novosibirsk (Governor Mukha vs. Mayor Tolokonsky), Volgograd (Governor Maksyuta vs. Mayor Chekhov), Omsk (Governor Polezhaev vs. Mayor Roshchupkin), Nizhny Novgorod (Governor Sklyarov vs. Mayor Lebedev) and Kirov (Governor Sergeenkov vs. Mayor Kiselev). Tolokonsky defeated Mukha and became Novosibirsk governor in 2000. Chekhov has twice run unsuccessfully for governor against Maksyuta, who was already his rival in 1995-96 when Maksyuta was chairman of the Volgograd city council.
28. On the conflict between Moscow-based holding companies and the Volgogard business community over takeovers of lucrative Volgograd enterprises see Leonid Barkov, 'Shantazh s primeneniem zakona', Vremya MN, 19 February 2001; and Ivan Kurilla, 'Financial Groups Expand Role in Volgograd', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 6, 18, 16 May 2001. A coalition of regional political leaders and owners of regional businesses against one takeover by a Moscow-based holding company was reported in Anna Stepnova, 'Dva direktora odnogo zavoda', Delovoe Povolzh'e (Volgograd), 2 July 2001.
29. On the conflict between Moscow-based holding companies and the Volgogard business community over takeovers of lucrative Volgograd enterprises see Leonid Barkov, 'Shantazh s primeneniem zakona', Vremya MN, 19 February 2001; and Ivan Kurilla, 'Financial Groups Expand Role in Volgograd', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 6, 18, 16 May 2001. A coalition of regional political leaders and owners of regional businesses against one takeover by a Moscow-based holding company was reported in Anna Stepnova, 'Dva direktora odnogo zavoda', Delovoe Povolzh'e (Volgograd), 2 July 2001.
30. On the conflict between Moscow-based holding companies and the Volgogard business community over takeovers of lucrative Volgograd enterprises see Leonid Barkov, 'Shantazh s primeneniem zakona', Vremya MN, 19 February 2001; and Ivan Kurilla, 'Financial Groups Expand Role in Volgograd', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 6, 18, 16 May 2001. A coalition of regional political leaders and owners of regional businesses against one takeover by a Moscow-based holding company was reported in Anna Stepnova, 'Dva direktora odnogo zavoda', Delovoe Povolzh'e (Volgograd), 2 July 2001.
31. Typical in 2001 were the political battles staged against Unified Energy System and rate increases by the governors of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo and Smolensk: Aleksei Sal'nikov, 'Kompromiss pochti ne viden - vokrug "Novosibirskenergo" ', Vechernii Novosibirsk, 15 June 2001; 'Spor mezhdu gubernatorom Amanom Tuleevym i rukovodstvom "EES" po povodu povysheniya energotarifov poka ne razreshen', ARN Regions.ru/Rossiya.regiony, 29 June 2001; and 'Smolenskaya oblast'. Gubernator obratilsya prokuratoru po povodu "veernykh" otklyuchenii', ARN Regions.ru/Rossiya.regionv, 25 July 2001.
32. Typical in 2001 were the political battles staged against Unified Energy System and rate increases by the governors of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo and Smolensk: Aleksei Sal'nikov, 'Kompromiss pochti ne viden - vokrug "Novosibirskenergo" ', Vechernii Novosibirsk, 15 June 2001; 'Spor mezhdu gubernatorom Amanom Tuleevym i rukovodstvom "EES" po povodu povysheniya energotarifov poka ne razreshen', ARN Regions.ru/Rossiya.regiony, 29 June 2001; and 'Smolenskaya oblast'. Gubernator obratilsya prokuratoru po povodu "veernykh" otklyuchenii', ARN Regions.ru/Rossiya.regionv, 25 July 2001.
33. Typical in 2001 were the political battles staged against Unified Energy System and rate increases by the governors of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo and Smolensk: Aleksei Sal'nikov, 'Kompromiss pochti ne viden - vokrug "Novosibirskenergo" ', Vechernii Novosibirsk, 15 June 2001; 'Spor mezhdu gubernatorom Amanom Tuleevym i rukovodstvom "EES" po povodu povysheniya energotarifov poka ne razreshen', ARN Regions.ru/Rossiya.regiony, 29 June 2001; and 'Smolenskaya oblast'. Gubernator obratilsya prokuratoru po povodu "veernykh" otklyuchenii', ARN Regions.ru/Rossiya.regionv, 25 July 2001.
34. Galina Kovalskaya, 'Komu investor, a komu oligarkh. Predprinimateli dvinulis' v povod za gubernatorskimi postami. Bez nikh uzhe neuyutno', Itogi, 24 January 2001.
35. In Volgograd the newly re-elected Governor Maksyuta in 2001 appointed two top executives from the regional affiliates of Lukoil to be his first deputy governor and deputy governor for the fuel and energy complex. Lukoil supported Maksyuta in 2000 against his major rival Oleg Savchenko, who was allied with Sibneft and Roman Abramovich. Volgograd Lukoil has developed a special arrangement to aid agricultural producers in the region in exchange for special benefits assigned to them through Governor Maksyuta. On the appointment of Lukoil executives see 'Smotrite, kto prishel. Dolzhnost' v podarok', Delovoe Povolzh'e (Volgograd), 19 September 2001.
36. A. V. Lukin, 'Demokratizatsiya ili klanizatsiya?', Polis, 2000, 3, pp. 61-80.
37. Petr Akopov, 'Kommunisty berut vlast' ', Izvestiya, 30 July 2001.
38. Andrew Konitzer-Smirnov, 'Putin's Generals "Take" the Regions?', Johnson's Russia List, 22 January 2001.
39. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press, 1971).
40. On the trend for regional media to be taken over by competing groups of local clans to promote their own candidates see Lyudmila Semina & Audrey Belyi, 'The Magnates Open a Second Front', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 27 October 2000 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 November 2000).
41. On the trend for regional media to be taken over by competing groups of local clans to promote their own candidates see Lyudmila Semina & Audrey Belyi, 'The Magnates Open a Second Front', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 27 October 2000 (translated in Johnson's Russia List, 1 November 2000).
42. Gel'man et al. (eds), pp. 32-45, 49-52.
43. Ibid., pp. 52-55. As a case study of a region which has come to typify this democratic process in the relatively balanced competition among its sub-regional elites see Vladimir Gel'man, 'Volgogradskaya oblast': strukturnyi plyuralizm i neustoichivyi bitsentrizm', in Gel'man et al. (eds), pp. 181-218.
44. On differences in civic activism among regions in Russia and Kyrgyzstan dependent on the economic diversity and related risk potential for citizens to participate see Kelly McMann, 'The Personal Risks of Party Development', in Joel C. Moses (ed.), Dilemmas in Post-Soviet Transition (Chicago, Burnham Inc., Publishers, forthcoming).
45. Thomas F. Remington, Politics in Russia (New York, Longman Publishers, 2002), pp. 174-195.
46. The following very abbreviated summary of the elections and their aftermath in these three regions is part of a wider study of regional politics and elections in 19 of the 89 Russian federation subjects in 1999-2001 by the author.
47. Mikhail Kucheryavenko, 'Doiti do kazhdogo cheloveka', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 20 September 2000. The Putin factor in encouraging the movement against Gorbenko cannot be discounted, but its influence was probably secondary. Putin snubbed Gorbenko during a trip which the president made to the Baltic fleet headquarters in Kaliningrad in July 2000. Putin's wife Lyudmila, who was actually born and grew up in Kaliningrad, made a conspicuous trip to the region in September 2000, during which she went out of her way not to appear publicly with Gorbenko.
48. Igor' Korol'kov, 'Kaliningradskaya "chernaya dyra" ', Izvestiya, 23 April 1999; Yekaterina Vasileva, 'TV Report Suggests High Level Corruption in Kaliningrad', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 4, 47, 14 December 1999; and Oksana Aryutova, 'Kaliningrad. Vzglyad s Zapada', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 16 March 2001.
49. Igor' Korol'kov, 'Kaliningradskaya "chernaya dyra" ', Izvestiya, 23 April 1999; Yekaterina Vasileva, 'TV Report Suggests High Level Corruption in Kaliningrad', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 4, 47, 14 December 1999; and Oksana Aryutova, 'Kaliningrad. Vzglyad s Zapada', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 16 March 2001.
50. Igor' Korol'kov, 'Kaliningradskaya "chernaya dyra" ', Izvestiya, 23 April 1999; Yekaterina Vasileva, 'TV Report Suggests High Level Corruption in Kaliningrad', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 4, 47, 14 December 1999; and Oksana Aryutova, 'Kaliningrad. Vzglyad s Zapada', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 16 March 2001.
51. On the Dresdner Bank scandal see Oksana Aryutova, 'Esche dalek chas "Ch" ', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 2 February 2001, and Oksana Aryutova, 'Terzayut smutye somneniya', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 6 February 2001.
52. On the Dresdner Bank scandal see Oksana Aryutova, 'Esche dalek chas "Ch" ', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 2 February 2001, and Oksana Aryutova, 'Terzayut smutye somneniya', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 6 February 2001.
53. Marusya Belkina, 'Kto nakormit ptichek?', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 12 October 2000.
54. Vladimir Sazonov, 'Ideal'noe prestuplenie - stanet li gubernator Vladimir Egorov souchastnikom deyanii svoikh Leonida Gorbenko i Mikhaila Karetnogo?', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 24, 26, and 27 July 2001.
55. Yekaterina Vasileva, 'Increasing Conflict between Kaliningrad Governor, Opposition', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 4, 14, 15 April 1999; and Yekaterina Vasileva, TV Report Suggests High Level Corruption in Kaliningrad', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 4, 47, 14 December 1999.
56. Yekaterina Vasileva, 'Increasing Conflict between Kaliningrad Governor, Opposition', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 4, 14, 15 April 1999; and Yekaterina Vasileva, TV Report Suggests High Level Corruption in Kaliningrad', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 4, 47, 14 December 1999.
57. A retrospective of the various issues and incidents pitting Gorbenko against the regional assembly was reviewed in an article published after he lost the gubernatorial election and was considering running for an open seat in the very same regional assembly: Boris Potemkin, 'Batyanya ishchet neprikosnovennosti?', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 13 January 2001. He did run and lost in what was interpreted as his cynical attempt to gain legislative immunity as a deputy from prosecution for his actions as governor.
58. Vladimir Abramov, 'Kaliningrad Governor Seeks Control Over Local Government, Federal Property', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 5, 15, 15 April 2000.
59. Igor' Korol'kov, 'Gubernatorskaya petrushka', Moskovskie novosti, 30 October 2000. Kaliningrad has 90% of the world's entire amber reserves.
60. The fishing industry had two of their own running for governor in November 2000: the chairman of the local fishermen's union and Yurii Sinel'nik, Chairman of the Russian State Fisheries Committee. The general view, however, was that Sinel'nik was a dvoinik pro-Gorbenko candidate, only put on the ballot to draw votes away from Egorov in the first round. This impression was little challenged by Sinel'nik's actions after the election (in which he finished fourth in the first round), immediately before he was removed as chairman of the fisheries committee. He signed an llth hour order reappointing Gorbenko to head the Kaliningrad fishing port, the position from which Gorbenko had resigned in 1996 when he had been elected governor. After legal challenges, Gorbenko won an order from a Moscow district court validating his reappointment by Sinel'nik as head of the Kaliningrad fishing port in September 2001.
61. Yekaterina Vasileva, 'New Group Seeks Appointment of Kaliningrad Governor', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 5, 9, 9 March 2000. The State Duma deputy Nikitin actually wound up running for governor. The owner of the shipping line, Anatolii Khlopetsky, was appointed to be one of his first deputy governors by the newly elected governor Egorov in 2001.
62. Vladimir Kostomarov, 'Ne na logo postavili - progubernatorskii blok "Zapad Rossii" poterpel sokrushitel'noe porazhenie na vyborakh v oblastnuyu dumu', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 9 November 2000; and Irina Parshina, 'Vyalotekushchii izbiratel' - v minuvshee voskresen'e Kaliningradtsy neokhotno shli golosovat',' Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 6 March 2001.
63. Vladimir Kostomarov, 'Ne na logo postavili - progubernatorskii blok "Zapad Rossii" poterpel sokrushitel'noe porazhenie na vyborakh v oblastnuyu dumu', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 9 November 2000; and Irina Parshina, 'Vyalotekushchii izbiratel' - v minuvshee voskresen'e Kaliningradtsy neokhotno shli golosovat',' Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 6 March 2001.
64. 49% in the first round and 47% in the second round.
65. On the effectiveness of dirty campaigning by Gorbenko's staff see Oksana Aryutova, 'Politlikhoradka', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 19 October 2000;
66. and Shura Murinova, 'Intimnye podrobnosti', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 28 October 2000.
67. On the pro-Gorbenko advantage in local media coverage during the campaign see Vladimir Sazonov, 'Udar po nervam', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 22 July 2000,
68. and Vladimir Sazonov, 'Pravda nuzhna i paskvilyantam', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 31 October 2000.
69. Julie Corwin, 'Regional Index: Who's Not Working and Who's Not Getting Paid', Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Russian Federation Report, 2, 30, 23 August 2000.
70. Alena Brezitskaya, 'Eksperiment beret za gorlo', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 26 January 2001; Evgeniya Ivankova, 'Mitingovali pod zvuki "Karmen" ', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 27 January 2001; and Vladimir Sazonov, 'Ekho nedeli: pust' Shul'ts skuchaet, no ne my', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 3 February 2001.
71. Alena Brezitskaya, 'Eksperiment beret za gorlo', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 26 January 2001; Evgeniya Ivankova, 'Mitingovali pod zvuki "Karmen" ', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 27 January 2001; and Vladimir Sazonov, 'Ekho nedeli: pust' Shul'ts skuchaet, no ne my', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 3 February 2001.
72. Alena Brezitskaya, 'Eksperiment beret za gorlo', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 26 January 2001; Evgeniya Ivankova, 'Mitingovali pod zvuki "Karmen" ', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 27 January 2001; and Vladimir Sazonov, 'Ekho nedeli: pust' Shul'ts skuchaet, no ne my', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 3 February 2001.
73. Yurii Men, 'Bez fal'starta - za sto dnei Egorovu udalos' bol'she, chem Gorbenko za chetyre goda', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 20 March 2001.
74. Garri Pich, 'Tochka zreniya: pod znamenem diplomatii', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 20 November 2001. Pich is an American journalist stationed in Kaliningrad who writes on Kaliningrad affairs for Kaskad.
75. Irina Shurinova, 'Na Kaliningrad opyat' naekhali?', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 11 July 2001, and Irina Shurimova, 'Oligarkhi mochut oblast' v sortire', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 12 July 2001.
76. Irina Shurinova, 'Na Kaliningrad opyat' naekhali?', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 11 July 2001, and Irina Shurimova, 'Oligarkhi mochut oblast' v sortire', Kaskad (Kaliningrad), 12 July 2001.
77. Robert Orttung, 'Pro-Governor Reformers Sweep Perm', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 2, 44, 18 December 1997.
78. On the scandal implicating Igumnov's daughter and himself see Grigorii Volchek, 'Nosom k stenke', Zvezda (Perm), 28 November 2000.
79. Nikolai Ivanov, ' "Lapsha" dlya izbiratelya', Zvezda (Perm), 10 November 2000.
80. 'Prikam'e pered vyborov', Zvezda (Perm), 10 October 2000; and 'Politika - gryaznoe delo?', Zvezda (Perm), 11 October 2000.
81. 'Prikam'e pered vyborov', Zvezda (Perm), 10 October 2000; and 'Politika - gryaznoe delo?', Zvezda (Perm), 11 October 2000.
82. The special edition articles can be found on the internet still at http://www.gubvest.perm.ru.
83. Vladimir Semenov (interview by Gennadii Selivanov), 'Otstavka', Zvezda (Perm), 22 February 2001.
84. Mary McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 174-197; and Oksana Oracheva, 'Perm: Businessmen, Politicians Work Together to Promote Gradual Reform', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 3, 16, 23 April 1998.
85. Mary McAuley, Russia's Politics of Uncertainty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 174-197; and Oksana Oracheva, 'Perm: Businessmen, Politicians Work Together to Promote Gradual Reform', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 3, 16, 23 April 1998.
86. Also see the characterisation of decision making by the political elite of Perm ablast' in Russian Regional Handbook 2000 (New York, East-West Institute, 2000), pp. 425-427.
87. On this 1998 study contrasting the polycentrism of Perm with the monolithism of Rostov under Chub see Lyubov' Fadeeva (Chairwoman of the Political Science Department of Perm State University), 'Napoleon i grazhdanskii kodeks', Zvezda (Perm), 28 December 2000.
88. 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Odin v vyshine', Zvezda (Perm), 28 February 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy" ', Zvezda (Perm), 13 March 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Svoi sredi svoikh', Zvezda (Perm), 12 April 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Legkoe shevelenie', Zvezda (Perm), 16 July 2001; 'Politicheskii ezhenedel'nik "Novyi kompan'on" predstavil svoi reitung samykh vliyatel'nykh figur v oblasti', ARN Regions.ru/ Rossiya. regiony, 28 August 2001. On Kuzyaev, projected as a likely future governor of Perm, see the interview with him 'Esli byt', tak prezidentom', Zvezda (Perm), 1 November 2000.
89. 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Odin v vyshine', Zvezda (Perm), 28 February 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy" ', Zvezda (Perm), 13 March 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Svoi sredi svoikh', Zvezda (Perm), 12 April 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Legkoe shevelenie', Zvezda (Perm), 16 July 2001; 'Politicheskii ezhenedel'nik "Novyi kompan'on" predstavil svoi reitung samykh vliyatel'nykh figur v oblasti', ARN Regions.ru/ Rossiya. regiony, 28 August 2001. On Kuzyaev, projected as a likely future governor of Perm, see the interview with him 'Esli byt', tak prezidentom', Zvezda (Perm), 1 November 2000.
90. 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Odin v vyshine', Zvezda (Perm), 28 February 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy" ', Zvezda (Perm), 13 March 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Svoi sredi svoikh', Zvezda (Perm), 12 April 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Legkoe shevelenie', Zvezda (Perm), 16 July 2001; 'Politicheskii ezhenedel'nik "Novyi kompan'on" predstavil svoi reitung samykh vliyatel'nykh figur v oblasti', ARN Regions.ru/ Rossiya. regiony, 28 August 2001. On Kuzyaev, projected as a likely future governor of Perm, see the interview with him 'Esli byt', tak prezidentom', Zvezda (Perm), 1 November 2000.
91. 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Odin v vyshine', Zvezda (Perm), 28 February 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy" ', Zvezda (Perm), 13 March 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Svoi sredi svoikh', Zvezda (Perm), 12 April 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Legkoe shevelenie', Zvezda (Perm), 16 July 2001; 'Politicheskii ezhenedel'nik "Novyi kompan'on" predstavil svoi reitung samykh vliyatel'nykh figur v oblasti', ARN Regions.ru/ Rossiya. regiony, 28 August 2001. On Kuzyaev, projected as a likely future governor of Perm, see the interview with him 'Esli byt', tak prezidentom', Zvezda (Perm), 1 November 2000.
92. 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Odin v vyshine', Zvezda (Perm), 28 February 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy" ', Zvezda (Perm), 13 March 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Svoi sredi svoikh', Zvezda (Perm), 12 April 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Legkoe shevelenie', Zvezda (Perm), 16 July 2001; 'Politicheskii ezhenedel'nik "Novyi kompan'on" predstavil svoi reitung samykh vliyatel'nykh figur v oblasti', ARN Regions.ru/ Rossiya. regiony, 28 August 2001. On Kuzyaev, projected as a likely future governor of Perm, see the interview with him 'Esli byt', tak prezidentom', Zvezda (Perm), 1 November 2000.
93. 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Odin v vyshine', Zvezda (Perm), 28 February 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy" ', Zvezda (Perm), 13 March 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Svoi sredi svoikh', Zvezda (Perm), 12 April 2001; 'Reitung "Zvezdy": Legkoe shevelenie', Zvezda (Perm), 16 July 2001; 'Politicheskii ezhenedel'nik "Novyi kompan'on" predstavil svoi reitung samykh vliyatel'nykh figur v oblasti', ARN Regions.ru/ Rossiya. regiony, 28 August 2001. On Kuzyaev, projected as a likely future governor of Perm, see the interview with him 'Esli byt', tak prezidentom', Zvezda (Perm), 1 November 2000.
94. Grigorii Volchek, ' "Bitva gigantov" v Primkam'e', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 2, 13, 13 November 2000.
95. Chestnoe informatsiya o vyborakh v Permi, internet, http://www.permvibor.org. One of the sublinks was Igumnov's own governor's webpage.
96. Fadeeva, 'Napoleon ...'.
97. 'Gubernatorskii vybor', Zvezda (Perm), 5 December 2000.
98. Grigorii Volchek, 'Posle draki kulakami ne mashut', Zvezda (Perm), 8 December 2000.
99. Iurii Shabaev, 'Respublika Komi, Permskaya oblast', i Komi-Permyatskii AO budut sotrudnichat' ', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional'nyi byulleten', 3, 6, 26 March 2001. The agreement was facilitated by a change in leadership which had also occurred in Komi-Permyatsk in December. Gennadii Savelev, deputy chairman of the Perm ablast' audit chamber, outsted the ten-year incumbent governor Nikolai Poluyanov, indicating that even in this poorest of almost all federation subjects 'the people do not forgive the leader of an ineffective administration' (Shabaev, 'Respublika ...').
100. 'Glavoi predpriyati "Permregiongaz" stanet Igor' Shubin', ARN Region ru/Rossiya.regiony, 13 July 2001.
101. Vladimir Nikolaev, 'Prikam'e: minovali pervye 100 dnei novogo gubernatora', East-West Institute, Rossiiskii regional 'nyi byulleten', 3, 8, 23 April 2001.
102. An excellent source which followed the gubernatorial campaign and election weekly throughout 2000 was the local electronic edition Volgograd - Politika v litsakh, published by the Informatsionno-analiticheskii tsentr in Volgograd under the city newspaper Gorod. Issues are still available archived on the internet at http://www.volgograd.ru/politics/index.shtml. Issues provided weekly summaries of the campaigns for all of the candidates, psychological profiles for each, and detailed excerpts and analyses of their coverage in the different Volgograd media.
103. Ivan Kurilla, ' Volzhskii Pipe Factory Unexpectedly Sold', East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report, 5, 11, 22 March 2000.
104. Grigorii Punanov, 'Rassledovanie "Izvestii": Abramovichu do vostrebovaniya. Kak zarabotat' 35 millionov dollarov na gubernatorskikh vyborakh', Izvestiya, 15 July 2001. On Savchenko's background see the biography 'Savchenko Oleg Vladimirovich', Volgograd - Politika v litsakh (Volgograd), 10 October 2000.
105. Grigorii Punanov, 'Rassledovanie "Izvestii": Abramovichu do vostrebovaniya. Kak zarabotat' 35 millionov dollarov na gubernatorskikh vyborakh', Izvestiya, 15 July 2001. On Savchenko's background see the biography 'Savchenko Oleg Vladimirovich', Volgograd - Politika v litsakh (Volgograd), 10 October 2000.
106. On the related strengths and weaknesses of the candidates Maksyuta and Savchenko well before the beginning of the October-December campaign see the transcribed 6 June 2000 interview with both by Radio Liberty correspondent Vladimir Dolin, ' Vybory-2000', originally broadcast by Radio Liberty on 25 May 2000.
107. Andrei Velikolutsky, 'Volgogradskie motivy - khleb, neft' i zarplata na privolzhskikh stepakh', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 19 November 2000; and Aleksandr Evrennov, 'Bitva na Volge', Moskovskie novosti, 19-25 December 2000.
108. Andrei Velikolutsky, 'Volgogradskie motivy - khleb, neft' i zarplata na privolzhskikh stepakh', Nezavisimaya gazeta, 19 November 2000; and Aleksandr Evrennov, 'Bitva na Volge', Moskovskie novosti, 19-25 December 2000.
109. Konstantin L'vov, 'Rasstanovka sil - dlya kommunistov konchilos' vremya razbrasyvat' kamni', Delovoe Povolzh'e (Volgograd), 1 December 1999.
110. Evgenii Byurakov, 'Vybory sostoyalis'. Chto dal'she?', Volgograd - Politika v litsakh (Volgograd), 26 December 2000; and II'ya Morozov, 'Elita sokhranila vlast' - zakonomernost' ili sluchainost'?', Volgograd - Politika v litsakh (Volgograd), 9 January 2001.
111. Evgenii Byurakov, 'Vybory sostoyalis'. Chto dal'she?', Volgograd - Politika v litsakh (Volgograd), 26 December 2000; and II'ya Morozov, 'Elita sokhranila vlast' - zakonomernost' ili sluchainost'?', Volgograd - Politika v litsakh (Volgograd), 9 January 2001.
112. Joel C. Moses, 'Saratov and Volgograd, 1990-1992: A Tale of Two Russian Provinces', in Theodore H. Friedgut & Jeffrey W. Hahn (eds), Local Power and Post-Soviet Politics (Armonk, NY, M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 96-137; and Gel'man, 'Volgogradskaya oblast' ...'.
113. Joel C. Moses, 'Saratov and Volgograd, 1990-1992: A Tale of Two Russian Provinces', in Theodore H. Friedgut & Jeffrey W. Hahn (eds), Local Power and Post-Soviet Politics (Armonk, NY, M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 96-137; and Gel'man, 'Volgogradskaya oblast' ...'.