Newsboy funerals: Tales of sorrow and solidarity in urban America

Journal of Social History

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2002, Pages

  DiGirolamo, Vincent ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036745424     PISSN: 00224529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jsh.2002.0081     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Newsboys' Reading Rooms of Boston (Boston, 1890), 5.
2. See Richard A. Kalish, "The Effects of Death Upon the Family," in L. Pearson, ed., Death and Dying (Cleveland, 1969), 79-107; David E. Stannard, "Death and the Puritan Child," American Quarterly Vol. 26, No. 5 (1974), 456-76; and Peter G. Slater, "'From Cradle to the Coffin': Parental Bereavement and the Shadow of Infant Damnation in Puritan Society" and Peter Uhlenberg, "Death and the Family," in N. Ray Hiner and Joseph M. Hawes, eds., Growing Up in America: Children in Historical Perspective (Urbana, 1985), 27-43 and 243-52. On the significance of public mourning rites among the poor in England during the early industrial age see Thomas Laqueur, "Bodies, Death and Pauper Funerals," Representations Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb. 1983), 109-31. See also the essays in Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds, eds., Representations of Childhood Death (New York, 2000).
3. See Richard A. Kalish, "The Effects of Death Upon the Family," in L. Pearson, ed., Death and Dying (Cleveland, 1969), 79-107; David E. Stannard, "Death and the Puritan Child," American Quarterly Vol. 26, No. 5 (1974), 456-76; and Peter G. Slater, "'From Cradle to the Coffin': Parental Bereavement and the Shadow of Infant Damnation in Puritan Society" and Peter Uhlenberg, "Death and the Family," in N. Ray Hiner and Joseph M. Hawes, eds., Growing Up in America: Children in Historical Perspective (Urbana, 1985), 27-43 and 243-52. On the significance of public mourning rites among the poor in England during the early industrial age see Thomas Laqueur, "Bodies, Death and Pauper Funerals," Representations Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb. 1983), 109-31. See also the essays in Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds, eds., Representations of Childhood Death (New York, 2000).
4. See Richard A. Kalish, "The Effects of Death Upon the Family," in L. Pearson, ed., Death and Dying (Cleveland, 1969), 79-107; David E. Stannard, "Death and the Puritan Child," American Quarterly Vol. 26, No. 5 (1974), 456-76; and Peter G. Slater, "'From Cradle to the Coffin': Parental Bereavement and the Shadow of Infant Damnation in Puritan Society" and Peter Uhlenberg, "Death and the Family," in N. Ray Hiner and Joseph M. Hawes, eds., Growing Up in America: Children in Historical Perspective (Urbana, 1985), 27-43 and 243-52. On the significance of public mourning rites among the poor in England during the early industrial age see Thomas Laqueur, "Bodies, Death and Pauper Funerals," Representations Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb. 1983), 109-31. See also the essays in Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds, eds., Representations of Childhood Death (New York, 2000).
5. See Richard A. Kalish, "The Effects of Death Upon the Family," in L. Pearson, ed., Death and Dying (Cleveland, 1969), 79-107; David E. Stannard, "Death and the Puritan Child," American Quarterly Vol. 26, No. 5 (1974), 456-76; and Peter G. Slater, "'From Cradle to the Coffin': Parental Bereavement and the Shadow of Infant Damnation in Puritan Society" and Peter Uhlenberg, "Death and the Family," in N. Ray Hiner and Joseph M. Hawes, eds., Growing Up in America: Children in Historical Perspective (Urbana, 1985), 27-43 and 243-52. On the significance of public mourning rites among the poor in England during the early industrial age see Thomas Laqueur, "Bodies, Death and Pauper Funerals," Representations Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb. 1983), 109-31. See also the essays in Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds, eds., Representations of Childhood Death (New York, 2000).
6. See Richard A. Kalish, "The Effects of Death Upon the Family," in L. Pearson, ed., Death and Dying (Cleveland, 1969), 79-107; David E. Stannard, "Death and the Puritan Child," American Quarterly Vol. 26, No. 5 (1974), 456-76; and Peter G. Slater, "'From Cradle to the Coffin': Parental Bereavement and the Shadow of Infant Damnation in Puritan Society" and Peter Uhlenberg, "Death and the Family," in N. Ray Hiner and Joseph M. Hawes, eds., Growing Up in America: Children in Historical Perspective (Urbana, 1985), 27-43 and 243-52. On the significance of public mourning rites among the poor in England during the early industrial age see Thomas Laqueur, "Bodies, Death and Pauper Funerals," Representations Vol. 1, No. 1 (Feb. 1983), 109-31. See also the essays in Gillian Avery and Kimberley Reynolds, eds., Representations of Childhood Death (New York, 2000).
7. Karen Halttunen, Confidence Men and Painted Women: A Study of Middle-Class Culture in America, 1830-1870 (New Haven, 1982), 130, 195.
8. Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York, 1977), 200, 12. See also Douglas' "Heaven Our Home: Consolation Literature in the Northern United States, 1830-1850," in David E. Stannard, ed., Death in America (Philadelphia, 1975), 49-68.
9. Ann Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture (New York, 1977), 200, 12. See also Douglas' "Heaven Our Home: Consolation Literature in the Northern United States, 1830-1850," in David E. Stannard, ed., Death in America (Philadelphia, 1975), 49-68.
10. See Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis, eds., An Emotional History of the United States (New York, 1998).
11. The number of U.S. dailies rose from 574 in 1870 to a high of 2,600 in 1909; two-newspaper towns became four-newspaper towns, and their average circulation more than doubled from 4,532 to 9,312. Six cities set the pace; New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Boston, and San Francisco boasted 277 daily and Sunday newspapers in 1909 with a combined circulation of over 16 million. See Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of a Social Instrument (New York, 1937), 65, 718-19, 728, 732. For immigration figures see Alan M. Kraut, The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880-1921 (Arlan Heights, Ill., 1982).
12. The number of U.S. dailies rose from 574 in 1870 to a high of 2,600 in 1909; two-newspaper towns became four-newspaper towns, and their average circulation more than doubled from 4,532 to 9,312. Six cities set the pace; New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Boston, and San Francisco boasted 277 daily and Sunday newspapers in 1909 with a combined circulation of over 16 million. See Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of a Social Instrument (New York, 1937), 65, 718-19, 728, 732. For immigration figures see Alan M. Kraut, The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880-1921 (Arlan Heights, Ill., 1982).
13. "The News-Boys," The Child's Paper Vol. 3, No. 10 (Oct. 1854), 37; Ninth U.S. Census (1870), Table LXV.-Occupations, 604-15; John F. Fitzgerald, "Street Life in Boston in the '70s," The Hustler Vol. 1 (March 1911), 3. See also David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and At Play (New York, 1985) and Vincent DiGirolamo, "Crying the News: Children, Street Work, and the American Press, 1830s-1920s," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1997, 3-4, 305-06.
14. "The News-Boys," The Child's Paper Vol. 3, No. 10 (Oct. 1854), 37; Ninth U.S. Census (1870), Table LXV.-Occupations, 604-15; John F. Fitzgerald, "Street Life in Boston in the '70s," The Hustler Vol. 1 (March 1911), 3. See also David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and At Play (New York, 1985) and Vincent DiGirolamo, "Crying the News: Children, Street Work, and the American Press, 1830s-1920s," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1997, 3-4, 305-06.
15. "The News-Boys," The Child's Paper Vol. 3, No. 10 (Oct. 1854), 37; Ninth U.S. Census (1870), Table LXV.-Occupations, 604-15; John F. Fitzgerald, "Street Life in Boston in the '70s," The Hustler Vol. 1 (March 1911), 3. See also David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and At Play (New York, 1985) and Vincent DiGirolamo, "Crying the News: Children, Street Work, and the American Press, 1830s-1920s," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1997, 3-4, 305-06.
16. "The News-Boys," The Child's Paper Vol. 3, No. 10 (Oct. 1854), 37; Ninth U.S. Census (1870), Table LXV.-Occupations, 604-15; John F. Fitzgerald, "Street Life in Boston in the '70s," The Hustler Vol. 1 (March 1911), 3. See also David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and At Play (New York, 1985) and Vincent DiGirolamo, "Crying the News: Children, Street Work, and the American Press, 1830s-1920s," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1997, 3-4, 305-06.
17. "The News-Boys," The Child's Paper Vol. 3, No. 10 (Oct. 1854), 37; Ninth U.S. Census (1870), Table LXV.-Occupations, 604-15; John F. Fitzgerald, "Street Life in Boston in the '70s," The Hustler Vol. 1 (March 1911), 3. See also David Nasaw, Children of the City: At Work and At Play (New York, 1985) and Vincent DiGirolamo, "Crying the News: Children, Street Work, and the American Press, 1830s-1920s," unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1997, 3-4, 305-06.
18. Daniel E. Sutherland, The Expansion of Everyday Life, 1860-1876 (New York, 1989), 127.
19. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 1, Series B, 193-200, 201-213, 63.
20. Samuel H. Preston and Michael R. Haines, Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late. Nineteenth-Century America (Princeton, 1991), xviii-xix, 4-5, 86, 99, 117, 119, 125-26.
21. "End of the Poor," Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (July 1, 1865). Peter J. Eckel Collection. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. Princeton University Library.
22. Jacob Riis, The Children of the Poor (1892), in Francesco Cordasco, ed., Jacob Riis Revisited: Poverty and the Slum in Another Era (Garden City, NY, 1968), 163-64.
23. See Richard E. Meyer, ed., Ethnicity and the American Cemetery (Bowling Green, 1993); Richard A. Kalish, Death and Ethnicity: A Psychocultural Study (Los Angeles, 1976); and two interesting case studies, Joan Moore, "The Death Culture of Mexico and Mexican Americans" and Maurice Jackson, "The Black Experience with Death: A Brief Analysis through Black Writing," in Kalish, Death and Dying: Views from Many Cultures (Farmingdale, NY, 1980), 72-91, 92-98.
24. See Richard E. Meyer, ed., Ethnicity and the American Cemetery (Bowling Green, 1993); Richard A. Kalish, Death and Ethnicity: A Psychocultural Study (Los Angeles, 1976); and two interesting case studies, Joan Moore, "The Death Culture of Mexico and Mexican Americans" and Maurice Jackson, "The Black Experience with Death: A Brief Analysis through Black Writing," in Kalish, Death and Dying: Views from Many Cultures (Farmingdale, NY, 1980), 72-91, 92-98.
25. See Richard E. Meyer, ed., Ethnicity and the American Cemetery (Bowling Green, 1993); Richard A. Kalish, Death and Ethnicity: A Psychocultural Study (Los Angeles, 1976); and two interesting case studies, Joan Moore, "The Death Culture of Mexico and Mexican Americans" and Maurice Jackson, "The Black Experience with Death: A Brief Analysis through Black Writing," in Kalish, Death and Dying: Views from Many Cultures (Farmingdale, NY, 1980), 72-91, 92-98.
26. See Richard E. Meyer, ed., Ethnicity and the American Cemetery (Bowling Green, 1993); Richard A. Kalish, Death and Ethnicity: A Psychocultural Study (Los Angeles, 1976); and two interesting case studies, Joan Moore, "The Death Culture of Mexico and Mexican Americans" and Maurice Jackson, "The Black Experience with Death: A Brief Analysis through Black Writing," in Kalish, Death and Dying: Views from Many Cultures (Farmingdale, NY, 1980), 72-91, 92-98.
27. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives : Studies Among the Tenements of New York (Orig. pub. 1890) (New York, 1989), 142. On this phenomenon in an earlier period, see Paul A. Gilje, "Infant Abandonment in Early Nineteenth-Century New York: Three Cases," in Hiner and Hawes, Growing Up in America, 109-117.
28. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives : Studies Among the Tenements of New York (Orig. pub. 1890) (New York, 1989), 142. On this phenomenon in an earlier period, see Paul A. Gilje, "Infant Abandonment in Early Nineteenth-Century New York: Three Cases," in Hiner and Hawes, Growing Up in America, 109-117.
29. In Pittsburgh between 1870 and 1900, for example, male workers between 15 and 24 died at a rate of 12 per 1,000, or about twice the rate of females in the same age group. Nearly a third died as a result of industrial accidents. The mortality rate of younger boys, between 5 and 14 years old, was 8 per 1,000. See S.J. Kleinberg, "Death and the Working Class," Journal of Popular Culture Vol. 11, No. 1 (Summer 1977), 194/56-196/58.
30. New York newsboy Johnny Morrow recalled that when his cat died back in his native England, "I made a little grave for it, and put a tombstone at its head with this inscription, which I had persuaded some one to write upon it:-'Here lies poor puss, who died in the year A.D. 1847; may she rest in peace!'" Johnny Morrow, A Voice From the Newsboys (New York, 1860), 21. On doll funerals see Miriam Formanek Brunell, Made to Play House: Dolls and the Commercialization of American Girlhood, 1830-1930 (Baltimore, 1998), 20-23.
31. New York newsboy Johnny Morrow recalled that when his cat died back in his native England, "I made a little grave for it, and put a tombstone at its head with this inscription, which I had persuaded some one to write upon it:-'Here lies poor puss, who died in the year A.D. 1847; may she rest in peace!'" Johnny Morrow, A Voice From the Newsboys (New York, 1860), 21. On doll funerals see Miriam Formanek Brunell, Made to Play House: Dolls and the Commercialization of American Girlhood, 1830-1930 (Baltimore, 1998), 20-23.
32. Gayle Goodman, interview with Henry Dockter, 1989, in author's possession. On death as news, see Robert V. Wells, Facing the "King of Terrors": Death and Society in an American Community, 1750-1990 (New York, 2000), 245-53.
33. Madeline Leslie, Never Give Up; or, The News-Boys (1863) (Chicago, 1881), 46. Cornelius Mathews also observed that newsboys had a "profound passion for the Theatre," and would carve their names into the benches of the Chatham or the Bowery, securing a right to the spot no less sacred than that guaranteed by the pew rents at Grace Cathedral or St. Patrick's. Newsboys preferred dramas with "thunder and lightening long-swords, casques, and black-whiskered villains," he said, and were devoted to actors who demonstrated a "convulsive, awful manner of yielding up the ghost on the stage." See Mathews, A Pen-and-Ink Panorama of New-York City (New York, 1853), 187-88.
34. Madeline Leslie, Never Give Up; or, The News-Boys (1863) (Chicago, 1881), 46. Cornelius Mathews also observed that newsboys had a "profound passion for the Theatre," and would carve their names into the benches of the Chatham or the Bowery, securing a right to the spot no less sacred than that guaranteed by the pew rents at Grace Cathedral or St. Patrick's. Newsboys preferred dramas with "thunder and lightening long-swords, casques, and black-whiskered villains," he said, and were devoted to actors who demonstrated a "convulsive, awful manner of yielding up the ghost on the stage." See Mathews, A Pen-and-Ink Panorama of New-York City (New York, 1853), 187-88.
35. Sol Eytinge, "The Streets of New York A Tragic Story," Harper's Weekly (Oct. 11, 1879), 801.
36. Oliver Dyer, "The New York Sun; Its Rise, Progress, Character, and Condition," American Agriculturalist (Dec. 1869), 463-67. Eckel Collection.
37. Charles Loring Brace, Short Sermons to Newsboys (New York, 1866), 234-36.
38. On the evolution of the funeral and the dimunition of the religious aura surrounding death, see James J. Farrell, Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830-1920 (Philadelphia, 1980); Charles O. Jackson, "American Attitudes to Death," Journal of American Studies Vol. 11 (Dec. 1977), 297-312; Lewis O. Saum, "Death in the Popular Mind of Pre-Civil War America," in Charles O. Jackson, ed., Passing: The Vision of Death in America (Westport, Conn., 1977), 65-90; Lewis O. Saum, The Popular Mood of America, 1860-1890 (Lincoln, 1990), 104-33; and Maris A. Vinovskis, "Death," in Mary Kupiec Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams, eds., Encyclopedia of American Social History, Vol. III., (New York, 1993), 2063-70.
39. On the evolution of the funeral and the dimunition of the religious aura surrounding death, see James J. Farrell, Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830-1920 (Philadelphia, 1980); Charles O. Jackson, "American Attitudes to Death," Journal of American Studies Vol. 11 (Dec. 1977), 297-312; Lewis O. Saum, "Death in the Popular Mind of Pre-Civil War America," in Charles O. Jackson, ed., Passing: The Vision of Death in America (Westport, Conn., 1977), 65-90; Lewis O. Saum, The Popular Mood of America, 1860-1890 (Lincoln, 1990), 104-33; and Maris A. Vinovskis, "Death," in Mary Kupiec Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams, eds., Encyclopedia of American Social History, Vol. III., (New York, 1993), 2063-70.
40. On the evolution of the funeral and the dimunition of the religious aura surrounding death, see James J. Farrell, Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830-1920 (Philadelphia, 1980); Charles O. Jackson, "American Attitudes to Death," Journal of American Studies Vol. 11 (Dec. 1977), 297-312; Lewis O. Saum, "Death in the Popular Mind of Pre-Civil War America," in Charles O. Jackson, ed., Passing: The Vision of Death in America (Westport, Conn., 1977), 65-90; Lewis O. Saum, The Popular Mood of America, 1860-1890 (Lincoln, 1990), 104-33; and Maris A. Vinovskis, "Death," in Mary Kupiec Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams, eds., Encyclopedia of American Social History, Vol. III., (New York, 1993), 2063-70.
41. On the evolution of the funeral and the dimunition of the religious aura surrounding death, see James J. Farrell, Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830-1920 (Philadelphia, 1980); Charles O. Jackson, "American Attitudes to Death," Journal of American Studies Vol. 11 (Dec. 1977), 297-312; Lewis O. Saum, "Death in the Popular Mind of Pre-Civil War America," in Charles O. Jackson, ed., Passing: The Vision of Death in America (Westport, Conn., 1977), 65-90; Lewis O. Saum, The Popular Mood of America, 1860-1890 (Lincoln, 1990), 104-33; and Maris A. Vinovskis, "Death," in Mary Kupiec Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams, eds., Encyclopedia of American Social History, Vol. III., (New York, 1993), 2063-70.
42. On the evolution of the funeral and the dimunition of the religious aura surrounding death, see James J. Farrell, Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830-1920 (Philadelphia, 1980); Charles O. Jackson, "American Attitudes to Death," Journal of American Studies Vol. 11 (Dec. 1977), 297-312; Lewis O. Saum, "Death in the Popular Mind of Pre-Civil War America," in Charles O. Jackson, ed., Passing: The Vision of Death in America (Westport, Conn., 1977), 65-90; Lewis O. Saum, The Popular Mood of America, 1860-1890 (Lincoln, 1990), 104-33; and Maris A. Vinovskis, "Death," in Mary Kupiec Cayton, Elliott J. Gorn, and Peter W. Williams, eds., Encyclopedia of American Social History, Vol. III., (New York, 1993), 2063-70.
43. F. Ratchford Starr, Didley Dumps or John Ellard The Newsboy (Philadelphia, 1884), 148.
44. Ibid., 160.
45. Charles Dawson Shanly, "The Small Arabs of New York," Atlantic Monthly Vol. 23, No. 137 (March 1869), 281.
46. Charles Loring Brace, "Reminiscences" and "The Little Newsboy's Funeral," N.Y. Evangelist & S.S. Times (June 1861), in Morrow, A Voice From the Newsboys, 137-39. Both articles appear in later editions of Morrow's memoir which still bear the 1860 publication date. For other versions see "A Newsboy's Funeral," New York Independent (June 6, 1861); Ninth Annual Report of the Children's Aid Society (Feb. 1862), 34-37; and Short Sermons to Newsboys (New York, 1866), 238-44.
47. Charles Loring Brace, "Reminiscences" and "The Little Newsboy's Funeral," N.Y. Evangelist & S.S. Times (June 1861), in Morrow, A Voice From the Newsboys, 137-39. Both articles appear in later editions of Morrow's memoir which still bear the 1860 publication date. For other versions see "A Newsboy's Funeral," New York Independent (June 6, 1861); Ninth Annual Report of the Children's Aid Society (Feb. 1862), 34-37; and Short Sermons to Newsboys (New York, 1866), 238-44.
48. Peter J. Eckel located and photographed Morrow's grave in 1977.
49. Brooks McNamara, Day of Jubilee: The Great Age of Public Celebrations in New York, 1788-1909 (New Brunswick, 1997), 110-117, 130-36. On the gender politics of public ceremonies see Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (Baltimore, 1990).
50. Brooks McNamara, Day of Jubilee: The Great Age of Public Celebrations in New York, 1788-1909 (New Brunswick, 1997), 110-117, 130-36. On the gender politics of public ceremonies see Mary P. Ryan, Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880 (Baltimore, 1990).
51. See, for example, Horatio Alger, Rough and Ready; or, Life Among the New York Newsboys (Boston, 1869); James Otis, Left Behind, or Ten Days a Newsboy (New York, 1884); and Oliver Optic [William Taylor Adams], Watch and Wait; or, The young fugitives (Boston, 1866). Among the leading juvenile publications that featured newsboy stories were Harper's Young People, St. Nicholas for Young Folks, and Oliver Optic's Magazine. Cheap serials such as Ornum's & Co.'s Fifteen Cent Romances, Beadle's Half Dime Library, and Fame and Fortune Weekly also made newsboy protagonists a stock in trade.
52. See, for example, Horatio Alger, Rough and Ready; or, Life Among the New York Newsboys (Boston, 1869); James Otis, Left Behind, or Ten Days a Newsboy (New York, 1884); and Oliver Optic [William Taylor Adams], Watch and Wait; or, The young fugitives (Boston, 1866). Among the leading juvenile publications that featured newsboy stories were Harper's Young People, St. Nicholas for Young Folks, and Oliver Optic's Magazine. Cheap serials such as Ornum's & Co.'s Fifteen Cent Romances, Beadle's Half Dime Library, and Fame and Fortune Weekly also made newsboy protagonists a stock in trade.
53. See, for example, Horatio Alger, Rough and Ready; or, Life Among the New York Newsboys (Boston, 1869); James Otis, Left Behind, or Ten Days a Newsboy (New York, 1884); and Oliver Optic [William Taylor Adams], Watch and Wait; or, The young fugitives (Boston, 1866). Among the leading juvenile publications that featured newsboy stories were Harper's Young People, St. Nicholas for Young Folks, and Oliver Optic's Magazine. Cheap serials such as Ornum's & Co.'s Fifteen Cent Romances, Beadle's Half Dime Library, and Fame and Fortune Weekly also made newsboy protagonists a stock in trade.
54. Morrow, A Voice from the Newsboys, 144, 128. One casualty of this battlefield was newsboy Giuseppe Margalto, who died Feb. 14, 1891, when a fire broke out while he was sleeping in the ventilation chute of a New York post office. Jacob Riis poignantly recalled this was the same night that General William Tecumseh Sherman died. Riis, The Children of the Poor, in Jacob Riis Revisited, 29.
55. Morrow, A Voice from the Newsboys, 144, 128. One casualty of this battlefield was newsboy Giuseppe Margalto, who died Feb. 14, 1891, when a fire broke out while he was sleeping in the ventilation chute of a New York post office. Jacob Riis poignantly recalled this was the same night that General William Tecumseh Sherman died. Riis, The Children of the Poor, in Jacob Riis Revisited, 29.
56. Alexander Hogeland, Boys and Girls of 100 Cities (Louisville, 1886), 117-18.
57. Cited by David Overstreet in "Children of Poverty: The County Paupers' Cemetery and Milwaukee Children," a panel at the Children in Urban America Conference, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 6, 2000.
58. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 142. New York had several potter's fields until 1869, when the city acquired Hart Island, a forty-five-acre site in the Long Island Sound. About a million indigents have been interred there in graves numbered but otherwise unmarked. See, Edward F. Bergman, "Potter's Field," in Kenneth T. Jackson, ed., The Encyclopedia of New York City (New Haven, 1998), 931.
59. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 142. New York had several potter's fields until 1869, when the city acquired Hart Island, a forty-five-acre site in the Long Island Sound. About a million indigents have been interred there in graves numbered but otherwise unmarked. See, Edward F. Bergman, "Potter's Field," in Kenneth T. Jackson, ed., The Encyclopedia of New York City (New Haven, 1998), 931.
60. Hogeland, Boys and Girls of 100 Cities, 60, and Ten Years Among the Newsboys (Louisville, 1884), 31-32.
61. Hogeland, Boys and Girls of 100 Cities, 60, and Ten Years Among the Newsboys (Louisville, 1884), 31-32.
62. C.F. Reilly, "Burial of a Newsboy," in Hogeland, Boys and Girls of 100 Cities, 60.
63. Hogeland, Ten Years Among the Newsboys, 118.
64. Thomas P. Westendorf, "Found Dead in the Street" (Nashville, 1882). Eckel Collection; Hogeland, Boys and Girls of 100 Cities, 39-40.
65. Thomas P. Westendorf, "Found Dead in the Street" (Nashville, 1882). Eckel Collection; Hogeland, Boys and Girls of 100 Cities, 39-40.
66. Benjamin C. and Gus B. Brigham, "The Little Newsboy's Death," (Chicago, 1893). Eckel Collection.
67. Miss H.R. Hudson, "The Newsboy's Debt," Harper's New Monthly Magazine Vol. XLVI., No. CCLXXVI. (May 1873), 876-77. Thanks to Christine Stansell. Mrs. Emily Thornton, "The Dying Newsboy," Eckel Collection; Madeline S. Bridges' "The Newsboy," Leslie's Popular Monthly, reprinted in The Book and News-Dealer Vol. 11, No. 136 (Dec. 1900), 31; and Irene Abbott, "Only a Little Newsboy," The Ministry of Love (Topeka, 1903), 103-04.
68. Miss H.R. Hudson, "The Newsboy's Debt," Harper's New Monthly Magazine Vol. XLVI., No. CCLXXVI. (May 1873), 876-77. Thanks to Christine Stansell. Mrs. Emily Thornton, "The Dying Newsboy," Eckel Collection; Madeline S. Bridges' "The Newsboy," Leslie's Popular Monthly, reprinted in The Book and News-Dealer Vol. 11, No. 136 (Dec. 1900), 31; and Irene Abbott, "Only a Little Newsboy," The Ministry of Love (Topeka, 1903), 103-04.
69. Miss H.R. Hudson, "The Newsboy's Debt," Harper's New Monthly Magazine Vol. XLVI., No. CCLXXVI. (May 1873), 876-77. Thanks to Christine Stansell. Mrs. Emily Thornton, "The Dying Newsboy," Eckel Collection; Madeline S. Bridges' "The Newsboy," Leslie's Popular Monthly, reprinted in The Book and News-Dealer Vol. 11, No. 136 (Dec. 1900), 31; and Irene Abbott, "Only a Little Newsboy," The Ministry of Love (Topeka, 1903), 103-04.
70. Miss H.R. Hudson, "The Newsboy's Debt," Harper's New Monthly Magazine Vol. XLVI., No. CCLXXVI. (May 1873), 876-77. Thanks to Christine Stansell. Mrs. Emily Thornton, "The Dying Newsboy," Eckel Collection; Madeline S. Bridges' "The Newsboy," Leslie's Popular Monthly, reprinted in The Book and News-Dealer Vol. 11, No. 136 (Dec. 1900), 31; and Irene Abbott, "Only a Little Newsboy," The Ministry of Love (Topeka, 1903), 103-04.
71. th ed., (New York, 1994), esp. chs. 5 and 6; and Trattner, Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America (Chicago, 1970).
72. th ed., (New York, 1994), esp. chs. 5 and 6; and Trattner, Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America (Chicago, 1970).
73. DiGirolamo, "Crying the News," 393.
74. Gilson Willets, Workers of the Nation, Vol. 2 (New York, 1903), 1043. See also Robert Wesley Habenstein, The History of American Funeral Directing (Milwaukee, 1955), and Habenstein and William M. Lamers, "The Pattern of Late Nineteenth Century Funerals," in Jackson, Passing, 91-102.
75. Gilson Willets, Workers of the Nation, Vol. 2 (New York, 1903), 1043. See also Robert Wesley Habenstein, The History of American Funeral Directing (Milwaukee, 1955), and Habenstein and William M. Lamers, "The Pattern of Late Nineteenth Century Funerals," in Jackson, Passing, 91-102.
76. Gilson Willets, Workers of the Nation, Vol. 2 (New York, 1903), 1043. See also Robert Wesley Habenstein, The History of American Funeral Directing (Milwaukee, 1955), and Habenstein and William M. Lamers, "The Pattern of Late Nineteenth Century Funerals," in Jackson, Passing, 91-102.
77. One such vehicle may be found at the Farmers' Museum in Cooperstown, New York.
78. "'Dutch Hiney's' Funeral," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (May 3, 1886), 7. Thanks to Bert Hansen.
79. Willets, Workers of the Nation, Vol. 2, 1043.
80. New York Evening World (May 6, 1897), cited in Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (New York, 1976), 221.
81. Kleinberg, "Death, and the Working Class," 203/65; Rev. Quincy L. Dowd, "Burial Costs Among the Poor," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (June 12-19, 1912), 121. I am also indebted to Eric Love's unpublished paper, "Fire or the Worm: Cremation and Burial in Fin de Siecle America," presented at the Princeton University Graduate History Conference, Oct. 7, 1995.
82. Kleinberg, "Death, and the Working Class," 203/65; Rev. Quincy L. Dowd, "Burial Costs Among the Poor," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (June 12-19, 1912), 121. I am also indebted to Eric Love's unpublished paper, "Fire or the Worm: Cremation and Burial in Fin de Siecle America," presented at the Princeton University Graduate History Conference, Oct. 7, 1995.
83. Kleinberg, "Death, and the Working Class," 203/65; Rev. Quincy L. Dowd, "Burial Costs Among the Poor," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (June 12-19, 1912), 121. I am also indebted to Eric Love's unpublished paper, "Fire or the Worm: Cremation and Burial in Fin de Siecle America," presented at the Princeton University Graduate History Conference, Oct. 7, 1995.
84. Viviana A. Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (New York, 1985), 116.
85. Benjamin Waugh, "Child Life Insurance," Contemporary Review Vol. 58 (July 1890), 41, cited in Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child, 124.
86. Benjamin Waugh, "Child Life Insurance," Contemporary Review Vol. 58 (July 1890), 41, cited in Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child, 124.
87. Articles of Association of the News Boys Association of Detroit, Feb. 20, 1892.
88. John R. Gillis, A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual, and the Quest for Family Values (New York, 1996), 203; Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, 220-26.
89. John R. Gillis, A World of Their Own Making: Myth, Ritual, and the Quest for Family Values (New York, 1996), 203; Douglas, The Feminization of American Culture, 220-26.
90. "'Waffles is Buried," Chicago Tribune (May 26, 1894), reprinted in Newsboy (HAS) Vol. 24, Nos. 9 and 10 (March-April 1986), 3. The soliciting committee included Robert McMara, William Swaufield, and Severs Johnson, who, along with Bennie Ross, George Campbell, and Epper Kenna, served as pall bearers.
91. New York Independent (June 6, 1861).
92. Start, Didley Dumps, 163-64.
93. "Newsboys Wept For Lost Chum," New York Journal (Feb. 7, 1898). Heig Scrapbook. Eckel Collection.
94. "War Among the News Boys," Brooklyn Daily Eagle (May 27, 1861).
95. Chicago Evening News (July 31, 1885), in Hogeland, Boys and Girls of 100 Cities, 17, 19.
96. Carter J. Beard, "The Newsboys of New York. A Study from Life," Demorest's Family Magazine, Vol. 31 (May 1895), 381-82. Eckel Collection.
97. Eckel Collection.
98. "Brodie Will Bury Aaron 'The Slave,'" New York Evening Journal (Feb. 6, 1899). "Evening World Buries a Boy," New York Evening World (Feb. 8, 1899). Heig Scrapbook. Eckel Collection. (The World identified the deceased as Aaron Clarity).
99. "Brodie Will Bury Aaron 'The Slave,'" New York Evening Journal (Feb. 6, 1899). "Evening World Buries a Boy," New York Evening World (Feb. 8, 1899). Heig Scrapbook. Eckel Collection. (The World identified the deceased as Aaron Clarity).
100. Milwaukee Sentinel (Jan. 28, 1880), 4; Robert W. Wells, The Milwaukee Journal: An Informal Chronicle of its First 100 Years, 1882-1982 (Milwaukee, 1981), 43-44.
101. Milwaukee Sentinel (Jan. 28, 1880), 4; Robert W. Wells, The Milwaukee Journal: An Informal Chronicle of its First 100 Years, 1882-1982 (Milwaukee, 1981), 43-44.
102. Heig Scrapbook. Eckel Collection.
103. Rosebud Folsom, "Whistlin' Joe, 'the Best feller 'T Ever Live," Success (Jan. 1900), 15. Eckel Collection.
104. See Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution (London, 1960) and Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), 128-35.
105. See Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution (London, 1960) and Marxism and Literature (Oxford, 1977), 128-35.
106. Morrow, A Voice from the Newsboys, 109.