Placing nature: Natural history collections and their owners in nineteenth-century provincial England

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 291-311

  Alberti, Samuel J M M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH SERVICE; HISTORY; INFORMATION CENTER; UNITED KINGDOM;

ENGLAND; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; MUSEUMS; NATURAL HISTORY; URBAN HEALTH SERVICES;

EID: 0036731431     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087402004727     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. H. Ritvo, The Platypus and the Mermaid and Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination, Cambridge, MA and London, 1997.
2. N. Jardine, 'Sammlung, Wissenschaft, Kulturgeschichte', in Sammeln als Wissen. Das Sammeln und seine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung (ed. A. Te Heesen and E. Spary), Gö'ttingen, 2001, 199-220; C. Yanni, Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display, London, 1999; J. C. Thackray and B. Press, The Natural History Museum: Nature's Treasurehouse, London, 2001; W. T. Stearn, The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum (Natural History) 1753-1980, London, 1981. On the more heterodox sites for display in the capital see, for example, R. D. Altick, The Shows of London, Cambridge, MA, 1978; M. R. Burmeister, 'Popular anatomical museums in nineteenth-century England', unpublished doctoral thesis, Rutgers University, 2000, AAT 9991862.
3. N. Jardine, 'Sammlung, Wissenschaft, Kulturgeschichte', in Sammeln als Wissen. Das Sammeln und seine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung (ed. A. Te Heesen and E. Spary), Gö'ttingen, 2001, 199-220; C. Yanni, Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display, London, 1999; J. C. Thackray and B. Press, The Natural History Museum: Nature's Treasurehouse, London, 2001; W. T. Stearn, The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum (Natural History) 1753-1980, London, 1981. On the more heterodox sites for display in the capital see, for example, R. D. Altick, The Shows of London, Cambridge, MA, 1978; M. R. Burmeister, 'Popular anatomical museums in nineteenth-century England', unpublished doctoral thesis, Rutgers University, 2000, AAT 9991862.
4. N. Jardine, 'Sammlung, Wissenschaft, Kulturgeschichte', in Sammeln als Wissen. Das Sammeln und seine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung (ed. A. Te Heesen and E. Spary), Gö'ttingen, 2001, 199-220; C. Yanni, Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display, London, 1999; J. C. Thackray and B. Press, The Natural History Museum: Nature's Treasurehouse, London, 2001; W. T. Stearn, The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum (Natural History) 1753-1980, London, 1981. On the more heterodox sites for display in the capital see, for example, R. D. Altick, The Shows of London, Cambridge, MA, 1978; M. R. Burmeister, 'Popular anatomical museums in nineteenth-century England', unpublished doctoral thesis, Rutgers University, 2000, AAT 9991862.
5. N. Jardine, 'Sammlung, Wissenschaft, Kulturgeschichte', in Sammeln als Wissen. Das Sammeln und seine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung (ed. A. Te Heesen and E. Spary), Gö'ttingen, 2001, 199-220; C. Yanni, Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display, London, 1999; J. C. Thackray and B. Press, The Natural History Museum: Nature's Treasurehouse, London, 2001; W. T. Stearn, The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum (Natural History) 1753-1980, London, 1981. On the more heterodox sites for display in the capital see, for example, R. D. Altick, The Shows of London, Cambridge, MA, 1978; M. R. Burmeister, 'Popular anatomical museums in nineteenth-century England', unpublished doctoral thesis, Rutgers University, 2000, AAT 9991862.
6. N. Jardine, 'Sammlung, Wissenschaft, Kulturgeschichte', in Sammeln als Wissen. Das Sammeln und seine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung (ed. A. Te Heesen and E. Spary), Gö'ttingen, 2001, 199-220; C. Yanni, Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display, London, 1999; J. C. Thackray and B. Press, The Natural History Museum: Nature's Treasurehouse, London, 2001; W. T. Stearn, The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum (Natural History) 1753-1980, London, 1981. On the more heterodox sites for display in the capital see, for example, R. D. Altick, The Shows of London, Cambridge, MA, 1978; M. R. Burmeister, 'Popular anatomical museums in nineteenth-century England', unpublished doctoral thesis, Rutgers University, 2000, AAT 9991862.
7. N. Jardine, 'Sammlung, Wissenschaft, Kulturgeschichte', in Sammeln als Wissen. Das Sammeln und seine wissenschaftsgeschichtliche Bedeutung (ed. A. Te Heesen and E. Spary), Gö'ttingen, 2001, 199-220; C. Yanni, Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display, London, 1999; J. C. Thackray and B. Press, The Natural History Museum: Nature's Treasurehouse, London, 2001; W. T. Stearn, The Natural History Museum at South Kensington: A History of the British Museum (Natural History) 1753-1980, London, 1981. On the more heterodox sites for display in the capital see, for example, R. D. Altick, The Shows of London, Cambridge, MA, 1978; M. R. Burmeister, 'Popular anatomical museums in nineteenth-century England', unpublished doctoral thesis, Rutgers University, 2000, AAT 9991862.
8. There are precedents for these approaches: for a study of the endurance of elite middle-class control, see K. Hill, 'Municipal museums in the North-West, 1850-1914: reproduction and cultural activity in Liverpool and Preston', unpublished doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, 1996; for an outline of provincial museum types, see P. Brears and S. Davies, Treasures for the People: The Story of Museums and Art Galleries in Yorkshire and Humberside, Yorkshire and Humberside, 1989. A range of writers in a variety of disciplines are contributing to the expanding and increasingly sophisticated scholarships on collecting, exhibition and display, including B. J. Black, On Exhibit: Victorians and Their Museums, Charlottesville and London, 2000; J. Elsner and R. Cardinal (eds.), The Cultures of Collecting, London, 1994; S. MacDonald (ed.), The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, London and New York, 1998; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition, London and New York, 1995; S. Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, 1993.
9. There are precedents for these approaches: for a study of the endurance of elite middle-class control, see K. Hill, 'Municipal museums in the North-West, 1850-1914: reproduction and cultural activity in Liverpool and Preston', unpublished doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, 1996; for an outline of provincial museum types, see P. Brears and S. Davies, Treasures for the People: The Story of Museums and Art Galleries in Yorkshire and Humberside, Yorkshire and Humberside, 1989. A range of writers in a variety of disciplines are contributing to the expanding and increasingly sophisticated scholarships on collecting, exhibition and display, including B. J. Black, On Exhibit: Victorians and Their Museums, Charlottesville and London, 2000; J. Elsner and R. Cardinal (eds.), The Cultures of Collecting, London, 1994; S. MacDonald (ed.), The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, London and New York, 1998; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition, London and New York, 1995; S. Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, 1993.
10. There are precedents for these approaches: for a study of the endurance of elite middle-class control, see K. Hill, 'Municipal museums in the North-West, 1850-1914: reproduction and cultural activity in Liverpool and Preston', unpublished doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, 1996; for an outline of provincial museum types, see P. Brears and S. Davies, Treasures for the People: The Story of Museums and Art Galleries in Yorkshire and Humberside, Yorkshire and Humberside, 1989. A range of writers in a variety of disciplines are contributing to the expanding and increasingly sophisticated scholarships on collecting, exhibition and display, including B. J. Black, On Exhibit: Victorians and Their Museums, Charlottesville and London, 2000; J. Elsner and R. Cardinal (eds.), The Cultures of Collecting, London, 1994; S. MacDonald (ed.), The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, London and New York, 1998; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition, London and New York, 1995; S. Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, 1993.
11. There are precedents for these approaches: for a study of the endurance of elite middle-class control, see K. Hill, 'Municipal museums in the North-West, 1850-1914: reproduction and cultural activity in Liverpool and Preston', unpublished doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, 1996; for an outline of provincial museum types, see P. Brears and S. Davies, Treasures for the People: The Story of Museums and Art Galleries in Yorkshire and Humberside, Yorkshire and Humberside, 1989. A range of writers in a variety of disciplines are contributing to the expanding and increasingly sophisticated scholarships on collecting, exhibition and display, including B. J. Black, On Exhibit: Victorians and Their Museums, Charlottesville and London, 2000; J. Elsner and R. Cardinal (eds.), The Cultures of Collecting, London, 1994; S. MacDonald (ed.), The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, London and New York, 1998; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition, London and New York, 1995; S. Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, 1993.
12. There are precedents for these approaches: for a study of the endurance of elite middle-class control, see K. Hill, 'Municipal museums in the North-West, 1850-1914: reproduction and cultural activity in Liverpool and Preston', unpublished doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, 1996; for an outline of provincial museum types, see P. Brears and S. Davies, Treasures for the People: The Story of Museums and Art Galleries in Yorkshire and Humberside, Yorkshire and Humberside, 1989. A range of writers in a variety of disciplines are contributing to the expanding and increasingly sophisticated scholarships on collecting, exhibition and display, including B. J. Black, On Exhibit: Victorians and Their Museums, Charlottesville and London, 2000; J. Elsner and R. Cardinal (eds.), The Cultures of Collecting, London, 1994; S. MacDonald (ed.), The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, London and New York, 1998; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition, London and New York, 1995; S. Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, 1993.
13. There are precedents for these approaches: for a study of the endurance of elite middle-class control, see K. Hill, 'Municipal museums in the North-West, 1850-1914: reproduction and cultural activity in Liverpool and Preston', unpublished doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, 1996; for an outline of provincial museum types, see P. Brears and S. Davies, Treasures for the People: The Story of Museums and Art Galleries in Yorkshire and Humberside, Yorkshire and Humberside, 1989. A range of writers in a variety of disciplines are contributing to the expanding and increasingly sophisticated scholarships on collecting, exhibition and display, including B. J. Black, On Exhibit: Victorians and Their Museums, Charlottesville and London, 2000; J. Elsner and R. Cardinal (eds.), The Cultures of Collecting, London, 1994; S. MacDonald (ed.), The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, London and New York, 1998; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition, London and New York, 1995; S. Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, 1993.
14. There are precedents for these approaches: for a study of the endurance of elite middle-class control, see K. Hill, 'Municipal museums in the North-West, 1850-1914: reproduction and cultural activity in Liverpool and Preston', unpublished doctoral thesis, Lancaster University, 1996; for an outline of provincial museum types, see P. Brears and S. Davies, Treasures for the People: The Story of Museums and Art Galleries in Yorkshire and Humberside, Yorkshire and Humberside, 1989. A range of writers in a variety of disciplines are contributing to the expanding and increasingly sophisticated scholarships on collecting, exhibition and display, including B. J. Black, On Exhibit: Victorians and Their Museums, Charlottesville and London, 2000; J. Elsner and R. Cardinal (eds.), The Cultures of Collecting, London, 1994; S. MacDonald (ed.), The Politics of Display: Museums, Science, Culture, London and New York, 1998; S. M. Pearce, On Collecting: An Investigation into Collecting in the European Tradition, London and New York, 1995; S. Stewart, On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, the Collection, Durham, NC, 1993.
15. P. Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994; O. Impey and A. MacGregor (eds.), The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe, 2nd edn., London, 2001; G. Olmi, 'From the marvellous to the commonplace: notes on natural history museums (16th-18th centuries)', in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900 (ed. R. G. Mazzolini), Firenze, 1993, 235-78; L. J. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998.
16. P. Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994; O. Impey and A. MacGregor (eds.), The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe, 2nd edn., London, 2001; G. Olmi, 'From the marvellous to the commonplace: notes on natural history museums (16th-18th centuries)', in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900 (ed. R. G. Mazzolini), Firenze, 1993, 235-78; L. J. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998.
17. P. Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994; O. Impey and A. MacGregor (eds.), The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe, 2nd edn., London, 2001; G. Olmi, 'From the marvellous to the commonplace: notes on natural history museums (16th-18th centuries)', in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900 (ed. R. G. Mazzolini), Firenze, 1993, 235-78; L. J. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998.
18. P. Findlen, Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy, Berkeley, 1994; O. Impey and A. MacGregor (eds.), The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe, 2nd edn., London, 2001; G. Olmi, 'From the marvellous to the commonplace: notes on natural history museums (16th-18th centuries)', in Non-Verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900 (ed. R. G. Mazzolini), Firenze, 1993, 235-78; L. J. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1998.
19. C. A. Howes, 'Jonathan Salt's Doncaster plant records', Doncaster Naturalist (1984), 1, 115-24; E. Howarth, List of Plants Collected Chiefly in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield by Jonathan Salt and Now in the Sheffield Public Museum, Sheffield, 1889; S. Ellis, 'Mr Jonathan Salt', in Reminiscences of Old Sheffield, Its Streets and Its People (ed. R. E. Leader), 2nd edn., Sheffield, 1876, 312-14; D. L. Hawksworth, 'Lichens collected by Jonathan Salt between 1795 and 1807 now in the herbarium of Sheffield Museum', Naturalist (1967), 47-50; D. H. Kent and D. E. Allen (compilers), British and Irish Herbaria: An Index to the Location of Herbaria of British and Irish Vascular Plants, 2nd edn., London, 1984; R. Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors and Botanical Artists, London, 1977. Desmond has mistakenly noted Salt's date of death as 1810 (rather than 1815), which error has been compounded in some subsequent literature. The Salt Archive and Herbarium are kept at the Sheffield City Museums Department of Natural History.
20. C. A. Howes, 'Jonathan Salt's Doncaster plant records', Doncaster Naturalist (1984), 1, 115-24; E. Howarth, List of Plants Collected Chiefly in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield by Jonathan Salt and Now in the Sheffield Public Museum, Sheffield, 1889; S. Ellis, 'Mr Jonathan Salt', in Reminiscences of Old Sheffield, Its Streets and Its People (ed. R. E. Leader), 2nd edn., Sheffield, 1876, 312-14; D. L. Hawksworth, 'Lichens collected by Jonathan Salt between 1795 and 1807 now in the herbarium of Sheffield Museum', Naturalist (1967), 47-50; D. H. Kent and D. E. Allen (compilers), British and Irish Herbaria: An Index to the Location of Herbaria of British and Irish Vascular Plants, 2nd edn., London, 1984; R. Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors and Botanical Artists, London, 1977. Desmond has mistakenly noted Salt's date of death as 1810 (rather than 1815), which error has been compounded in some subsequent literature. The Salt Archive and Herbarium are kept at the Sheffield City Museums Department of Natural History.
21. C. A. Howes, 'Jonathan Salt's Doncaster plant records', Doncaster Naturalist (1984), 1, 115-24; E. Howarth, List of Plants Collected Chiefly in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield by Jonathan Salt and Now in the Sheffield Public Museum, Sheffield, 1889; S. Ellis, 'Mr Jonathan Salt', in Reminiscences of Old Sheffield, Its Streets and Its People (ed. R. E. Leader), 2nd edn., Sheffield, 1876, 312-14; D. L. Hawksworth, 'Lichens collected by Jonathan Salt between 1795 and 1807 now in the herbarium of Sheffield Museum', Naturalist (1967), 47-50; D. H. Kent and D. E. Allen (compilers), British and Irish Herbaria: An Index to the Location of Herbaria of British and Irish Vascular Plants, 2nd edn., London, 1984; R. Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors and Botanical Artists, London, 1977. Desmond has mistakenly noted Salt's date of death as 1810 (rather than 1815), which error has been compounded in some subsequent literature. The Salt Archive and Herbarium are kept at the Sheffield City Museums Department of Natural History.
22. C. A. Howes, 'Jonathan Salt's Doncaster plant records', Doncaster Naturalist (1984), 1, 115-24; E. Howarth, List of Plants Collected Chiefly in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield by Jonathan Salt and Now in the Sheffield Public Museum, Sheffield, 1889; S. Ellis, 'Mr Jonathan Salt', in Reminiscences of Old Sheffield, Its Streets and Its People (ed. R. E. Leader), 2nd edn., Sheffield, 1876, 312-14; D. L. Hawksworth, 'Lichens collected by Jonathan Salt between 1795 and 1807 now in the herbarium of Sheffield Museum', Naturalist (1967), 47-50; D. H. Kent and D. E. Allen (compilers), British and Irish Herbaria: An Index to the Location of Herbaria of British and Irish Vascular Plants, 2nd edn., London, 1984; R. Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors and Botanical Artists, London, 1977. Desmond has mistakenly noted Salt's date of death as 1810 (rather than 1815), which error has been compounded in some subsequent literature. The Salt Archive and Herbarium are kept at the Sheffield City Museums Department of Natural History.
23. C. A. Howes, 'Jonathan Salt's Doncaster plant records', Doncaster Naturalist (1984), 1, 115-24; E. Howarth, List of Plants Collected Chiefly in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield by Jonathan Salt and Now in the Sheffield Public Museum, Sheffield, 1889; S. Ellis, 'Mr Jonathan Salt', in Reminiscences of Old Sheffield, Its Streets and Its People (ed. R. E. Leader), 2nd edn., Sheffield, 1876, 312-14; D. L. Hawksworth, 'Lichens collected by Jonathan Salt between 1795 and 1807 now in the herbarium of Sheffield Museum', Naturalist (1967), 47-50; D. H. Kent and D. E. Allen (compilers), British and Irish Herbaria: An Index to the Location of Herbaria of British and Irish Vascular Plants, 2nd edn., London, 1984; R. Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors and Botanical Artists, London, 1977. Desmond has mistakenly noted Salt's date of death as 1810 (rather than 1815), which error has been compounded in some subsequent literature. The Salt Archive and Herbarium are kept at the Sheffield City Museums Department of Natural History.
24. C. A. Howes, 'Jonathan Salt's Doncaster plant records', Doncaster Naturalist (1984), 1, 115-24; E. Howarth, List of Plants Collected Chiefly in the Neighbourhood of Sheffield by Jonathan Salt and Now in the Sheffield Public Museum, Sheffield, 1889; S. Ellis, 'Mr Jonathan Salt', in Reminiscences of Old Sheffield, Its Streets and Its People (ed. R. E. Leader), 2nd edn., Sheffield, 1876, 312-14; D. L. Hawksworth, 'Lichens collected by Jonathan Salt between 1795 and 1807 now in the herbarium of Sheffield Museum', Naturalist (1967), 47-50; D. H. Kent and D. E. Allen (compilers), British and Irish Herbaria: An Index to the Location of Herbaria of British and Irish Vascular Plants, 2nd edn., London, 1984; R. Desmond, Dictionary of British and Irish Botanists and Horticulturists: Including Plant Collectors and Botanical Artists, London, 1977. Desmond has mistakenly noted Salt's date of death as 1810 (rather than 1815), which error has been compounded in some subsequent literature. The Salt Archive and Herbarium are kept at the Sheffield City Museums Department of Natural History.
25. Sheffield Iris, 25 August 1815, 3. I am grateful to David Allen for technical information regarding Salt's collection.
26. J. D. Leader and S. Snell, Sheffield Royal Infirmary 1797-1897, Sheffield, 1897.
27. 'Papers relating to the family of John Leigh Philips', Manchester Local Studies Unit Archives, Manchester Central Library, M84, M84/addnl. ; 'Philips, John Leigh', Manchester Local Studies Unit biographical newspaper clippings, Manchester Central Library; C. D. Sherborn, 'Memorandum on a catalogue of books and prints belonging to J. L. Philips', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1904-5), 49, pp. ii-iii; F. J. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part I', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1890), 3, 13-56; W. B. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part II' and 'Part III', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1899-1900), 44, 1-51; (1900-1) 45, 1-59; J. L. Philips, Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, &c., Manchester, 1808.
28. 'Papers relating to the family of John Leigh Philips', Manchester Local Studies Unit Archives, Manchester Central Library, M84, M84/addnl. ; 'Philips, John Leigh', Manchester Local Studies Unit biographical newspaper clippings, Manchester Central Library; C. D. Sherborn, 'Memorandum on a catalogue of books and prints belonging to J. L. Philips', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1904-5), 49, pp. ii-iii; F. J. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part I', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1890), 3, 13-56; W. B. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part II' and 'Part III', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1899-1900), 44, 1-51; (1900-1) 45, 1-59; J. L. Philips, Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, &c., Manchester, 1808.
29. 'Papers relating to the family of John Leigh Philips', Manchester Local Studies Unit Archives, Manchester Central Library, M84, M84/addnl. ; 'Philips, John Leigh', Manchester Local Studies Unit biographical newspaper clippings, Manchester Central Library; C. D. Sherborn, 'Memorandum on a catalogue of books and prints belonging to J. L. Philips', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1904-5), 49, pp. ii-iii; F. J. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part I', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1890), 3, 13-56; W. B. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part II' and 'Part III', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1899-1900), 44, 1-51; (1900-1) 45, 1-59; J. L. Philips, Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, &c., Manchester, 1808.
30. 'Papers relating to the family of John Leigh Philips', Manchester Local Studies Unit Archives, Manchester Central Library, M84, M84/addnl. ; 'Philips, John Leigh', Manchester Local Studies Unit biographical newspaper clippings, Manchester Central Library; C. D. Sherborn, 'Memorandum on a catalogue of books and prints belonging to J. L. Philips', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1904-5), 49, pp. ii-iii; F. J. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part I', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1890), 3, 13-56; W. B. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part II' and 'Part III', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1899-1900), 44, 1-51; (1900-1) 45, 1-59; J. L. Philips, Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, &c., Manchester, 1808.
31. 'Papers relating to the family of John Leigh Philips', Manchester Local Studies Unit Archives, Manchester Central Library, M84, M84/addnl. ; 'Philips, John Leigh', Manchester Local Studies Unit biographical newspaper clippings, Manchester Central Library; C. D. Sherborn, 'Memorandum on a catalogue of books and prints belonging to J. L. Philips', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1904-5), 49, pp. ii-iii; F. J. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part I', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1890), 3, 13-56; W. B. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part II' and 'Part III', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1899-1900), 44, 1-51; (1900-1) 45, 1-59; J. L. Philips, Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, &c., Manchester, 1808.
32. 'Papers relating to the family of John Leigh Philips', Manchester Local Studies Unit Archives, Manchester Central Library, M84, M84/addnl. ; 'Philips, John Leigh', Manchester Local Studies Unit biographical newspaper clippings, Manchester Central Library; C. D. Sherborn, 'Memorandum on a catalogue of books and prints belonging to J. L. Philips', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1904-5), 49, pp. ii-iii; F. J. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part I', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1890), 3, 13-56; W. B. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part II' and 'Part III', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1899-1900), 44, 1-51; (1900-1) 45, 1-59; J. L. Philips, Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, &c., Manchester, 1808.
33. 'Papers relating to the family of John Leigh Philips', Manchester Local Studies Unit Archives, Manchester Central Library, M84, M84/addnl. ; 'Philips, John Leigh', Manchester Local Studies Unit biographical newspaper clippings, Manchester Central Library; C. D. Sherborn, 'Memorandum on a catalogue of books and prints belonging to J. L. Philips', Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1904-5), 49, pp. ii-iii; F. J. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part I', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1890), 3, 13-56; W. B. Faraday, 'Selections from the correspondence of Lieut.-Colonel John Leigh Philips of Mayfield, Manchester. Part II' and 'Part III', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1899-1900), 44, 1-51; (1900-1) 45, 1-59; J. L. Philips, Instructions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, &c., Manchester, 1808.
34. Anon., A Catalogue of the Valuable Collection of Paintings & Drawings, Prints and Etchings, Cabinet of Insects, &c. (the Property of the Late John Leigh Philips, Esq.), Manchester, 1814, 77; J. M. Chalmers-Hunt (compiler), Natural History Auctions 1700-1972: A Register of Sales in the British Isles, London, 1976, 75. Philips's entire collection was sold for £5,474/15s/3d.
35. Anon., 'Obituary of considerable persons; with biographies and anecdotes', Gentleman's Magazine (1790), 68, 956-61; G. T. Fox, Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, Newcastle, 1827; T. R. Goddard, History of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle Upon Tyne 1829-1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1929; L. Jessop, 'The fate of Marmaduke Tunstall's collections', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 33-49; L. Jessop, 'An "uninteresting scrawl" ... some correspondance of Marmaduke Tunstall (1743-1790)', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 121-42; M. Tunstall, 'Account of several lunar iris', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1783), 53, 100-3.
36. Anon., 'Obituary of considerable persons; with biographies and anecdotes', Gentleman's Magazine (1790), 68, 956-61; G. T. Fox, Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, Newcastle, 1827; T. R. Goddard, History of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle Upon Tyne 1829-1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1929; L. Jessop, 'The fate of Marmaduke Tunstall's collections', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 33-49; L. Jessop, 'An "uninteresting scrawl" ... some correspondance of Marmaduke Tunstall (1743-1790)', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 121-42; M. Tunstall, 'Account of several lunar iris', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1783), 53, 100-3.
37. Anon., 'Obituary of considerable persons; with biographies and anecdotes', Gentleman's Magazine (1790), 68, 956-61; G. T. Fox, Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, Newcastle, 1827; T. R. Goddard, History of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle Upon Tyne 1829-1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1929; L. Jessop, 'The fate of Marmaduke Tunstall's collections', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 33-49; L. Jessop, 'An "uninteresting scrawl" ... some correspondance of Marmaduke Tunstall (1743-1790)', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 121-42; M. Tunstall, 'Account of several lunar iris', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1783), 53, 100-3.
38. Anon., 'Obituary of considerable persons; with biographies and anecdotes', Gentleman's Magazine (1790), 68, 956-61; G. T. Fox, Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, Newcastle, 1827; T. R. Goddard, History of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle Upon Tyne 1829-1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1929; L. Jessop, 'The fate of Marmaduke Tunstall's collections', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 33-49; L. Jessop, 'An "uninteresting scrawl" ... some correspondance of Marmaduke Tunstall (1743-1790)', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 121-42; M. Tunstall, 'Account of several lunar iris', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1783), 53, 100-3.
39. Anon., 'Obituary of considerable persons; with biographies and anecdotes', Gentleman's Magazine (1790), 68, 956-61; G. T. Fox, Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, Newcastle, 1827; T. R. Goddard, History of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle Upon Tyne 1829-1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1929; L. Jessop, 'The fate of Marmaduke Tunstall's collections', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 33-49; L. Jessop, 'An "uninteresting scrawl" ... some correspondance of Marmaduke Tunstall (1743-1790)', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 121-42; M. Tunstall, 'Account of several lunar iris', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1783), 53, 100-3.
40. Anon., 'Obituary of considerable persons; with biographies and anecdotes', Gentleman's Magazine (1790), 68, 956-61; G. T. Fox, Synopsis of the Newcastle Museum, Newcastle, 1827; T. R. Goddard, History of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle Upon Tyne 1829-1929, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1929; L. Jessop, 'The fate of Marmaduke Tunstall's collections', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 33-49; L. Jessop, 'An "uninteresting scrawl" ... some correspondance of Marmaduke Tunstall (1743-1790)', Archives of Natural History (1999), 26, 121-42; M. Tunstall, 'Account of several lunar iris', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1783), 53, 100-3.
41. T. D. Whitaker, An History of Richmondshire, in the North Riding of the County of York: Together With Those Parts of the Everwicschire of Domesday Which Form the Wapentakes of Lonsdale, Ewecross, and Amunderness, in the Counties of York, Lancaster, and Westmoreland, 2 vols., London, 1823, i, 38.
42. J. Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 9 vols., London, 1814, viii; North Riding County Record Office, 'The Havelock-Allan archive', Annual Report of the North Riding County Record Office (1972), 23-46; L. Jessop, 'George Allan's grey-headed duck: two centuries of confusion partly resolved', Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumhria (1999), 59, 83-92.
43. J. Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 9 vols., London, 1814, viii; North Riding County Record Office, 'The Havelock-Allan archive', Annual Report of the North Riding County Record Office (1972), 23-46; L. Jessop, 'George Allan's grey-headed duck: two centuries of confusion partly resolved', Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumhria (1999), 59, 83-92.
44. J. Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century, 9 vols., London, 1814, viii; North Riding County Record Office, 'The Havelock-Allan archive', Annual Report of the North Riding County Record Office (1972), 23-46; L. Jessop, 'George Allan's grey-headed duck: two centuries of confusion partly resolved', Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumhria (1999), 59, 83-92.
45. Thomas Pennant to George Allan, 16 January 1792, cited in Nichols, op. cit. (12), 752; DNB.
46. Only volume one survives: G. Allan, 'A descriptive account of the several birds animals reptiles insects fish shells fossils and other natural and artificial curiosities in the museum of George Allan Esq. of Grange near Darlington. Arranged in systematic Order. Part 1st - containing the land-birds', manuscript, 1790, University Library, Durham, MS.598.2A6.
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48. Olmi, op. cit. (4); V. Jankovic, 'The place of nature and the nature of place: the chorographic challenge to the history of British provincial science', History of Science (2000), 38, 79-113.
49. Anon., A Catalogue of the Valuable Collection of Natural History Belonging to the Late Mr Richard Rutledge Wingate, Newcastle, 1859; Anon., A Catalogue of the Elegant Household Furniture, Valuable Paintings, Books, and Museum, Darlington, 1822. On extended natural history, see J. V. Pickstone, Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science, Technology and Medicine, Manchester, 2000.
50. Daniel Watson to Mr Harrison, n.d. (c. 1790), North Yorkshire County Record Office ZDG(A) X5/9.
51. Fox, op. cit. (10), 10.
52. P. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home, New Haven and London, 1997; Olmi, op. cit. (4).
53. P. Mandler, The Fall and Rise of the Stately Home, New Haven and London, 1997; Olmi, op. cit. (4).
54. J. Cade, 'Some Observations on the Roman Station Cataractonium, with an Account of the Antiquites in the Neighbourhood of Piersbridge and Gainsford', Archaeologia (1789), 9, 276-91, 286;
55. Fox, op. cit. (10);
56. T. Bewick, A Memoir of Thomas Bewick: Written by Himself (ed. I. Bain), London, 1975;
57. I. Bain, Thomas Bewick: An Illustrated Record of His Life and Work, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1979;
58. L. Jessop, 'Bird specimens figured by Thomas Bewick surviving in the Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne', Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria (1999), 59, 65-82;
59. H. Ritvo, The Animal Estate: The English and Other Creatures in the Victorian Age, London, 1987. Bewick was apparently none too impressed by the collection, finding them 'distorted and unnaturally stuck up'. Cited in P. Davis and J. Holmes, 'Thomas Bewick (1753-1828), engraver and ornithologist', Archives of Natural History (1993), 20, 167-84, 174.
60. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Proceedings of a Public Meeting for the Purpose of Establishing a Literary and Philosophical Society in Sheffield, Sheffield, 1822, 21; J. Holland, The Tour of the Don, 2 vols., London, 1837.
61. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Proceedings of a Public Meeting for the Purpose of Establishing a Literary and Philosophical Society in Sheffield, Sheffield, 1822, 21; J. Holland, The Tour of the Don, 2 vols., London, 1837.
62. R. Aldington, The Strange Life of Charles Waterton, 1782-1865, London, 1949; C. Grasseni, 'Taxidermy as rhetoric of self-making: Charles Waterton (1782-1865), wandering naturalist', Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (1998), 29, 269-94; V. Carroll, 'Expectation and experience: visitors encounter Charles Waterton and Walton Hall', unpublished masters dissertation, University of Cambridge, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, 2001.
63. R. Aldington, The Strange Life of Charles Waterton, 1782-1865, London, 1949; C. Grasseni, 'Taxidermy as rhetoric of self-making: Charles Waterton (1782-1865), wandering naturalist', Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (1998), 29, 269-94; V. Carroll, 'Expectation and experience: visitors encounter Charles Waterton and Walton Hall', unpublished masters dissertation, University of Cambridge, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, 2001.
64. R. Aldington, The Strange Life of Charles Waterton, 1782-1865, London, 1949; C. Grasseni, 'Taxidermy as rhetoric of self-making: Charles Waterton (1782-1865), wandering naturalist', Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (1998), 29, 269-94; V. Carroll, 'Expectation and experience: visitors encounter Charles Waterton and Walton Hall', unpublished masters dissertation, University of Cambridge, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, 2001.
65. Annual Report of the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society (1851), 28.
66. Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3); I. Ousby, The Englishman's England: Taste, Travel and the Rise of Tourism, Cambridge, 1990.
67. Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3); I. Ousby, The Englishman's England: Taste, Travel and the Rise of Tourism, Cambridge, 1990.
68. E. L. Gill, The Hancock Museum and Its History, Newcastle, 1908; Goddard, op. cit. (10); North Riding County Record Office, op. cit. (12).
69. E. L. Gill, The Hancock Museum and Its History, Newcastle, 1908; Goddard, op. cit. (10); North Riding County Record Office, op. cit. (12).
70. E. L. Gill, The Hancock Museum and Its History, Newcastle, 1908; Goddard, op. cit. (10); North Riding County Record Office, op. cit. (12).
71. M. Caygill, The Story of the British Museum, 2nd edn., London, 1992; D. Chun, 'Public display, private glory: Sir John Fleming Leicester's gallery of British art in early nineteenth-century England', Journal of the History of Collections (2001), 13, 175-89. Allan, op. cit. (14); Mandler, op. cit. (19).
72. M. Caygill, The Story of the British Museum, 2nd edn., London, 1992; D. Chun, 'Public display, private glory: Sir John Fleming Leicester's gallery of British art in early nineteenth-century England', Journal of the History of Collections (2001), 13, 175-89. Allan, op. cit. (14); Mandler, op. cit. (19).
73. Allan, op. cit. (14); Mandler, op. cit. (19).
74. E. P. Hamm, 'Unpacking Goethe's collections: the public and the private in natural-historical collecting', BJHS (2001), 34, 275-300. For a critical outline of the scholarship on the emergence of a bourgeois public sphere, see
75. S. Gunn, 'The public sphere, modernity and consumption: new perspectives on the history of the English middle class', in Gender, Civic Culture and Consumerism: Middle-Class Identity in Britain 1800-1940 (ed. A. Kidd and D. Nicholls), Manchester, 1999, 12-29
76. R. J. Morris, 'Clubs, societies and associations', in The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950. Volume 3: Social Agencies and Institutions (ed. F. M. L. Thompson), Cambridge, 1990, 395-443; R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party: The Making of the British Middle Class, Leeds 1820-1850, Manchester, 1990.
77. R. J. Morris, 'Clubs, societies and associations', in The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950. Volume 3: Social Agencies and Institutions (ed. F. M. L. Thompson), Cambridge, 1990, 395-443; R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party: The Making of the British Middle Class, Leeds 1820-1850, Manchester, 1990.
78. On the emergence of the middle classes (and historiographical debates thereon) see, for example K. T. Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846-1886, Oxford, 1998; D. Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840, Cambridge, 1995; L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780-1850, London, 1987; J. Wolff and J. Seed (eds.), The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-Century Middle Class, Manchester, 1988.
79. On the emergence of the middle classes (and historiographical debates thereon) see, for example K. T. Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846-1886, Oxford, 1998; D. Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840, Cambridge, 1995; L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780-1850, London, 1987; J. Wolff and J. Seed (eds.), The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-Century Middle Class, Manchester, 1988.
80. On the emergence of the middle classes (and historiographical debates thereon) see, for example K. T. Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846-1886, Oxford, 1998; D. Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840, Cambridge, 1995; L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780-1850, London, 1987; J. Wolff and J. Seed (eds.), The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-Century Middle Class, Manchester, 1988.
81. On the emergence of the middle classes (and historiographical debates thereon) see, for example K. T. Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846-1886, Oxford, 1998; D. Wahrman, Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780-1840, Cambridge, 1995; L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780-1850, London, 1987; J. Wolff and J. Seed (eds.), The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-Century Middle Class, Manchester, 1988.
82. P. Brears, 'Temples of the Muses: the Yorkshire philosophical museums, 1820-50', Museums Journal (1984-5), 84, 3-19; S. J. Knell, The Culture of English Geology, 1815-1851: A Science Revealed Through Its Collecting, Aldershot, 2000; I. Inkster and J. Morrell (eds.), Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture 1780-1850, London, 1983.
83. P. Brears, 'Temples of the Muses: the Yorkshire philosophical museums, 1820-50', Museums Journal (1984-5), 84, 3-19; S. J. Knell, The Culture of English Geology, 1815-1851: A Science Revealed Through Its Collecting, Aldershot, 2000; I. Inkster and J. Morrell (eds.), Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture 1780-1850, London, 1983.
84. P. Brears, 'Temples of the Muses: the Yorkshire philosophical museums, 1820-50', Museums Journal (1984-5), 84, 3-19; S. J. Knell, The Culture of English Geology, 1815-1851: A Science Revealed Through Its Collecting, Aldershot, 2000; I. Inkster and J. Morrell (eds.), Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture 1780-1850, London, 1983.
85. Annual Report of the Hull Royal Institution (1866-7), 10.
86. M. Hunter, Establishing the New Science: The Experience of the Early Royal Society, Woodbridge 1989; idem, 'The cabinet institutionalized: the Royal Society's "repository" and its background', in The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe (ed. O. Impey and A. MacGregor), 2nd edn., London, 2001, 217-29; K. R. Arnold, 'Cabinets for the curious: practicing science in early modern English museums', unpublished doctoral thesis, Princeton University, 1992, AAT 9216790.
87. M. Hunter, Establishing the New Science: The Experience of the Early Royal Society, Woodbridge 1989; idem, 'The cabinet institutionalized: the Royal Society's "repository" and its background', in The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe (ed. O. Impey and A. MacGregor), 2nd edn., London, 2001, 217-29; K. R. Arnold, 'Cabinets for the curious: practicing science in early modern English museums', unpublished doctoral thesis, Princeton University, 1992, AAT 9216790.
88. M. Hunter, Establishing the New Science: The Experience of the Early Royal Society, Woodbridge 1989; idem, 'The cabinet institutionalized: the Royal Society's "repository" and its background', in The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-Century Europe (ed. O. Impey and A. MacGregor), 2nd edn., London, 2001, 217-29; K. R. Arnold, 'Cabinets for the curious: practicing science in early modern English museums', unpublished doctoral thesis, Princeton University, 1992, AAT 9216790.
89. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, op. cit. (21); W. S. Porter, Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society: A Centenary Retrospect. 1822-1922, Sheffield, 1922; D. A. E. Spalding, 'Natural history in the early years of the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society', Sorby Record (1965), 2, 15-18.
90. Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, op. cit. (21); W. S. Porter, Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society: A Centenary Retrospect. 1822-1922, Sheffield, 1922; D. A. E. Spalding, 'Natural history in the early years of the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society', Sorby Record (1965), 2, 15-18.
91. Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Plan of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, 1793; Goddard, op. cit. (10); A. Meek, 'The Newcastle Museum of Natural History', Natural Science (1895), 7, 115-18.
92. Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Plan of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, 1793; Goddard, op. cit. (10); A. Meek, 'The Newcastle Museum of Natural History', Natural Science (1895), 7, 115-18.
93. Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Plan of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, 1793; Goddard, op. cit. (10); A. Meek, 'The Newcastle Museum of Natural History', Natural Science (1895), 7, 115-18.
94. Fox, op. cit. (10), 40.
95. W. Turner, An Introductory Address, Delivered by the Rev. Wm. Turner, at the First Meeting of the Natural History Society of the Counties of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, 1829, 10; Goddard, op. cit. (10).
96. W. Turner, An Introductory Address, Delivered by the Rev. Wm. Turner, at the First Meeting of the Natural History Society of the Counties of Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle, 1829, 10; Goddard, op. cit. (10).
97. Anon., 'Anniversary meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society', Northern John Bull; or, the Newcastle Pocket Magazine (1829), 115-16; R. O. Heslop, 'The Society's museum', Archaeologia Aeliana (1913), 10, 13-25; J. C. Hodgson, 'A history of the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, 1813 to 1913', Archaeologia Aeliana (1913), 10, 1-5.
98. Anon., 'Anniversary meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society', Northern John Bull; or, the Newcastle Pocket Magazine (1829), 115-16; R. O. Heslop, 'The Society's museum', Archaeologia Aeliana (1913), 10, 13-25; J. C. Hodgson, 'A history of the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, 1813 to 1913', Archaeologia Aeliana (1913), 10, 1-5.
99. Anon., 'Anniversary meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society', Northern John Bull; or, the Newcastle Pocket Magazine (1829), 115-16; R. O. Heslop, 'The Society's museum', Archaeologia Aeliana (1913), 10, 13-25; J. C. Hodgson, 'A history of the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, 1813 to 1913', Archaeologia Aeliana (1913), 10, 1-5.
100. Hull Literary and Philosophical Society, A Guide to the Museum of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Hull, Hull, 1860, p. vii.
101. T. Ashton, Visits to the Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society, Manchester, 1856; [H. P. Harwood], Catalogue of the Specimens of Natural History in the Museum of the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield, 1840.
102. T. Ashton, Visits to the Museum of the Manchester Natural History Society, Manchester, 1856; [H. P. Harwood], Catalogue of the Specimens of Natural History in the Museum of the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield, 1840.
103. H. B. Browne, Chapters of Whitby History 1823-1946: The Story of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society and of Whitby Museum, Hull, 1946.
104. G. Head, A Home Tour Through the Manufacturing Districts of England in the Summer of 1835, 2nd edn. (ed. W. H. Chaloner), London, 1968.
105. Ashton, op. cit. (40). They performed extensive additions in 1850, when the Society amalgamated with the Manchester Geological Society, adding three further sixty-two-foot rooms.
106. 'A', 'On the Museum of the Literary and Philosophical Society, and a proposal for a museum of domestic and native productions', Newcastle Magazine (1826), 5, 454-6, 454.
107. K. Hill, '"Thoroughly embued with the spirit of ancient Greece": symbolism and space in Victorian civic culture', in Gender, Civic Culture and Consumerism: Middle-Class Identity in Britain 1800-1940 (ed. A. Kidd and D. Nicholls), Manchester, 1999, 99-111.
108. P. Bailey, Leisure and Class in Victorian Britain: Rational Recreation and the Contest for Control, 1830-1885, London, 1978.
109. Annual Report of the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society (1858), 35, 5-6.
110. Report of the Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1835), 9; (1836), 8, emphasis added; (1837-8).
111. E. Kitson Clark, The History of 100 Years of Life of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, 1924; B. J. Pyrah, The History of the Yorkshire Museum and Its Geological Collections, York, 1988; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'The Bengal tiger in context: the Leeds Museum in the nineteenth century', Leeds Museums and Galleries Review (2002), 5, forthcoming; P. Brears, Of Curiosities and Rare Things: The Story of Leeds City Museums, Leeds, 1989; Brears, op. cit. (31); Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3).
112. E. Kitson Clark, The History of 100 Years of Life of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, 1924; B. J. Pyrah, The History of the Yorkshire Museum and Its Geological Collections, York, 1988; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'The Bengal tiger in context: the Leeds Museum in the nineteenth century', Leeds Museums and Galleries Review (2002), 5, forthcoming; P. Brears, Of Curiosities and Rare Things: The Story of Leeds City Museums, Leeds, 1989; Brears, op. cit. (31); Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3).
113. E. Kitson Clark, The History of 100 Years of Life of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, 1924; B. J. Pyrah, The History of the Yorkshire Museum and Its Geological Collections, York, 1988; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'The Bengal tiger in context: the Leeds Museum in the nineteenth century', Leeds Museums and Galleries Review (2002), 5, forthcoming; P. Brears, Of Curiosities and Rare Things: The Story of Leeds City Museums, Leeds, 1989; Brears, op. cit. (31); Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3).
114. E. Kitson Clark, The History of 100 Years of Life of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, 1924; B. J. Pyrah, The History of the Yorkshire Museum and Its Geological Collections, York, 1988; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'The Bengal tiger in context: the Leeds Museum in the nineteenth century', Leeds Museums and Galleries Review (2002), 5, forthcoming; P. Brears, Of Curiosities and Rare Things: The Story of Leeds City Museums, Leeds, 1989; Brears, op. cit. (31); Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3).
115. E. Kitson Clark, The History of 100 Years of Life of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds, 1924; B. J. Pyrah, The History of the Yorkshire Museum and Its Geological Collections, York, 1988; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'The Bengal tiger in context: the Leeds Museum in the nineteenth century', Leeds Museums and Galleries Review (2002), 5, forthcoming; P. Brears, Of Curiosities and Rare Things: The Story of Leeds City Museums, Leeds, 1989; Brears, op. cit. (31); Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3).
116. Gill, op. cit. (25); R. F. Walker, 'The site of the Hancock Museum', Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria (1983), 50, 16-18; D. Embleton, 'Memoir of the life of John Hancock', Natural History Transactions of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (1892), 11, 1-21.
117. Gill, op. cit. (25); R. F. Walker, 'The site of the Hancock Museum', Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria (1983), 50, 16-18; D. Embleton, 'Memoir of the life of John Hancock', Natural History Transactions of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (1892), 11, 1-21.
118. Gill, op. cit. (25); R. F. Walker, 'The site of the Hancock Museum', Transactions of the Natural History Society of Northumbria (1983), 50, 16-18; D. Embleton, 'Memoir of the life of John Hancock', Natural History Transactions of Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (1892), 11, 1-21.
119. D. E. Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, 2nd edn., Princeton, 1994; P. D. Lowe, 'Locals and cosmopolitans: a model for the social organisation of science in the nineteenth century', unpublished masters dissertation, University of Sussex, 1978; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'Field, lab and museum: the practice and place of life science in Yorkshire, 1870-1904', unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000.
120. D. E. Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, 2nd edn., Princeton, 1994; P. D. Lowe, 'Locals and cosmopolitans: a model for the social organisation of science in the nineteenth century', unpublished masters dissertation, University of Sussex, 1978; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'Field, lab and museum: the practice and place of life science in Yorkshire, 1870-1904', unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000.
121. D. E. Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, 2nd edn., Princeton, 1994; P. D. Lowe, 'Locals and cosmopolitans: a model for the social organisation of science in the nineteenth century', unpublished masters dissertation, University of Sussex, 1978; S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'Field, lab and museum: the practice and place of life science in Yorkshire, 1870-1904', unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000.
122. A. Secord, 'Science in the pub: artisan botanists in early nineteenth-century Lancashire', History of Science (1994), 32, 269-315; J. Percy, 'Scientists in humble life: the artisan naturalists of South Lancashire', Manchester Region History Review (1991), 5, No. 1, 3-10; C. Mosley, 'Inn-Parlour "Museums"', Museums Journal (1927-8), 27, 280-1.
123. A. Secord, 'Science in the pub: artisan botanists in early nineteenth-century Lancashire', History of Science (1994), 32, 269-315; J. Percy, 'Scientists in humble life: the artisan naturalists of South Lancashire', Manchester Region History Review (1991), 5, No. 1, 3-10; C. Mosley, 'Inn-Parlour "Museums"', Museums Journal (1927-8), 27, 280-1.
124. A. Secord, 'Science in the pub: artisan botanists in early nineteenth-century Lancashire', History of Science (1994), 32, 269-315; J. Percy, 'Scientists in humble life: the artisan naturalists of South Lancashire', Manchester Region History Review (1991), 5, No. 1, 3-10; C. Mosley, 'Inn-Parlour "Museums"', Museums Journal (1927-8), 27, 280-1.
125. D. Fraser, ed., Municipal Reform and the Industrial City, Leicester, 1982;
126. A. Kidd, Manchester, Keele, 1993;
127. A. Briggs, Victorian Cities, Harmondsworth, 1963.
128. R. A. D. Markham, A Rhino in High Street: Ipswich Museum - the Early years, Ipswich, 1990. Further legislation was introduced in the Museums and Gymnasiums Bill of 1891.
129. T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London and New York, 1995; Hill, op. cit. (3); K. Hill, '"Civic pride" or "far-reaching utility"?: Liverpool Museum c. 1860-1914', Journal of Regional and Local Studies (2000), 20, 3-28; S. M. Pearce, Museums, Objects and Collections: A Cultural Study, Leicester, 1992; G. Lewis, For Instruction and Recreation: A Centenary History of the Museums Association, London, 1989. For an excellent treatment of the museum movement in the American context, see S. Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876-1926, Chicago, 1998.
130. T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London and New York, 1995; Hill, op. cit. (3); K. Hill, '"Civic pride" or "far-reaching utility"?: Liverpool Museum c. 1860-1914', Journal of Regional and Local Studies (2000), 20, 3-28; S. M. Pearce, Museums, Objects and Collections: A Cultural Study, Leicester, 1992; G. Lewis, For Instruction and Recreation: A Centenary History of the Museums Association, London, 1989. For an excellent treatment of the museum movement in the American context, see S. Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876-1926, Chicago, 1998.
131. T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London and New York, 1995; Hill, op. cit. (3); K. Hill, '"Civic pride" or "far-reaching utility"?: Liverpool Museum c. 1860-1914', Journal of Regional and Local Studies (2000), 20, 3-28; S. M. Pearce, Museums, Objects and Collections: A Cultural Study, Leicester, 1992; G. Lewis, For Instruction and Recreation: A Centenary History of the Museums Association, London, 1989. For an excellent treatment of the museum movement in the American context, see S. Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876-1926, Chicago, 1998.
132. T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London and New York, 1995; Hill, op. cit. (3); K. Hill, '"Civic pride" or "far-reaching utility"?: Liverpool Museum c. 1860-1914', Journal of Regional and Local Studies (2000), 20, 3-28; S. M. Pearce, Museums, Objects and Collections: A Cultural Study, Leicester, 1992; G. Lewis, For Instruction and Recreation: A Centenary History of the Museums Association, London, 1989. For an excellent treatment of the museum movement in the American context, see S. Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876-1926, Chicago, 1998.
133. T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London and New York, 1995; Hill, op. cit. (3); K. Hill, '"Civic pride" or "far-reaching utility"?: Liverpool Museum c. 1860-1914', Journal of Regional and Local Studies (2000), 20, 3-28; S. M. Pearce, Museums, Objects and Collections: A Cultural Study, Leicester, 1992; G. Lewis, For Instruction and Recreation: A Centenary History of the Museums Association, London, 1989. For an excellent treatment of the museum movement in the American context, see S. Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876-1926, Chicago, 1998.
134. T. Bennett, The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics, London and New York, 1995; Hill, op. cit. (3); K. Hill, '"Civic pride" or "far-reaching utility"?: Liverpool Museum c. 1860-1914', Journal of Regional and Local Studies (2000), 20, 3-28; S. M. Pearce, Museums, Objects and Collections: A Cultural Study, Leicester, 1992; G. Lewis, For Instruction and Recreation: A Centenary History of the Museums Association, London, 1989. For an excellent treatment of the museum movement in the American context, see S. Conn, Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876-1926, Chicago, 1998.
135. T. Greenwood, Museums and Art Galleries, London, 1888, 389.
136. On the local versus universal debate in provincial museums, see E. Howarth, 'Presidential address', Museums Journal (1913-14), 13,33-52; H. Bolton, 'The provincial museum', Natural Science (1897), 11, 387-91; Alberti, op. cit. (51).
137. On the local versus universal debate in provincial museums, see E. Howarth, 'Presidential address', Museums Journal (1913-14), 13,33-52; H. Bolton, 'The provincial museum', Natural Science (1897), 11, 387-91; Alberti, op. cit. (51).
138. On the local versus universal debate in provincial museums, see E. Howarth, 'Presidential address', Museums Journal (1913-14), 13,33-52; H. Bolton, 'The provincial museum', Natural Science (1897), 11, 387-91; Alberti, op. cit. (51).
139. Annual Report of the Sheffield Literary and Phisophical Society (1871), 48, 4.
140. Annual Report of the Halifax Literary and Philosophical Society (1895), 8.
141. Annual Report of the [Borough of Sheffield] Committee of the Free Public Libraries and Museum (1875), 19.
142. H. Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Resolutions. 1780-c. 1880, London, 1980; H. E. Meller, Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914, London, 1976; Allen, op. cit. (51). 62 Anon., 'Alderman W. H. Brittain', South Yorkshire Notes and Queries (1899-1900), 1, 124-5, 125; Anon., 'The Mayor of Sheffield - Ald. W. H. Brittain', Sheffield Illustrated (1884), 89.
143. H. Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Resolutions. 1780-c. 1880, London, 1980; H. E. Meller, Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914, London, 1976; Allen, op. cit. (51). 62 Anon., 'Alderman W. H. Brittain', South Yorkshire Notes and Queries (1899-1900), 1, 124-5, 125; Anon., 'The Mayor of Sheffield - Ald. W. H. Brittain', Sheffield Illustrated (1884), 89.
144. H. Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Resolutions. 1780-c. 1880, London, 1980; H. E. Meller, Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914, London, 1976; Allen, op. cit. (51). 62 Anon., 'Alderman W. H. Brittain', South Yorkshire Notes and Queries (1899-1900), 1, 124-5, 125; Anon., 'The Mayor of Sheffield - Ald. W. H. Brittain', Sheffield Illustrated (1884), 89.
145. H. Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Resolutions. 1780-c. 1880, London, 1980; H. E. Meller, Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914, London, 1976; Allen, op. cit. (51). 62 Anon., 'Alderman W. H. Brittain', South Yorkshire Notes and Queries (1899-1900), 1, 124-5, 125; Anon., 'The Mayor of Sheffield - Ald. W. H. Brittain', Sheffield Illustrated (1884), 89.
146. H. Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Resolutions. 1780-c. 1880, London, 1980; H. E. Meller, Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914, London, 1976; Allen, op. cit. (51). 62 Anon., 'Alderman W. H. Brittain', South Yorkshire Notes and Queries (1899-1900), 1, 124-5, 125; Anon., 'The Mayor of Sheffield - Ald. W. H. Brittain', Sheffield Illustrated (1884), 89.
147. S. Forgan, 'Bricks and bones: architecture and science in Victorian Britain', in The Architecture of Science (ed. P. Galison and E. Thompson), Cambridge, MA, 1999, 181-208.
148. Annual Report of the [Borough of Sheffield] Committee of the Free Public Libraries and Museum (1875), 19, 19; (1876), 20, 7.
149. E. Howarth, 'Notes on the Sheffield Public Museum and Mappin Art Gallery', Museums Association Report of Proceedings (1899), 10, 112-23, 123.
150. Sheffield Public Museum, 'Museum sub-committee minutes' (1884), Sheffield City Museum archives.
151. N. Higham, A Very Scientific Gentleman: The Major Achievements of Henry Clifton Sorby, London, 1963; S. L. Sheffield, Revealing New Worlds: Three Victorian Women Naturalists, London, 2001.
152. N. Higham, A Very Scientific Gentleman: The Major Achievements of Henry Clifton Sorby, London, 1963; S. L. Sheffield, Revealing New Worlds: Three Victorian Women Naturalists, London, 2001.
153. Annual Report of the [Borough of Sheffield] Committee of the Free Public Libraries and Museum (1904), 47, 5.
154. S. Forgan, 'Museum and university: spaces for learning and the shape of disciplines', in Scholarship in Victorian Britain (ed. M. Hewitt), Leeds, 1998, 66-77; S. Forgan, '"But indifferently lodged ...": perception and place in building for science in Victorian London', in Making Space for Science: Territorial Themes in the Shaping of Knowledge (ed. C. Smith and J. Agar), London, 1998, 195-215.
155. S. Forgan, 'Museum and university: spaces for learning and the shape of disciplines', in Scholarship in Victorian Britain (ed. M. Hewitt), Leeds, 1998, 66-77; S. Forgan, '"But indifferently lodged ...": perception and place in building for science in Victorian London', in Making Space for Science: Territorial Themes in the Shaping of Knowledge (ed. C. Smith and J. Agar), London, 1998, 195-215.
156. E. Fiddes, Chapters in the History of Owens College and of Manchester University, 1851-1914, Manchester, 1937; J. Thompson, The Owens College: Its Foundation and Growth; and Its Connection With the Victoria University, Manchester, Manchester, 1886.
157. E. Fiddes, Chapters in the History of Owens College and of Manchester University, 1851-1914, Manchester, 1937; J. Thompson, The Owens College: Its Foundation and Growth; and Its Connection With the Victoria University, Manchester, Manchester, 1886.
158. Owens College Report of the Council to the Court of Governors, 28 September 1874, 7; G. H. Carpenter, 'Some notable museums. VII. The Manchester Museum', North Western Naturalist (1933), 8, 177-93.
159. The legatees - Lady Whitworth, R. C. Christie and R. D. Darbishire - also allotted £10,000 to augment the museum trust. Fiddes, op. cit. (70), Appendix IV; W. Boyd Dawkins, 'The organisation of museums and art galleries in Manchester', Manchester Memoirs (1917), 62, 1-10.
160. D. E. Allen, Naturalists and Society: The Culture of Natural History in Britain, 1700-1900, Aldershot, 2001; F. E. Weiss, 'James Cosmo Melvill (1845-1929)', North Western Naturalist (1930), 5, 150-6; Anon., 'Work and workers. Mr James Cosmo Melvill, D.Sc., F.L.S., &c.', Lancashire Naturalist (1911-12), 4, 323-9; Anon., 'James Cosmo Melvill', Manchester Faces and Places (1898), 10, 51-2.
161. D. E. Allen, Naturalists and Society: The Culture of Natural History in Britain, 1700-1900, Aldershot, 2001; F. E. Weiss, 'James Cosmo Melvill (1845-1929)', North Western Naturalist (1930), 5, 150-6; Anon., 'Work and workers. Mr James Cosmo Melvill, D.Sc., F.L.S., &c.', Lancashire Naturalist (1911-12), 4, 323-9; Anon., 'James Cosmo Melvill', Manchester Faces and Places (1898), 10, 51-2.
162. D. E. Allen, Naturalists and Society: The Culture of Natural History in Britain, 1700-1900, Aldershot, 2001; F. E. Weiss, 'James Cosmo Melvill (1845-1929)', North Western Naturalist (1930), 5, 150-6; Anon., 'Work and workers. Mr James Cosmo Melvill, D.Sc., F.L.S., &c.', Lancashire Naturalist (1911-12), 4, 323-9; Anon., 'James Cosmo Melvill', Manchester Faces and Places (1898), 10, 51-2.
163. D. E. Allen, Naturalists and Society: The Culture of Natural History in Britain, 1700-1900, Aldershot, 2001; F. E. Weiss, 'James Cosmo Melvill (1845-1929)', North Western Naturalist (1930), 5, 150-6; Anon., 'Work and workers. Mr James Cosmo Melvill, D.Sc., F.L.S., &c.', Lancashire Naturalist (1911-12), 4, 323-9; Anon., 'James Cosmo Melvill', Manchester Faces and Places (1898), 10, 51-2.
164. W. E. Hoyle, 'The electric light installation in the Manchester Museum', Report of the Proceedings of the Museums Association (1898), 9, 95-105.
165. T. H. Huxley to the Commissioners of the Manchester Natural History Society, 25 January 1868, cited in L. Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, 2 vols., London, 1900, i, 135.
166. W. H. Flower, 'Address', Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1889), 59, 3-24, 14. Emphasis added. On museum collections and expert knowledge, see G. McOuat, 'Cataloguing power: delineating "competent naturalists" and the meaning of species in the British Museum', BJHS (2001), 34, 1-28; on the expanding historiography of the professionalization of nineteenth-century British life science, see A. Desmond, 'Redefining the X axis: "professionals", "amateurs" and the making of mid-Victorian biology', Journal of the History of Biology (2001), 34, 3-50.
167. W. H. Flower, 'Address', Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1889), 59, 3-24, 14. Emphasis added. On museum collections and expert knowledge, see G. McOuat, 'Cataloguing power: delineating "competent naturalists" and the meaning of species in the British Museum', BJHS (2001), 34, 1-28; on the expanding historiography of the professionalization of nineteenth-century British life science, see A. Desmond, 'Redefining the X axis: "professionals", "amateurs" and the making of mid-Victorian biology', Journal of the History of Biology (2001), 34, 3-50.
168. W. H. Flower, 'Address', Report of the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1889), 59, 3-24, 14. Emphasis added. On museum collections and expert knowledge, see G. McOuat, 'Cataloguing power: delineating "competent naturalists" and the meaning of species in the British Museum', BJHS (2001), 34, 1-28; on the expanding historiography of the professionalization of nineteenth-century British life science, see A. Desmond, 'Redefining the X axis: "professionals", "amateurs" and the making of mid-Victorian biology', Journal of the History of Biology (2001), 34, 3-50.
169. Report of the Manchester Museum Owens College (1908-9), 5.
170. E. L. Gill, Short Guide to the Hancock Museum, Barras Bridge, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle, 1911.
171. S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'Amateurs and professionals in one county: biology and natural history in late Victorian Yorkshire', Journal of the History of Biology (2001), 34, 115-47; R. A. Baker and R. A. Bayliss, 'Louis Compton Miall, F. R. S.: scientist and educator 1842-1921', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1982), 37, 201-34. Soon to invade many museums were schoolchildren, as early twentieth-century museums devoted considerable resources to elementary education and 'nature study'. G. Kavanagh, Museums and the First World War: A Social History, Leicester, 1994; Allen, op. cit. (51); E. W. Jenkins, 'Science, sentimentalism or social control? The nature study movement in England and Wales, 1899-1914', History of Education (1981), 10, 33-43; E. W. Jenkins and B. J. Swinnerton, 'The School Nature Study Union 1903-94', History of Education (1996), 25, 181-98.
172. S. J. M. M. Alberti, 'Amateurs and professionals in one county: biology and natural history in late Victorian Yorkshire', Journal of the History of Biology (2001), 34, 115-47; R. A. Baker and R. A. Bayliss, 'Louis Compton Miall, F. R. S.: scientist and educator 1842-1921', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London (1982), 37, 201-34. Soon to invade many museums were schoolchildren, as early twentieth-century museums devoted considerable resources to elementary education and 'nature study'. G. Kavanagh, Museums and the First World War: A Social History, Leicester, 1994; Allen, op. cit. (51); E. W. Jenkins, 'Science, sentimentalism or social control? The nature study movement in England and Wales, 1899-1914', History of Education (1981), 10, 33-43; E. W. Jenkins and B. J. Swinnerton, 'The School Nature Study Union 1903-94', History of Education (1996), 25, 181-98.
173. Soon to invade many museums were schoolchildren, as early twentieth-century museums devoted considerable resources to elementary education and 'nature study'. G. Kavanagh, Museums and the First World War: A Social History, Leicester, 1994; Allen, op. cit. (51);
174. Soon to invade many museums were schoolchildren, as early twentieth-century museums devoted considerable resources to elementary education and 'nature study'. G. Kavanagh, Museums and the First World War: A Social History, Leicester, 1994; Allen, op. cit. (51); E. W. Jenkins, 'Science, sentimentalism or social control? The nature study movement in England and Wales, 1899-1914', History of Education (1981), 10, 33-43; E. W. Jenkins and B. J. Swinnerton, 'The School Nature Study Union 1903-94', History of Education (1996), 25, 181-98.
175. Soon to invade many museums were schoolchildren, as early twentieth-century museums devoted considerable resources to elementary education and 'nature study'. G. Kavanagh, Museums and the First World War: A Social History, Leicester, 1994; Allen, op. cit. (51); E. W. Jenkins, 'Science, sentimentalism or social control? The nature study movement in England and Wales, 1899-1914', History of Education (1981), 10, 33-43; E. W. Jenkins and B. J. Swinnerton, 'The School Nature Study Union 1903-94', History of Education (1996), 25, 181-98.
176. Hill, op. cit. (3).
177. S. Sheets-Pyenson, Cathedrals of Science: The Development of Colonial Natural History Museums During the Late Nineteenth Century, Kingston, Ontario, 1988; Thackray and Press, op. cit. (2); Stearn, op. cit. (2).
178. S. Sheets-Pyenson, Cathedrals of Science: The Development of Colonial Natural History Museums During the Late Nineteenth Century, Kingston, Ontario, 1988; Thackray and Press, op. cit. (2); Stearn, op. cit. (2).
179. S. Sheets-Pyenson, Cathedrals of Science: The Development of Colonial Natural History Museums During the Late Nineteenth Century, Kingston, Ontario, 1988; Thackray and Press, op. cit. (2); Stearn, op. cit. (2).
180. R. Barton, 'Haast and the moa: reversing the tyranny of distance', Pacific Science (2000), 54, 251-63; J. Endersby, 'A garden enclosed: botanical barter in Sydney, 1818-1839', BJHS (2000), 33, 313-34; J. Endersby, '"From having no Herbarium". Local knowledge vs. metropolitan expertise: Joseph Hooker's Australasian correspondence with William Colenso and Ronald Gunn', Pacific Science (2001), 55, 343-58.
181. R. Barton, 'Haast and the moa: reversing the tyranny of distance', Pacific Science (2000), 54, 251-63; J. Endersby, 'A garden enclosed: botanical barter in Sydney, 1818-1839', BJHS (2000), 33, 313-34; J. Endersby, '"From having no Herbarium". Local knowledge vs. metropolitan expertise: Joseph Hooker's Australasian correspondence with William Colenso and Ronald Gunn', Pacific Science (2001), 55, 343-58.
182. R. Barton, 'Haast and the moa: reversing the tyranny of distance', Pacific Science (2000), 54, 251-63; J. Endersby, 'A garden enclosed: botanical barter in Sydney, 1818-1839', BJHS (2000), 33, 313-34; J. Endersby, '"From having no Herbarium". Local knowledge vs. metropolitan expertise: Joseph Hooker's Australasian correspondence with William Colenso and Ronald Gunn', Pacific Science (2001), 55, 343-58.
183. For curators associated with the collections encountered above see, for example, Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3); J. W. Jackson, 'Biography of Captain Thomas Brown (1785-1862), a former curator of the Manchester Museum', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1943-5), 86, 1-28; D. A. Robson, 'Geologists', in A History of Naturalists in North East England (ed. A. G. Lunn), Newcastle, 1983, 11-19; W. M. Tattersall, 'Dr William Evans Hoyle (1855-1926)', North Western Naturalist (1926), 1, 89-90; W. C. Williamson, Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist (ed. A. C. Williamson), London, 1896.
184. For curators associated with the collections encountered above see, for example, Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3); J. W. Jackson, 'Biography of Captain Thomas Brown (1785-1862), a former curator of the Manchester Museum', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1943-5), 86, 1-28; D. A. Robson, 'Geologists', in A History of Naturalists in North East England (ed. A. G. Lunn), Newcastle, 1983, 11-19; W. M. Tattersall, 'Dr William Evans Hoyle (1855-1926)', North Western Naturalist (1926), 1, 89-90; W. C. Williamson, Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist (ed. A. C. Williamson), London, 1896.
185. For curators associated with the collections encountered above see, for example, Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3); J. W. Jackson, 'Biography of Captain Thomas Brown (1785-1862), a former curator of the Manchester Museum', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1943-5), 86, 1-28; D. A. Robson, 'Geologists', in A History of Naturalists in North East England (ed. A. G. Lunn), Newcastle, 1983, 11-19; W. M. Tattersall, 'Dr William Evans Hoyle (1855-1926)', North Western Naturalist (1926), 1, 89-90; W. C. Williamson, Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist (ed. A. C. Williamson), London, 1896.
186. For curators associated with the collections encountered above see, for example, Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3); J. W. Jackson, 'Biography of Captain Thomas Brown (1785-1862), a former curator of the Manchester Museum', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1943-5), 86, 1-28; D. A. Robson, 'Geologists', in A History of Naturalists in North East England (ed. A. G. Lunn), Newcastle, 1983, 11-19; W. M. Tattersall, 'Dr William Evans Hoyle (1855-1926)', North Western Naturalist (1926), 1, 89-90; W. C. Williamson, Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist (ed. A. C. Williamson), London, 1896.
187. For curators associated with the collections encountered above see, for example, Brears and Davies, op. cit. (3); J. W. Jackson, 'Biography of Captain Thomas Brown (1785-1862), a former curator of the Manchester Museum', Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (1943-5), 86, 1-28; D. A. Robson, 'Geologists', in A History of Naturalists in North East England (ed. A. G. Lunn), Newcastle, 1983, 11-19; W. M. Tattersall, 'Dr William Evans Hoyle (1855-1926)', North Western Naturalist (1926), 1, 89-90; W. C. Williamson, Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist (ed. A. C. Williamson), London, 1896.
188. E. Hooper-Greenhill, Museums and Their Visitors, London, 1994; K. Hudson, A Social History of Museums: What the Visitors Thought, London, 1975; Carroll, op. cit. (22); K. Hill, '"Roughs of both sexes": the working class in Victorian museums and art galleries', in Identities in Space: Contested Terrains in the Western City Since 1850 (ed. S. Gunn and R. J. Morris), Aldershot, 2001, 190-203.
189. E. Hooper-Greenhill, Museums and Their Visitors, London, 1994; K. Hudson, A Social History of Museums: What the Visitors Thought, London, 1975; Carroll, op. cit. (22); K. Hill, '"Roughs of both sexes": the working class in Victorian museums and art galleries', in Identities in Space: Contested Terrains in the Western City Since 1850 (ed. S. Gunn and R. J. Morris), Aldershot, 2001, 190-203.
190. E. Hooper-Greenhill, Museums and Their Visitors, London, 1994; K. Hudson, A Social History of Museums: What the Visitors Thought, London, 1975; Carroll, op. cit. (22); K. Hill, '"Roughs of both sexes": the working class in Victorian museums and art galleries', in Identities in Space: Contested Terrains in the Western City Since 1850 (ed. S. Gunn and R. J. Morris), Aldershot, 2001, 190-203.
191. E. Hooper-Greenhill, Museums and Their Visitors, London, 1994; K. Hudson, A Social History of Museums: What the Visitors Thought, London, 1975; Carroll, op. cit. (22); K. Hill, '"Roughs of both sexes": the working class in Victorian museums and art galleries', in Identities in Space: Contested Terrains in the Western City Since 1850 (ed. S. Gunn and R. J. Morris), Aldershot, 2001, 190-203.
192. B. V. Lightman, 'Marketing knowledge for the general reader: Victorian popularizers of science', Endeavour (2000), 24, 100-6, 101; B. V. Lightman, 'The visual theology of Victorian popularizers of science: from reverent eye to chemical retina', Isis (2000), 91, 651-80; J. Tucker, 'Photography as witness, detective and imposter: visual representation in Victorian science', in Victorian Science in Context (ed. B. V. Lightman), Chicago, 1997, 378-408; R. Cooter and S. Pumfrey, 'Separate spheres and public places: reflections on the history of science popularization and science in popular culture', History of Science (1994), 32, 237-67.
193. B. V. Lightman, 'Marketing knowledge for the general reader: Victorian popularizers of science', Endeavour (2000), 24, 100-6, 101; B. V. Lightman, 'The visual theology of Victorian popularizers of science: from reverent eye to chemical retina', Isis (2000), 91, 651-80; J. Tucker, 'Photography as witness, detective and imposter: visual representation in Victorian science', in Victorian Science in Context (ed. B. V. Lightman), Chicago, 1997, 378-408; R. Cooter and S. Pumfrey, 'Separate spheres and public places: reflections on the history of science popularization and science in popular culture', History of Science (1994), 32, 237-67.
194. B. V. Lightman, 'Marketing knowledge for the general reader: Victorian popularizers of science', Endeavour (2000), 24, 100-6, 101; B. V. Lightman, 'The visual theology of Victorian popularizers of science: from reverent eye to chemical retina', Isis (2000), 91, 651-80; J. Tucker, 'Photography as witness, detective and imposter: visual representation in Victorian science', in Victorian Science in Context (ed. B. V. Lightman), Chicago, 1997, 378-408; R. Cooter and S. Pumfrey, 'Separate spheres and public places: reflections on the history of science popularization and science in popular culture', History of Science (1994), 32, 237-67.
195. B. V. Lightman, 'Marketing knowledge for the general reader: Victorian popularizers of science', Endeavour (2000), 24, 100-6, 101; B. V. Lightman, 'The visual theology of Victorian popularizers of science: from reverent eye to chemical retina', Isis (2000), 91, 651-80; J. Tucker, 'Photography as witness, detective and imposter: visual representation in Victorian science', in Victorian Science in Context (ed. B. V. Lightman), Chicago, 1997, 378-408; R. Cooter and S. Pumfrey, 'Separate spheres and public places: reflections on the history of science popularization and science in popular culture', History of Science (1994), 32, 237-67.