The health‐related effects of alcohol use in older persons: A systematic review

Substance Abuse

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 149-164

  Concato, John ^a,b   Reid, M Carrington ^a,b   O'Connor, Patrick G ^b   Cadariu, Arina ^b   Boutros, Nashaat N ^b  

^a VA CONNECTICUT HEALTHCARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Aged; Alcohol; Health related effects

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL;

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISABILITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELDERLY CARE; FALLING; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HUMAN; INJURY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; QUALITY CONTROL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; STANDARD; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; HEALTH STATUS; MIDDLE AGED;

AGED; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED;

EID: 0036728522     PISSN: 08897077     EISSN: 15470164     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08897070209511485     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Institute for Health Policy, Brandeis University: Substance Abuse: The Nation's Number One Health Problem: Key Indicators for Policy. Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation; 1993:1-68
2. Hingson R, Howland J: Alcohol as a risk factor for injury or death resulting from accidental falls: A review of the literature. J Stud Alcohol 1987; 48:212-219
3. Honkanen R, Ertama L, Kuosmanen P, Linnoila M, Alha A, Visuri T: The role of alcohol in accidental falls. J Stud Alcohol 1983; 44:231-245
4. Rich EC, Siebold C, Campian B: Alcohol-related atrial fibrillation. A case-control study and review of 40 patients. Arch Int Med 1985; 145:830-833
5. Urbano-Marquez A, Estruch R, Navarro-Lopez F, Grau JM, Mont L, Rubin E: The effects of alcoholism on skeletal and cardiac muscle. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:409-415
6. Kiyohara U, Kato I, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Fujiishima M: The impact of alcohol and hypertension on stroke incidence in a general Japanese population. Stroke 1995; 26:368-372
7. Diamond I, Messing R: Neurologic effects of alcoholism. West J Med 1994; 161 279-287
8. Decker J, Goldstein J: Risk factors for head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:1151-1155
9. Longnecker MP: Alcohol consumption and the risk of cancer in humans: An overview. Alcohol 1995; 12:87-96
10. Kelly JP, Kaufman DW, Koff RS, Laszlo A, Wiholm BE, Shapiro S: Alcohol consumption and the risk of major gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:1058-1064
11. Becker U, Deis A, Sorensen TI, Gronbaek M, Borch-Johnsen K, Muller CF, Schnohr P, Jensen G: Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex, and age: A prospective population study. Hepatology 1996; 23:1025-1029
12. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB: Alcohol and mortality. A ten-year Kaiser Permanente experience. Ann Int Med 1981; 95:139-145
13. Camacho TC, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD: Alcohol consumption and mortality in Alameda county. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40:229-236
14. Boffetta P, Garfinkel L: Alcohol drinking and mortality among men enrolled in an Amercian Cancer Society prospective study. Epidemiol 1990; 1:342-348
15. Gambert SR: Substance abuse in the elderly. In: Lowinson JH, Ruiz P, Millman RB, Langrod JG, eds. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1992:843-851
16. American Medical Association: Alcoholism in the Elderly: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. Guidelines for Primary Care Physicians. Chicago, IL: Department of Geriatric Health, American Medical Association; 1995
17. Beresford TP, Lucey MR: Ethanol metabolism and intoxication in the elderly. In: Beresford TP, Gomberg E, eds. Alcohol and Aging. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995:117-127
18. Sherlock S: Nutrition and the alcoholic Lancet 1984; 1:436-438
19. Romero JC, Snatolaria F, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Diaz-Flores L, Conde A, Rodriguez-Moreno F, Batista N: Chronic alcoholic myopathy and nutritional status. Alcohol 1994; 11:549-555
20. Victor M, Adams RC, Collins GH: The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Related Neurological Disorders Due to Alcoholism and Malnutrition. Philadelphia: Davis; 1989
21. Wilk AI, Jensen NM, Havighurst TC: Meta-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief interventions in heavy alcohol drinkers. J Gen Int Med 1997; 12:274-283
22. Fleming MF, Barry KL, Manwell LB, Johnson K, London R: Brief physician advice for problem alcohol drinkers. A randomized controlled clinical trial in community-based primary care practices. JAMA 1997; 277:1039-1045
23. Whealan G: Alcohol-related health problems in the elderly. Med J Aust 1995; 162:325-327
24. Gambert SR: Alcohol abuse: Medical effects of heavy drinking in late life. Geriatrics 1997; 5230-37
25. Smith JW: Medical manifestations of alcoholism in the elderly. Int J Addn 1995; 30:1749-1798
26. Grisso JA, Kelsey JL, Strom BL, O'Brien LA, Maislin G, LaPann K, Samelson L, Hoffman S, and the Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group: Risk factors for hip fracture in black women. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1555-1559
27. Lau E, Donnan S, Barker DJP, Cooper C: Physical activity and calcium intake in fracture of the proximal femur in Hong Kong. BMJ 1988; 297:1441-1443
28. Malmivaara A, Heliovaara M, Knekt P, Reunanen A, Aromaa A: Risk factors for injurious falls leading to hospitalization or death in a cohort of 19, 500 adults. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 138 384-394
29. Jacqmin-Gadda H, Fourrier A, Commenges D, Dartigues JF: Risk factors for fractures in the elderly. Epidemiol 1988; 9:417-423
30. Sheahan SL, Coons SJ, Robbins CA, Martin SS, Hendricks J, Larimer M: Psychoactive medication, alcohol use, and falls among older adults. J Behav Med 1995; 18:127-140
31. Prudham D, Evans JG: Factors associated with falls in the elderly: A community survey. Age Ageing. 1981; 10:141-146
32. Turner LW, Wang MQ, Fu Q: Risk factors for hip fracture among southern older women. South Med J 1998; 91:533-540
33. Iliffe S, Haines A, Booroff A, Goldenberg E, Morgan P, Gallivan S: Alcohol consumption by elderly people: A general practice survey. Age Ageing 1991; 20:120-123
34. Lord SR, Ward JA, Willilams P, Anstey KJ: An epidemiological study of falls in older communitydwelling women: The Randwick falls and fracture study. Aust J Pub Health 1993; 17:240-254
35. Nelson DE, Sattin RW, Langlois JA, DeVito CA, Stevens JA: Alcohol as a risk factor for fall injury events among elderly persons living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40:658-661.
36. Grisso JA, Kelsey JL, Strom BL, Chiu GY, Maislin G, O'Brien LA, Hoffman S, Kaplan F, and the Northeast Hip Fracture Study Group: Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fractures in women. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1326-1331
37. Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Gerkins VR, Henderson BE, Arthur M, Mack TM: Menopausal estrogen therapy and hip fractures. Ann Int Med 1981; 95:28-31
38. Elliot JR, Hanger HC, Gilchrist NL, Frampton C, Turner JG, Sainsbury R, Gillespie WJ: A comparison of elderly patient with proximal femoral fractures and a normal elderly population: A case control study. NZ Med J 1992; 105:420-422
39. Petridou E, Polychronopoulo A, Dounis E, Tsampira P, Revinthi K, Trichopoulos D: Risk factors for injuries among the elderly in Greece. Accid Anal Prev 1996; 28:333-338
40. Cumming RG, Klineberg RJ: Case-control study of risk factors for hip fractures in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 139:493-503
41. Kreiger N, Gross A, Hunter G: Dietary factors and fracture in postmenopausal women: A casecontrol study. Int J Epidemiol 1992; 21:953-958
42. Suzuki T, Hashimoto T, Yoshimura N, Fujiwara S, Fukunaga M, Nakamura T, et al: Case-control study of risk factors for hip fractures in the Japanese elderly by a Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study (MEDOS) questionnaire. Bone 1997; 21:461-467
43. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF: Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1988; 319:1701-1707
44. Felson DT, Kiel DP, Anderson JJ, Kannel WB: Alcohol consumption and hip fractures: The Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:1102-1110
45. Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, Stone K, Fox KM, Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Black D, Vogt TM for the Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group: Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:767-773
46. Langlois JA, Harris T, Looker AC, Madans J: Weight change between age 50 years and old age is associated with risk of hip fracture in white women aged 67 years and older. Arch Int Med 1996; 156:989-994
47. Tinetti ME, Doucette J, Claus E, Marottoli R: Risk factors for serious injury during falls by older persons in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995; 43:1214-1221
48. Nevitt MC, Cummings DR, Kidd S, Black D: Risk factors for nonsyncopal falls. A prospective study. JAMA 1989; 261:2663-2668
49. Perry BC: Falls among the elderly living in high-rise apartments. J Fam Prac 1982; 14:1069-1073
50. Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF: Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol 1989; 44:M112-M117
51. O'Loughlin JL, Robitaille Y, Boivin JF, Suissa S: Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:342-354
52. Mellstrom D, Rundgren A, Svanborg A: Previous alcohol consumption and its consequences for ageing: Morbidity and mortality in men aged 70-75. Age Ageing 1981; 10:277-286
53. Hendrie HC, Gao S, Hall KS, Hui SL, Unverzagt FW: The relationship between alcohol consumption, cognitive performance, and daily functioning in an urban sample of older black Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1158-1165
54. Leveille SG, LaCroix AZ, Hecht JA, Grothaus LC, Wagner EH: The cost of disability in older women and opportunities for prevention. J Women's Health 1992; 1:53-61
55. Colsher PL, Wallace RB: Elderly men with histories of heavy drinking: Correlates and consequences. J Stud Alcohol 1990; 51:528-535
56. LaCroix AZ, Guralnik JM, Berkman LF, Wallace RB, Satterfield S: Maintaining mobility in late life. II. Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:858-869
57. Ensrud KE, Nevitt MC, Yunis C, Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Fox KM, Cummings SR: Correlates of impaired function in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994; 42:481-489
58. Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Boschi F, Cicognani A, Bernardi M, Pratelli L, Pizzoferrato A, Porcu S, Gasbarrini G: Determinants of functional status in healthy Italian nonagenarians and centenarians: A comprehensive functional assessment by the instruments of geriatric practice. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:1196-1202
59. Nelson HD, Nevitt C, Scott JC, Stone KL, Cummings SR: Smoking, alcohol, and neuromuscular and physical function of older women. JAMA 1994; 272:1825-1831
60. Oslin DW, Streim JE, Parmelee P, Boyce AA, Katz IR: Alcohol abuse: A source of reversible functional disability among residents of a VA nursing home. Int J Geriat Psychiatry 1997; 12:825-832
61. Guralnik JM, Kaplan GA: Predictors of healthy aging: Prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Public Health 1989; 79:703-708
62. Branch LG: Health practices and incident disability among the elderly. Am J Public Health 1985; 75:1436-1439
63. Geroldi C, Rozzini R, Frisoni GB, Trabucchi M: Assessment of alcohol consumption and alcoholism in the elderly. Alcohol 1994; 11:513-516
64. Lammi UK, Kivela SL, Nissinen A, Pekkanen J, Punsar S: Functional capacity and associated factors in elderly Finnish men. Scand J Soc Med 1989; 17:67-75
65. Lindsay J, Hebert R, Rockwood K: The Canadian study of health and aging: Risk factors for vascular dementia. Stroke 1997; 28:526-530
66. Fratiglioni L, Ahlborn A, Viitanen M, Winblad B: Risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease: A population-based case-control study. Ann Neurol 1993; 33:258-266
67. Saunders PA, Copeland JRM, Dewey ME, Davidson 1A, McWilliam C, Sharma V, Sullivan C: Heavy drinking as a risk factor for depression and dementia in elderly men. Findings from the Liverpool Community Study. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:213-216
68. Christian JC, Reed T, Carmelli D, Page WF, Woron JA, Breitner JCS: Self-reported alcohol intake and cognition in aging twins. J Stud Alcohol 1995; 56:414-416
69. Yoshitake T, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Ohmura T, Iwamoto H, Nakayama K, Ohmori S, Momiyama K, Kawano H, Ueda K, Sueishi K, Tsuneyoshi M, Fujishima M: Incidence and risk factors of vascular dementia and Alzhemer's disease in a defined elderly Japanese population: The Hisayama Study. Neurology 1995; 45:1161-1168
70. Teri L, Hughes JP, Larson EB: Cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer disease: Behavioral and health factors. J Gerontol 1990; 45:P58-P63
71. Mangione CM, Seddon JM, Cook EF, Krug JH, Sahagian CR, Campion EW, Glynn RJ: Correlates of cognitive function scores in elderly outpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41:491-497
72. Scherr PA, Albert MS, Funkenstein HH, Cook NR, Hennekens CH, Branch LG, White LR, Taylor JO, Evans DA: Correlates of cognitive function in an elderly community population. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128:1084-1101
73. Goodwin JS, Sanchez CJ, Thomas P, Hunt C Garry PJ, Goodwin JM: Alcohol intake in a healthy elderly population. Am J Public Health 1987; 77:173-177
74. Letenneur L, Dartigues JF, Orgogozo JM: Wine consumption in the elderly. Ann Int Med 1993; 118:317-318
75. Cattin L, Bordin P, Fonda M, Adamo C, Barbone F, Bovenzi M, Manto A, Pedone C, Pahor M: Factors associated with cognitive impairment among older Italian inpatients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:1324-1330
76. Gorelick PB, Brody J, Cohen D, Freels S, Levy P, Doliear W, Forman H, Harris Y: Risk factors for dementia associated with multiple cerebral infarcts. A case-control analysis in predominantly African-American hospital-based patients. Arch Neurol 1993; 50:714-720
77. Tsolaki M, Fountoulakis K, Chantzi E, Kazis A: Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: A case-control study of a Greek population. Int Psychogeriatr 1997; 9:327-341
78. Canadian Study of Health and Aging: The Canadian study of health and aging: Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Canada. Neurology 1994; 44:2073-2080
79. Ueda K, Kawano H, Hasuo Y, Fujishima M: Prevalence and etiology of dementia in a Japanese community. Stroke 1992; 23:798-803
80. French LR, Schuman LM, Mortimer JA, Hutton JT, Boatman RA, Christians B: A case-control study of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121:414-421
81. Broe GA, Henderson AS, Creasey H, McCusker E, Korten AE, Jorm AF, Longley W, Anthony JC: A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease in Australia. Neurology 1990; 40:1698-1707
82. Graves AB, White E, Koepsell TD, Reifler BV, vanBelle G, Larson EB, Raskind M: A case-control study of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 28:766-774
83. Amaducci LA, Fratiglioni L, Rocca WA, Fieschi C, Livrea P, Pedone D, Bracco L, Lippi A, Gandolfo C, Bino G, Prencipe M, Bonatti ML, Girotti F, Carela F, Tavolato B, Ferla S, Lenzi GL, Carolei A, Gambi A, Grigoletto F, Schoenberg BS: Risk factors for clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease: A case-control study of an Italian population. Neurology 1986; 36:922-931
84. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, Albert MS, Rosner B, Taylor JO, Evans DA: Relation of smoking and low-to-moderate alcohol consumption to change in cognitive function: A longitudinal study in a defined community of older persons. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137:881-891
85. Launer LJ, Feskens EJM, Kromhout D: Smoking, drinking, and thinking: The Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Epidemiol 1996; 143:219-227
86. Dent OF, Sulway MR, Broe GA, Creasey H, Kos SC, Jorm AF, Tennant C, Fairley MJ: Alcohol consumption and cognitive performance in a random sample of Australian soldiers who served in the second world war. BMJ 1997; 314:1655-1657
87. Orgogozo JM, Dartigues JF, Lafont S, Letenneur L, Commenges D, Salamon R, Renaud R, Breteler MB: Wine consumption and dementia in the elderly: A prospective community study in the Bordeaux area. Rev Neurol 1997; 153:185-192
88. Lammi UK, Kivela SL, Nissinen A, Punsar S, Puska P, Karvonen M: Mental disability among elderly men in Finland: Prevalence, predictors, and correlates. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 80:459-468
89. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, Chown MJ, Evans DA: Relation of smoking and alcohol consumption to incident Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135:347-355
90. Rosen J, Colantonio A, Becker JT, Lopez OL, DeKosky ST, Moss HB: Effects of a history of heavy alcohol consumption on Alzheimer's disease. Br J Psychiatr 1993; 163:358-363
91. Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A: Sex differences in the association between alcohol consumption and cognitive performance. Am J Epidemiol 1997; 146:405-412
92. Davis MA, Neuhaus JM, Moritz DJ, Lein D, Barclay JD, Murphy SP: Health behaviors and survival among middle-aged and older men and women in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Prev Med 1994; 23:369-376
93. Scherr PA, LaCroix AZ, Wallace RB, Berkman L, Curb JD, Cornoni-Huntley J, Evans DA, Hennekens CH: Light to moderate alcohol consumption and mortality in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992; 40:651-657
94. Doll R, Peto R, Hall E, Wheatley K, Gray R: Mortality in relation to consumption of alcohol: 13 years' observations on male British doctors. BMJ 1994; 309:911-918
95. Kaplan GA, Seeman TE, Cohen RD, Knudsen LP, Guralnik J: Mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study: Behavioral and demographic risk factors. Am J Public Health 1987; 77:307-312
96. Goldberg RJ, Burchfiel CM, Reed DM, Wergowske G, Chiu D: A prospective study of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. Circulation 1994; 89:651-659
97. Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Giovannucci EL, Manson JE, Kawachi I, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, Hennekens CH, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Willett WC: Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1245-1250
98. Klatsky AL, Armstrong AA, Friedman GD: Alcohol and mortality. Ann Int Med 1992; 117:646-654
99. Serdula MK, Koong SL, Williamson DF, Anda RF, Madans JH, Kleinman JC, Byers T. Alcohol intake and subsequent mortality: Findings from the NHANES I follow-up study. J Stud Alcohol 1995; 56:233-239
100. Branch LG, Jette AM: Personal health practices and mortality among the elderly. Am J Public Health 1984; 74:1126-1129
101. Colditz GA, Branch LG, Lipnick RJ, Willett WC, Rosner B, Posner B, Posner B, Hennekens CH: Moderate alcohol and decreased cardiovascular mortality in an elderly cohort. Am Heart J 1985; 109:886-889
102. Rehm J, Fichter MM, Elton M: Effects on mortality of alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity, and close personal relationships. Addiction 1993; 88:101-112
103. Rehm J, Sempos CT: Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. Addiction 1995; 90:471-480
104. Kivela SL, Nissinen A, Ketola A, Punsar S, Puska P, Karvonen M: Alcohol consumption and mortality in aging or aged Finnish men. J Clin Epidemiol 1989; 42:61-68
105. Delabry LO, Glynn RJ, Levenson MR, Hermos JA, LoCastro JS, Vokonas PS: Alcohol consumption and mortality in an American male population: Recovering the U-shaped curve-findings from the Normative Aging Study. J Stud Alcohol 1992; 53:25-32
106. Fried LP, Kronmal RA, Newman AB, Bild DE, Mittelmark MB, Polak JF, Robbins JA, Gardin JM: Risk factors for 5-year mortality in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. JAMA 1998; 279:585-592
107. Thun MJ, Peto R, Lopez AD, Monaco JH, Henley SJ, Heath CW, Doll R: Alcohol consumption and mortality among middle-aged and elderly US adults. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1705-1714
108. Simons LA, McCallum J, Friedlander Y, Simons J: Alcohol intake and survival in the elderly: A 77 month follow-up in the Dubbo study. Aust NZ Med J 1996; 26:662-670
109. Ruigomez A, Alonso J, Anto JM: Relationship of health behaviors to five-year mortality in an elderly cohort. Age Ageing 1995; 24:113-119
110. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: Assessing Alcohol Problems. A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC. Treatment Handbook Series 4. NIH Publ No. 95-3745; 1995
111. Longnecker MP, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK: Lifetime alcohol consumption and breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women in Los Angeles. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev 1995; 4:721-725
112. Sanwan N, Damesyn M, Reuben D, Greendal G, Moore A: Lifetime alcohol use and alcohol-related conditions in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997; 45:A17
113. Rehm J, Ashley MJ, Room R, Single E, Bondy S, Ferrence R, Giesbrecht N: On the emerging paradigm of drinking patterns and their social and health consequences. Addiction 1996; 91:1615-1621
114. Bondy SJ: Overview of studies on drinking patterns and consequences. Addiction 1996; 91:1663-1674
115. Graham K: Identifying and measuring alcohol abuse among the elderly. Serious problems with existing instrumentation. J Stud Alcohol 1986; 47:322-326
116. Sobell LC, Cellucci T, Nirenberg TD, Sobell MB: Do quantity-frequency data underestimate drinking-related health risks? Am J Public Health 1982; 72:823-828
117. McKim WA, Quinlan LT: Changes in alcohol consumption with age. Can J Publ Health 1991; 82:231-234
118. Molgaard CA, Nakamura CM, Stanford EP, Peddecord KM, Morton DJ: Prevalence of alcohol consumption among older persons. J Comm Health 1990; 15539-242
119. Obisesan TO, Hirsch R, Kosoko O, Carlson L, Parrott M: Moderate wine consumption is associated with decreased odds of developing age-related macular degeneration in NHANES-1. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998; 46:1-7
120. Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Havlik RJ, Carbonin P, Salive ME, Ferrucci L, Corti MC, Hennekens CH: Alcohol consumption and risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1996; 44:1030-1037