Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision: A subject review - A rebuttal, literature review, and commentary

Optometry

Volumn 73, Issue 9, 2002, Pages 553-575

  Bowan, Merrill D ^a,b  

^a Private Practice   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

AAO; AAP; AAPOS; Dyslexia; Learning disabilities; Perceptual therapy; Reading; Vision; Visual therapy

Indexed keywords

DYSLEXIA; HUMAN; LEARNING DISORDER; REVIEW; VISUAL DISORDER;

DYSLEXIA; HUMANS; LEARNING DISORDERS; VISION DISORDERS;

EID: 0036725531     PISSN: 15291839     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Committee on Children with Disabilities, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American Academy of Ophthalmology, and American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS). Learning Disabilities, Dyslexia And Vision: A Subject Review. Pediatrics 1998;102:1217-9.
2. [No authors listed] The eye and learning disabilities. Ped News 1972;1:63-6.
3. [No authors listed] American Academy of Ophthalmology: Policy Statement, Learning disabilities, dyslexia and vision, 1981. (Available in the Appendix of: Flax N, Mozlin R, Solan HA. Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1984;55:399-403).
4. Flax N. The eye and learning disabilities. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1972;43:612-7.
5. Flax N, Mozlin R, Solan HA. Learning disabilities, dyslexia and vision. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1984;55:399-403.
6. Everatt J, Bradshaw MF, Hibbard PB. Visual processing and dyslexia. Perception 1999;28:243-54.
7. Simons HD. An analysis of the role of vision anomalies in reading interference. Optom Vis Sci 1993;70:369-73.
8. Solan HA. Dyslexia and learning disabilities: an overview. Optom Vis Sci 1993;70:343-7.
9. [No authors listed] Vision, learning and dyslexia; A joint organizational policy statement. American Academy of Optometry, American Optometric Association. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:868-70. (Available at: http://www.aoanet.org/clincare/pediatrics-vision.asp. Last accessed 5/15/02.)
10. Friedenberg HL. A multidisciplinary evaluation of the child with a visually related learning disability. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1975;46:975-7.
11. [No authors listed] Position statement on optometric vision therapy. American Optometric Association, 1997.
12. Streff JW, Poynter HL, Jinks BJ, et al. Changes in achievement scores as a result of a joint optometry and education intervention program. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1990;61:475-81.
13. Rosner J. Reading readiness. In: Garzia RP, ed. Vision and reading. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc. 1998;49-69.
14. Griffin JR. Genetics of dyseidetic dyslexia. Optom Vis Sci 1992;69:148-51.
15. Adler-Grinberg D, Stark L. Eye movements, scanpaths, and dyslexia. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1978;55:557-70.
16. [No authors listed] Joint Statement on Vision Therapy. A joint organizational policy statement of the American Academy of Optometry and the American Optometric Association. 1999. (Available at: http://www.aoanet.org/clincare/issues-joint.asp. Last accessed 5/15/02.)
17. Grosvenor T. Are visual anomalies related to reading ability? J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1977;48:510-7.
18. McMonnies CW. Visuo-spatial discrimination and mirror image letter reversals in reading. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1992;63:698-704.
19. Lamm O, Epstein R. Are specific reading and writing difficulties causally connected with developmental spatial inability? Evidence from two cases of developmental agnosia and apraxia. Neuropsychologia 1992;30:459-69.
20. Stein JF, Riddell PM, Fowler MS. Fine binocular control in dyslexic children. Eye 1987;1:433-8.
21. Vernon MD. Variability in reading retardation. Br J Psychol 1979;70:7-16.
22. Stanley G, Kaplan I, Poole C. Cognitive and nonverbal perceptual processing in dyslexies. J Gen Psychol 1975;93:67-72.
23. Cano de Gomez A. [The child with learning problems]. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1975;32:1207-15.
24. Mattis T, French JH, Rapin I. Dylexia in children and young adults: three independent neuropsychological syndromes. Dev Med Child Neurol 1975;17:150-63.
25. Vellutino FR, Harding CJ, Phillips F, et al. Differential transfer in poor and normal readers. J Genet Psychol 1975;126:3-18.
26. Rosenfield AG. Integrational deficits in children with visual-perceptual-motor disabilities. Percept Mot Skills 1975;40:51-7.
27. Habib M. The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia: an overview and working hypothesis. Brain 2000;123:2373-99.
28. Vidyasagar TR, Pammer K. Impaired visual search in dyslexia relates to the role of the magnocellular pathway in attention. Neuroreport 1999;10:1283-7.
29. Eden GF, VanMeter JW, Rumsey JM, et al. The visual deficit theory of developmental dyslexia. Neuroimage 1996;4:S108-17.
30. Temple E, Poldrack RA, Salidis J, et al. Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study. Neuroreport 2001;12:299-307.
31. Cahill JE. The treatment of exotropia. Am Orthopt J 1960;10:113-7.
32. Altizer LB. The nonsurgical treatment of exotropia. Am Orthopt J 1972;22:71-6.
33. Coffey B, Wick B, Cotter S, et al. Treatment options in intermittent exotropia: a critical appraisal. Optom Vis Sci 1992;69:386-404.
34. Cooper EL, Leyman IA. The management of intermittent exotropia: a comparison of the results of surgical and nonsurgical treatment. Am Orthopt J 1977;27:61-7.
35. Cooper J, Medow N. Major review - Intermittent exotropia: basic and divergence excess type. Bin Vis Eye Muscle Surg 1993;8:185-216.
36. Chryssanthou G. Orthoptic management of intermittent exotropia. Am Orthopt J 1974;24:69-72.
37. Daum KM. Equal exodeviations: Characteristics and results of treatment with orthoptics. Aust J Optom 1984;67:53-9.
38. Frantz KA. The importance of multiple treatment modalities in a case of divergence excess. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1990;61:457-62.
39. Goldrich SG. Optometric therapy of divergence excess strabismus. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1980;57:7-14.
40. Etting GL. Strabismus therapy in private practice: Cure rates after three months of therapy. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1978;49:1367-73.
41. Flax N, Duckman RH. Orthoptic treatment of strabismus. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1978;49:1353-61.
42. Garriott RS, Heyman CL, Rouse MW. Case report: role of optometric vision therapy for surgically treated strabismus patients. Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:179-84.
43. Krumholtz I, FitzGerald DE. Outcome indicators in a strabismic sample treated by vision therapy. J Behav Optom 1999;10:143-6.
44. Ludlam WM. Orthoptic treatment of strabismus. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1961;38:369-88.
45. Ludlam WM, Kleinman BI. The long range results of orthoptic treatment of strabismus. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1965;42:647-84.
46. Selenow A, Ciuffreda KJ. Vision function recovery during orthoptic therapy in an adult esotropic amblyope. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1986;57:132-40.
47. Ziegler D, Huff D, Rouse MW. Success in strabismus therapy. A literature review. J AM OPTOM ASSOC 1982;53:979-83.
48. Leisman G. Aetiological factors in dyslexia: III. Ocularmotor factors in visual perceptual response efficiency. Percept Mot Skills 1978;47(2):675-8.
49. Leisman G, Ashkenazi M, Sprung L, et al. Aetiological factors in dyslexia: II. Ocular-motor programming. Percept Mot Skills 1978;47(2):667-72.
50. Bishop DV, Jancey C, Steel AM. Orthoptic status and reading disability. Cortex 1979;15(4):659-66.
51. Lang J. [Treatment of dyslexia with occlusion or prisms]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1992;200(5):596-8.
52. Bishop DV. Unfixed reference, monocular occlusion, and developmental dyslexia - a critique. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73(3):209-15.
53. Mohindra I, Scheiman MM, Scheiman MT. Fixation disparity and learning disabilities. Br J Physiol Opt 1975;30(2-4):128-31.
54. Miller SR, Sabatino DA, Miller TL. Influence of training in visual perceptual discrimination on drawings by children. Percept Mot Skills 1977;44(2):479-87.
55. Gerber MJ, White DR. Verbal factors in visual recognition memory of poor readers. Percept Mot Skills 1983;57(3 Pt 1):851-7.
56. Vellutino FR, Smith H, Steger JA, et al. Reading disability: age differences and the perceptual-deficit hypothesis. Child Devel 1975;46(2):487-93.
57. [No authors listed]. Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Center for Evidence-Based Medicine. November 1998. [Available at: http://163.1.96.10/docs/levels.html. Last accessed 5/15/02.]
58. [No authors listed]. Clinical practice guidelines for the care and treatment of breast cancer. CMAJ 1998;155(3). [Available at: http://minerva.minervation.com/cebm/docs/levels.html. Last accessed 9/12/02. Presently password protected.]
59. [No authors listed]. Levels of evidence for clinical decisions: menopausal hormone therapy revisited. U. of British Columbia. Therapeutic Initiative. June/July 1999. [Available at http://www.ti.ubc.ca/PDF/30.pdf in Adobe Acrobat format. Last accessed 5/15/02.]