A review of the pharmacological approach to the management of dental anxiety in children

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 347-354

  Folayan, M O ^a   Faponle, A ^a   Lamikanra, A ^a  

^a OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; DIAZEPAM; HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; INHALATION ANESTHETIC AGENT; KETAMINE; MIDAZOLAM; NARCOTIC AGENT; NITROUS OXIDE;

AROUSAL; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; DENTAL ANXIETY; DENTAL CARE; DRUG EFFECT; HANDICAPPED CHILD; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT;

ANESTHETICS, INHALATION; ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS; AROUSAL; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; CONSCIOUS SEDATION; DENTAL ANXIETY; DENTAL CARE; DIAZEPAM; DISABLED CHILDREN; EXCITATORY AMINO ACID ANTAGONISTS; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; KETAMINE; MIDAZOLAM; NARCOTICS; NITROUS OXIDE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 0036719914     PISSN: 09607439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-263X.2002.03812.x     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Roelofse JA, Joubert JJ, Roelofse PG. A double blind randomised comparison of midazolam alone and midazolam combined with ketamine for sedation of pediatric dental patients. Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery 1996; 54: 838-844.
2. Nathan JE. Managing behaviour of precooperative children. Dental Clinics of North America 1995; 39 (4): 789-816.
3. Bamgboye PO. Management of the anxious paediatric dental patient. Nigerian Dental Journal 1985; 6 (1): 56-60.
4. Haas DA. Oral and inhalation conscious sedation. Dental Clinics of North America 1999 April; 43 (2): 341-359.
5. Bailenson G. Sedative management. In: Nowak AJ (ed.). Dentistry for the Handicapped Patient. St Louis: CV Mosby Co, 1976: 253-275.
6. Twersky RS. The pharmacology of anesthetics used for ambulatory surgery. ASA refresher course 1993: 159-175.
7. Hallonsten AL. Nitrous oxide - oxygen sedation in dentistry. Swedish Dental Journal 1982; 14: 5-44.
8. Nathan JE, Venham LL, Steward West M, Werboff J. The effects of nitrous oxide on anxious young pediatric patients across sequential visits: a double-blind study. Journal of Dentistry for Children 1988; 55 (3): 220-230.
9. Veerkamp JST, vanAmerongen WF, Hoogstraten J, Groen HJ. Dental treatment of fearful children using nitrous oxide: Part 1: Treatment times. Journal of Dentistry for Children 1991; 58: 453-457.
10. Veerkamp JST, Grythuysen RJM, vanAmerongen VF, Hoogstraten J. Dental treatment of fearful children using nitrous oxide. Part 2: The parents' point of view. Journal of Dentistry for Children 1992; 59: 115-119.
11. Klingberg G. Dental fear and behaviour management problems in children. Swedish Dental Journal 1995 (Supplement); 103: 1-78.
12. Thompson JM, Neave N, Moss MC, Scholey AB, Wesnes K, Girdler NM. Cognitive properties of sedation agents: comparison of the effects of nitrous oxide and midazolam on memory and mood. British Dental Journal 1999; 187 (10): 557-562.
13. Nathan JE. Nitrous oxide and the management of fear and anxiety in children. In: Movetti R, Ayer WA (eds). The President's Conference on the Dentist-Patient Relationship and the Management of Fear, Anxiety and Pain. Chicago: American Dental Association, 1983: 48-55.
14. Nathan JE, Venham LL, Gaulin-Kremer E. Reduction of childhood dental anxiety with nitrous oxide: a literature review. Journal of the American Analgesia Society 1987; 21: 9-17.
15. Verwest TM, Primosh RE, Courts FJ. Variables influencing haemoglobin oxygen desaturation in children during routine restorative dentistry. Pediatric Dentistry 1993; 15: 25-29.
16. Donaldson D, Meechan JG. The hazard of chronic exposure to nitrous oxide: an update. British Dental Journal 1995; 178: 95-100.
17. Stach DJ. Nitrous oxide sedation: understanding the benefits and risks. American Dental Journal 1995; 8: 47-50.
18. Handerson KA, Matthew IP. Environmental monitoring of nitrous oxide during anaesthesia. British Dental Journal 2000; 188: 617-619.
19. Henderson BN, Triplett G, Gage TW. Anxiolytic therapy: oral and intravenous sedation. Dental Clinics of North America 1994; 38: 603-617.
20. Aitkenhead AR, Smith G. Drugs used to supplement anaesthesia. In: Textbook of Anaesthesia, 2nd edn. Great Britain: Churchill Livingstone, 1992: 203.
21. Barckey JK, MacD, Hunter K, McMilan W. Midazolam and diazepam compared as sedatives for outpatient surgery under local analgesia. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 1985; 59: 349-355.
22. Clark MS, Silverstone LM, Coke JM, Hicks J. Midazolam, diazepam and placebo intake as intravenous sedatives for dental surgery. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 1987; 63: 127-131.
23. Auil B, Cornejo G, Gallardo F. Flunitrazepam and diazepam compared as sedatives in children. Journal of Dentistry for Children 1983; 50: 442-444.
24. Gallardo F, Cornejo G, Auil B. Premedication with Flunitrazepam, diazepam and placebo in the apprehensive child. Journal of Dentistry for Children 1984; 51: 208-210.
25. Lindsay SJE, Yates JA. The effectiveness of oral diazepam in anxious child dental patient. British Dental Journal 1985; 159: 149-153.
26. Randall LO. Pharmacological and clinical studies on valium, a new psychotheurapeutic agent of the benzodiazepine class. Current Theurapeutic Research 1961; 3: 405-408.
27. Yanase H. Effects of orally administered diazepam for sedation. Journal of Dental Science 1993; 31: 393-408.
28. Yanase H, Braham RL, Fukuta O, Kurosu K. A study of the sedative effect of home administered oral diazepam for the dental treatment of children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 1996; 6 (1): 13-17.
29. Ashton H. Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepine: When and when not to use. Drugs 1994; 48: 25-40.
30. Patterson KW, Kasey PB, Murray JP et al. Propofol sedation for outpatient upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: comparison with midazolam British Journal of Anaesthesiology 1991; 67: 108.
31. Taylor E, Ghouri F, White PF. Midazolam in combination with propofol for sedation during local anaesthesia. Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology 1992; 4: 13.
32. Wilton NCT, David JC, Rosen R, Pandit UA. Preanesthetic sedation of preschool children using intranasal midazolam. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 972-975.
33. Lieblich SE. Comparison between intranasal and intravenous Midazolam sedation in a dental phobia clinic. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1994; 52: 844.
34. DeBoer AG, Deleede LGJ, Breimer DD. Drug absorption by sublingual and rectal routes British Journal of Anaesthesiology 1984; 56: 69-82.
35. Fukuta O, Breham RL, Yanase H, Kurosu K. The sedative effects of intranasal midazolam administration in the dental treatment of patients with mental disabilities part 2: optimal concentration of intranasal midazolam. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 1994; 18 (4): 259-265.
36. Henderson JM, Brodsky DA, Fisher DM, Brett CM, Hertzka RE. Pre-induction of anaesthesia in pediatric patients with nasally-administered suffentanil. Anaesthesiology 1988; 68: 671-675.
37. Fuks AZB, Kuufman E, Ram D, Hovav S, Shapira J. Assessment of two doses of intranasal midazolam for sedation of young pediatric dental patients. Paediatric Dentistry 1994; 16 (4): 301-305.
38. Bunz R, Gossler M. Intranasal premedication of young children using midazolam (Dormicum). Clinical experience. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1991; 74: 233.
39. Walbergh EJ, Wills RJ, Eckhert J. Plasma concentration of midazolam in children following intranasal administration. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 233-235.
40. Massanari M, Novitsky J, Reinstein LJ. Paradoxical reactions in children associated with Midazolam use during endoscopy. Clinical Paediatrics 1997; 36: 681-684.
41. Rodrigo CR. Flumazeni reverses paradoxical reaction with midazolam. Anaesthesia Progress 1991; 26: 65-68.
42. Honan VJ. Paradoxical reaction to midazolam and control with Flumazenil. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 1994; 40: 86-88.
43. Handerson BN, Triplett RG, Gage TM. Anxiolytic therapy: oral and intravenous sedation. Dental Clinics of North America 1994; 38 (4): 603-617.
44. Green SM, Johnson NE. Ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures. Part 2, review and implications. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1990; 19: 1033-1046.
45. Arzoz E, Santiago A, Esnal F, Palomero R. Endoscopic intracorpereal lithotripsy for sialolithiasis. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1996; 54: 847-850.
46. Morgensen F, Muller D, Valentine N. Glycopyrolate during ketamine/diazepam anesthesia: a double-blind comparison with atropine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1986; 30: 332-336.
47. Hass DA, Harper AG. Ketamine: a review of its use in ambulatory anaesthesia. Anesthesiology Progress 1992; 39: 61-68.
48. White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ. Ketamine-its pharmacology and theurapeutic uses. Anesthesiology 1992; 56: 119-136.
49. Lokken P, Bakstad OJ, Fonnelop E, Skogedal N, Hellsten KB, Jerkelund CE et al. Conscious sedation by rectal administration of midazolam plus ketamine as alternatives to general anaesthesia for dental treatment of uncooperative children. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 1994; 102 (5): 274-280.
50. Roelofse JA, Joubert JJ, Swart IC, Stander I, Roelofse PG. An evaluation of the effect of oral ketamine and standard oral premedication in the sedation of paediatric dental patients. Journal of the Dental Association of South Africa 1996; 5: 197-201.
51. Soyanwo OA, Amanor-Boadu SD, Adenipekun A, Sanusi AA, Akinyemi OA. Ketamine anaesthesia for young children undergoing radiotherapy. West African Journal of Medicine 2001; 20: 136-139.
52. Giovannitti JA. Regimens for pediatric sedation. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 1993; 14 (ii): 1002-1012.
53. Jastak JT, Pallasch T. Death after chloral hydrate sedation: report of a case. Journal of the American Dental Association 1998; 116: 345-348.
54. Haas DA, Nenniger SA, Yacobi R, Magathan JG, Grad HA, Copp PE, Charendoff MD. A pilot study of the efficacy of oral midazolam for sedation in pediatric dental patients. Anesthesiology Progress 1996; 43 (1): 1-8.