The FAMACHA© system for managing haemonchosis in sheep and goats by clinically identifying individual animals for treatment;Utilisation du système FAMACHA© pour gérer l'hémonchose chez le mouton et la chèvre par l'identification clinique des animaux nécessitant un traitement

Veterinary Research

Volumn 33, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 509-529

  Van Wyk, Jan A ^a   Bath, Gareth F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Anaemia; FAMACHA ; Goats; Haemonchosis; Individual animal treatment; Sheep

Indexed keywords

ANTHELMINTIC AGENT;

AGRICULTURAL WORKER; ANEMIA; ANIMAL CARE; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMAL PARASITOSIS; BODY CONSTITUTION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CONTROL STRATEGY; CONTROLLED STUDY; COST CONTROL; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; GENETIC SELECTION; GOAT; HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS; MALE; NONHUMAN; PARASITE CONTROL; PROGENY; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SCORING SYSTEM; SHEEP; SUMMER; TRICHOSTRONGYLOSIS; VETERINARY MEDICINE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG RESISTANCE; FECES; GOAT DISEASE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HAEMONCHUS; HEMATOCRIT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PARASITE IDENTIFICATION; PARASITOLOGY; SEASON; SHEEP DISEASE;

ANIMALIA;

ANEMIA; ANIMALS; ANTHELMINTICS; DRUG RESISTANCE; FECES; FEMALE; GOAT DISEASES; GOATS; HAEMONCHIASIS; HAEMONCHUS; HEMATOCRIT; MALE; PARASITE EGG COUNT; SEASONS; SHEEP; SHEEP DISEASES;

EID: 0036707638     PISSN: 09284249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2002036     Document Type: Review

References (38)

1. Albers G.A.A., Gray G.D., Piper L.R., Barker J.S.F., Le Jambre L.F., Barger I.A., The genetics of resistance and resilience to Haemonchus contortus infection in young Merino sheep, Int. J. Parasitol. 17 (1987) 1355-1363.
2. Barger I.A., The statistical distribution of trichostrongylid nematodes in grazing lambs, Int. J. Parasitol. 15 (1985) 645-649.
3. Bath G.F., Van Wyk J.A., Using the FAMACHA© system on commercial sheep farms in South Africa, Proceedings of the 5th International Sheep Veterinary Congress, 22-25 January 2001, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
4. Bath G.F., Malan F.S., Van Wyk J.A., The "FAMACHA©"' Ovine Anaemia Guide to assist with the control of haemonchosis, in: Proceedings of the 7th Annual Congress of the Livestock Health and Production Group ofthe South African Veterinary Association, Port Elizabeth, 5-7 June 1996, p. 5.
5. Bath G.F., Hansen J.W., Krecek R.C., Van Wyk J.A., Vatta A.F., Sustainable Approaches for Managing Haemonchosis in Sheep and Goats, Final Report of FAO Technical Cooperation Project No. TCP/SAF/8821 (A), 2001.
6. Besier R.B., Ecological selection for anthelmintic resistance: re-evaluation of sheep worm control programs, in: Van Wyk J.A., Van Schalkwyk P.C. (Eds.), Managing anthelmintic resistance in endoparasites, Workshop held at the 16th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, Sun City, South Africa, 10-15 August 1997, pp. 30-38.
7. Bisset S.A., Morris C.A., Feasibility and implications of breeding sheep for resilience to nematode challenge, Int. J. Parasitol. 26 (1996) 857-868.
8. Bisset S.A., Morris C.A., Squire D.R., Hickey S.M., Wheeler M., Genetics of resilience to nematode parasites in Romney sheep, New Zealand J. Agric. Res. 37 (1994) 521-534.
9. Bisset S.A., Van Wyk J.A., Bath G.F., Morris C.A., Stenson M.O., Malan F.S., Phenotypic and genetic relationships amongst FAMACHA© score, faecal egg count and performance data in Merino sheep exposed to Haemonchus contortus infection in South Africa, Proceedings of the 5th International Sheep Veterinary Congress, 22-25 January 2001, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
10. Cottle D.J. (Ed.), Australian Sheep and Wool Handbook, Inkata Press, Melbourne, 1991.
11. Gordon H.McL. Epidemiology of helminthosis in sheep, in: Refresher Course For Veterinarians, Proceedings No. 58, Refresher Course On Sheep, University of Sydney, Australia, 1981, pp. 551-566.
12. Hindson J.C., Winter A.C., Outline of Clinical Diagnosis in Sheep, Wright, London, 1990.
13. Jain N.C. (Ed.) Hematologic techniques, in: Schalm's Veterinary Haematology, 4th Edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, 1986, pp. 20-86.
14. Larsen J.W.A., Anderson N., Vizard A.L., Anderson G.A., Hoste H., Diarrhoea in Merino ewes during winter: association with trichostrongylid larvae, Aust. Vet. J. 71 (1994) 365-372.
15. Larsen J.W.A., Vizard A.L., Anderson N., Production losses in Merino ewes and financial penalties caused by trichostrongylid infections during winter and spring, Aust. Vet. J. 72 (1995) 58-60.
16. Malan F.S., Van Wyk J.A., The packed cell volume and colour of the conjunctivae as aids for monitoring Haemonchus contortus infestations in sheep, in: Anonymous, Proceedings of the South African Veterinary Association Biennial National Veterinary Congress, 7-10 Sept. 1992, Grahamstown, 1992, P139.
17. Malan F.S., Van Wyk J.A., Wessels C.D., Clinical evaluation of anaemia in sheep: early trials, in: Sustainable Worm Control Programmes for Sheep and Goats, FAO TCP Workshop, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, South Africa, 12-14 June 2000, pp. 34-39.
18. Malan F.S., Van Wyk J.A., Wessels C.D., Clinical evaluation of anaemia in sheep: early trials, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 68 (2001) 165-174.
19. Martin P.J., Le Jambre L.F., Claxton J.H., The impact of refugia in the development of thiabendazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus, Int. J. Parasitol. 11 (1981) 35-41.
20. Martin W.B., Aitken I.D., Diseases of Sheep, Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2000.
21. McKellar Q.A., Chemotherapy and delivery systems - helminths, Vet. Parasitol. 54 (1994) 249-258.
22. Rose J.H., Parasitic gastro-enteritis in cattle. Factors influencing the time of increase in worm population of pastures, Res. Vet. Sci. 11 (1970) 199-208.
23. Smith M.C., Sherman D.M., Goat Medicine, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1994.
24. Soll M.D., The future of anthelmintic therapy from an industry perspective, in: Van Wyk J.A., Van Schalkwyk P.C. (Eds.), Managing anthelmintic resistance in endoparasites, Workshop held at the 16th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, 10-15 August 1997, Sun City, South Africa, pp. 1-4.
25. Van Wyk J.A., Occurrence and dissemination of anthelmintic resistance in South Africa, and management of resistant worm strains, in: Boray J.C., Martin P.J., Roush R.T. (Eds.), Resistance of parasites to antiparasitic drugs, Round Table Conference held at the VIIth International Congress of Parasitology, Paris, August 1990, pp. 103-113.
26. Van Wyk J.A., Refugia - overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic resistance, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 68 (2001) 55-67.
27. Van Wyk J.A., Malan F.S., Resistance of field strains of Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin, closantel, rafoxanide and the benzimidazoles in South Africa, Vet. Rec. 123 (1988) 226-228.
28. Van Wyk J.A., Stenson M.O., Anthelmintic resistance rampant in South Africa, in: Proceedings of the 5th International Sheep Veterinary Congress, 22-25 January 2001, Cape Town, South Africa.
29. Van Wyk J.A., Malan F.S., Gerber H.M., Alves R.M.R., The problem of escalating resistance of Haemonchus contortus to the modern anthelmintics in South Africa, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 56 (1989) 41-49.
30. Van Wyk J.A., Malan F.S., Bath G.F., Rampant anthelmintic resistance in sheep in South Africa - what are the options? in: Van Wyk J.A., Van Schalkwyk P.C., Managing Anthelmintic Resistance in Endoparasites. Workshop held at the 16th International Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, 10-15 August 1997, Sun City, South Africa, 1997, pp. 51-63.
31. Van Wyk J.A., Malan F.S., Randles J.L., How long before resistance makes it impossible to control some field strains of Haemonchus contortus in South Africa with any of the anthelmintics, Vet. Parasitol. 70 (1997) 111-122.
32. Van Wyk J.A., Stenson M.O., Van der Merwe J.S., Vorster R.J., Viljoen P.G., Anthelmintic resistance in South Africa: Surveys indicate an extremely serious situation in sheep and goat farming, Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 66 (1999) 273-284.
33. Van Wyk J.A., Bath G.F., Groeneveld H.T., Stenson M.O., Malan F.S., Wide testing of the FAMACHA© system for accuracy of clinical evaluation of anaemia caused by Haemonchus spp. infection in sheep in South Africa, Proceedings of the 5th International Sheep Veterinary Congress, 22-25 January 2001, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
34. Vatta A.F., Krecek R.C., Van Wyk J.A., Bath G.F., Letty B.A., Van der Linde M.J., Groeneveld H.T., Testing a novel technique for the resource-poor farmer to manage Haemonchus spp. in South African goats [Abstract] Enhanced Research capacity (ENRECA) Workshop, Kenya, 24-25 August 1999.
35. Vatta A.F., Letty B.A., Van der Linde M.J., Krecek R.C., Testing a chart for the diagnosis of ovine clinical anaemia caused by haemonchosis for use in goats farmed under resource-poor conditions in South Africa, in: FAO TCP Workshop on Sustainable Worm Control Programmes for Sheep and Goats, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, June 2000, pp. 44-55.
36. Vatta A.F., Letty B.A., Van der Linde M.J., Van Wijk E.F., Hansen JW., Krecek R.C., Testing for clinical anaemia caused by Haemonchus spp, in goats under resource-poor conditions in South Africa using an eye colour chart developed for sheep, Vet. Parasitol. 99 (2001) 1-14.
37. Waller P.J., Anthelmintic resistance, Vet. Parasitol. 72 (1997) 391-412.
38. Waller P.J., International approaches to the concept of integrated control of nematode parasites of livestock, Int. J. Parasitol. 29 (1999) 155-164.