Genetic analysis of integrin activation in T lymphocytes

Immunological Reviews

Volumn 186, Issue , 2002, Pages 172-188

  Kellermann, Sirid Aimée ^a,c   Dell, Cheryl L ^b   Hunt III, Stephen W ^b   Shimizu, Yoji ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b PFIZER INC   (United States)

^c Abgenix Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTOR PROTEIN; CD3 ANTIGEN; CYTOHESIN 1; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN; PROTEIN ADAP; PROTEIN H RAS; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN KINASE LCK; PROTEIN KINASE ZAP 70; PROTEIN LTK; RAP PROTEIN; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VAV PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR; INTEGRIN; LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR;

ACTIN POLYMERIZATION; ANIMAL MODEL; CELL ADHESION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION; ANIMAL; GENETICS; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD3; HUMANS; INTEGRINS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL; RECEPTORS, IMMUNOLOGIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T-LYMPHOCYTES;

EID: 0036696167     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18615.x     Document Type: Review

References (165)

1. Shimizu Y, Rose DM, Ginsberg MH. Integrins and the immune response. Adv Immunol 1999;72:325-380.
2. Springer TA. Traffic signals for lymphocyte recirculation and leukocyte emigration: the multistep paradigm. Cell 1994;76:301-314.
3. Monks CRF, Freiberg BA, Kupfer H, Sciaky N, Kupfer A. Three-dimensional segregation of supramolecular activation clusters in T cells. Nature 1998;395:82-86.
4. Grakoui A, et al. The immunological synapse: a molecular machine controlling T cell activation. Science 1999;285:221-227.
5. Delon J, Germain RN. Information transfer at the immunological synapse. Curr Biol 2000;10:R923-R933.
6. Dustin ML, De Fougerolles AR. Reprograming T cells: the role of extracellular matrix in coordination of T cell activation and migration. Curr Opin Immunol 2001;13:286-290.
7. De Fougerolles AR, et al. Regulation of inflammation by collagen-binding integrins α1β1 and α2β1 in models of hypersensitivity and arthritis. J Clin Invest 2000;105:721-729.
8. Abraham C, Miller J. Molecular mechanisms of IL-2 gene regulation following costimulation through LFA-1. J Immunol 2001;167:5193-5201.
9. + T cells by the interaction of VLA-4 and VLA-5 with fibronectin or VLA-6 with laminin. J Immunol 1990;145:59-67.
10. Van Seventer GA, Shimizu Y, Horgan KJ, Shaw S. The LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1 provides an important costimulatory signal for T cell receptor-mediated activation of resting T cells. J Immunol 1990;144:4579-4586.
11. Romanic AM, Madri JA. The induction of 72-kD gelatinase in T cells upon adhesion to endothelial cells is VCAM-1 dependent. J Cell Biol 1994;125:1165-1178.
12. Butcher EC, Picker LJ. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 1996;272:60-66.
13. Sanders ME, et al. Human memory T lymphocytes express increased levels of three cell adhesion molecules (LFA-3, CD2, and LFA-1) and three other molecules (UCHL1, CDw29, and Pgp-1) and have enhanced IFN-γ production. J Immunol 1988;140:1401-1407.
14. Shimizu Y, van Seventer GA, Horgan KJ, Shaw S. Regulated expression and binding of three VLA (β1) integrin receptors on T cells. Nature 1990;345:250-253.
15. Kunkel EJ, Butcher EC. Chemokines and the tissue-specific migration of lymphocytes. Immunity 2002;16:1-4.
16. Hemler ME. VLA proteins in the integrin family structures, functions, and their role on leukocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 1990;8:365-400.
17. Dustin ML, Springer TA. T-cell receptor cross-linking transiently stimulates adhesiveness through LFA-1. Nature 1989;341:619-624.
18. Van Kooyk Y, van de Wiel-van Kemenade P, Weder P, Kuijpers TW, Figdor CG. Enhancement of LFA-1-mediated cell adhesion by triggering through CD2 or CD3 on T lymphocytes. Nature 1989;342:811-813.
19. Chan BMC, Wong JGP, Rao A, Hemler ME. T cell receptor-dependent, antigen-specific stimulation of a murine T cell clone induces a transient, VIA protein-mediated binding to extracellular matrix. J Immunol 1991;147:398-404.
20. Katagiri K, Hattori M, Minato N, Kinashi T. Rap1 functions as a key regulator of T-cell and antigen-presenting cell interactions and modulates T-cell responses. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:1001-1015.
21. Krawczyk C, et al. Vav1 controls integrin clustering and MHC/peptide-specific cell adhesion to antigen-presenting cells. Immunity 2002;16:331-343.
22. Dustin ML, Bromley SK, Kan ZY, Peterson DA, Unanue ER. Antigen receptor engagement delivers a stop signal to migrating T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:3909-3913.
23. Shimizu Y, van Seventer GA, Ennis E, Newman W, Horgan KJ, Shaw S. Crosslinking of the T cell-specific accessory molecules CD7 and CD28 modulates T cell adhesion. J Exp Med 1992;175:577-582.
24. Tanaka Y, Adams DH, Hubscher S, Hirano H, Siebenlist U, Shaw S. T-cell adhesion induced by proteoglycan-immobilized cytokine MIP-1β. Nature 1993;361:79-82.
25. Carr MW, Alon R, Springer TA. The C-C chemokine MCP-1 differentially modulates the avidity of β1 and β2 integrins on T lymphocytes. Immunity 1996;4:179-187.
26. Lloyd AR, Oppenheim JJ, Kelvin DJ, Taub DD. Chemokines regulate T cell adherence to recombinant adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix proteins. J Immunol 1996;156:932-938.
27. Campbell JJ, Hedrick J, Zlotnik A, Siani MA, Thompson DA, Butcher EC. Chemokines and the arrest of lymphocytes rolling under flow conditions. Science 1998;279:381-384.
28. Constantin G, et al. Chemokines trigger immediate β2 integrin affinity and mobility changes: differential regulation and roles in lymphocyte arrest under flow. Immunity 2000;13:759-769.
29. Wilkins JA, Stupack D, Stewart S, Caixia S. β1 integrin-mediated lymphocyte adherence to extracellular matrix is enhanced by phorbol ester treatment. Eur J Immunol 1991;21:517-522.
30. 2+-dependent protease, calpain. J Cell Biol 1998;140:699-707.
31. Arroyo AG, Sanchez-Mateos P, Campanero MR, Martin-Padura I, Dejana E, Sanchez-Madrid F. Regulation of the VLA integrin-ligand interactions through the β1 subunit. J Cell Biol 1992;117:659-670.
32. Dransfield I, Cabañas C, Craig A, Hogg N. Divalent cation regulation of the function of the leukocyte integrin LFA-1. J Cell Biol 1992;116:219-226.
33. + T lymphocyte adhesion to ICAM-1, fibronectin, VCAM-1 and invasin. J Immunol 1993;151:4106-4115.
34. 2 integrins. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1725-1733.
35. 2 integrins. Blood 2001;97:767-776.
36. Bunting M, Harris ES, McIntyre TM, Prescott SM, Zimmerman GA. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndromes, adhesion and tethering defects involving β2 integrins and selectin ligands. Curr Opin Hematol 2002;9:30-35.
37. Hogg N, Bates PA. Genetic analysis of integrin function in man: LAD-1 and other syndromes. Matrix Biol 2000;19:211-222.
38. Peterson EJ, et al. Coupling of the TCR to integrin activation by SLAP-130/Fyb. Science 2001;293:2263-2265.
39. Griffiths EK, et al. Positive regulation of T cell activation and integrin adhesion by the adapter Fyb/Slap. Science 2001;293:2260-2263.
40. Corre I, Gomez M, Vielkind S, Cantrell DA. Analysis of thymocyte development reveals that the GTPase RhoA is a positive regulator of T cell receptor responses in vivo. J Exp Med 2001;194:903-913.
41. Gomez M, Kioussis D, Cantrell DA. The GTPase Rac-1 controls cell fate in the thymus by diverting thymocytes from positive to negative selection. Immunity 2001;15:703-713.
42. Sebzda E, Bracke M, Tugal T, Hogg N, Cantrell DA. RaplA positively regulates T cells via integrin activation rather than inhibiting lymphocyte signaling. Nat Immunol 2002;3:251-258.
43. Faull RJ, Kovach NL, Harlan JM, Ginsberg MH. Stimulation of integrin-mediated adhesion of T lymphocytes and monocytes: two mechanisms with divergent biological consequences. J Exp Med 1994;179:1307-1316.
44. Woods ML, Cabañas C, Shimizu Y. Activation-dependent changes in soluble fibronectin binding and expression of β1 integrin activation epitopes in T cells: relationship to T cell adhesion and migration. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:38-49.
45. Shimaoka M, et al. Reversibly locking a protein fold in an active conformation with a disulfide bond integrin α L I domains with high affinity and antagonist activity in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:6009-6014.
46. Lu CF, Shimaoka M, Zang Q, Takagi J, Springer TA. Locking in alternate conformations of the integrin αLβ2, I domain with disulfide bonds reveals functional relationships among integrin domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:2393-2398.
47. Bazzoni G, Hemler ME. Are changes in integrin affinity and conformation overemphasized. Trends Biochem Sci 1998;23:30-34.
48. Hogg N, Leitinger B. Shape and shift changes related to the function of leukocyte integrins LFA-1 and Mac-1. J Leukoc Biol 2001;69:893-898.
49. Kucik DF, Dustin ML, Miller JM, Brown EJ. Adhesion-activating phorbol ester increases the mobility of leukocyte integrin LFA-1 in cultured lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1996;97:2139-2144.
50. Stewart MP, Caban̄as C, Hogg N. T cell adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is controlled by cell spreading and the activation of integrin LFA-1. J Immunol 1996;156:1810-1817.
51. Van Kooyk Y, Figdor CG. Avidity regulation of integrins: the driving force in leukocyte adhesion. Cur Opin Cell Biol 2000;12:542-547.
52. Zell T, Kivens WJ, Kellermann S-A, Shimizu Y. Regulation of integrin function by T cell activation: points of convergence and divergence. Immunol Res 1999;20:127-145.
53. Ybarrondo B, O'Rourke AM, McCarthy JB, Mescher MF. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte interaction with fibronectin and vitronectin: activated adhesion and cosignalling. Immunology 1997;91:186-192.
54. Tanaka Y, et al. CD31 expressed on distinctive T cell subsets is a preferential amplifier of β1 integrin-mediated adhesion. J Exp Med 1992;176:245-253.
55. Kane LP, Lin J, Weiss A. Signal transduction by the TCR for antigen. Curr Opin Immunol 2000;12:242-249.
56. Cambier JC. Antigen and Fc receptor signaling. The awesome power of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. J Immunol 1995;155:3281-3285.
57. Straus DB, Weiss A. The CD3 chains of the T cell antigen receptor associate with the ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase and are tyrosine phosphorylated after receptor stimulation. J Exp Med 1993;178:1523-1530.
58. Iwashima M, Irving BA, Van Oers NSC, Chan AC, Weiss A. Sequential interactions of the TCR with two distinct cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases. Science 1994;263:1136-1139.
59. Kolanus W, Romeo C, Seed B. T cell activation by clustered tyrosine kinases. Cell 1993;74:171-183.
60. Zhang WG, Sloan-Lancaster J, Kitchen J, Trible RP, Samelson LE. LAT: the ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase substrate that links T cell receptor to cellular activation. Cell 1998;92:83-92.
61. Wardenburg JB, et al. Phosphorylation of SLP-76 by the ZAP-70 protein-tyrosine kinase is required for T-cell receptor function. J Biol Chem 1996;171:19641-19644.
62. Zhang WG, et al. Essential role of LAT in T cell development. Immunity 1999;10:323-332.
63. Clements JL, et al. Requirement for the leukocyte-specific adapter protein SLP-76 for normal T-cell development. Science 1998;281:416-419.
64. Pivniouk V, Tsitsikov E, Swinton P, Rathbun G, Alt FW, Geha RS. Impaired viability and profound block in thymocyte development in mice lacking the adaptor protein SLP-76. Cell 1998;94:229-238.
65. Samelson LE. Signal transduction mediated the T cell antigen receptor: the role of adapter proteins. Annu Rev Immunol 2002;20:371-394.
66. Koretzky GA, Myung PS. Positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation by adaptor proteins. Nat Rev Immunol 2001;1:95-107.
67. Straus DB, Weiss A. Genetic evidence for the involvement of the lck tyrosine kinase in signal transduction through the T cell antigen receptor. Cell 1992;70:585-593.
68. Williams BL, et al. Genetic evidence for differential coupling of Syk family kinases to the T-cell receptor: reconstitution studies in a ZAP-70-deficient Jurkat T-cell line. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:1388-1399.
69. Woods ML, Kivens WJ, Adelsman MA, Qiu Y, August A, Shimizu Y. A novel function for the Tec family tyrosine kinase Irk in activation of β1 integrins by the T cell receptor. EMBO J 2001;20:1232-1244.
70. Epler JA, Liu R, Chung H, Ottoson NC, Shimizu Y. Regulation of β1 integrin-mediated adhesion by T cell receptor signaling involves ZAP-70 but differs from signaling events that regulate transcriptional activity. J Immunol 2000;165:4941-4949.
71. Di Bartolo V, et al. Tyrosine 319, a newly identified phosphorylation site of ZAP-70, plays a critical role in T cell antigen receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 1999;274:6285-6294.
72. Williams BL, et al. Phosphorylation of Tyr319 in ZAP-70 is required for T-cell antigen receptor-dependent phospholipase C-γ1 and Ras activation. EMBO J 1999;18:1832-1844.
73. Fang N, Motto DG, Rose SE, Koretzky GA. Tyrosines 113, 128, and 145 of SLP-76 are required for optimal augmentation of NFAT promoter activity. J Immunol 1996;157:3769-3773.
74. Morgan MM, et al. Superantigen-induced T cell: B cell conjugation is mediated by LFA-1 and requires signaling through Lck, but not ZAP-70. J Immunol 2001;167:5708-5718.
75. Mobley JL, Ennis E, Shimizu Y. Differential activation-dependent regulation of integrin function in cultured human T-leukemic cell lines. Blood 1994;83:1039-1050.
76. Van Kooyk Y, Van de Wiel-van Kemenade E, Weder P, Huijbens RJF, Figdor CG. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 dominates very late antigen 4 in binding of activated T cells to endothelium. J Exp Med 1993;177:185-190.
77. Shimizu Y, Hunt SW III Regulating integrin-mediated adhesion: one more function for PI 3-kinase? Immunol Today 1996;17:565-573.
78. Shimizu Y, Mobley JL, Finkelstein LD, Chan ASH. A role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the regulation of β1 integrin activity by the CD2 antigen. J Cell Biol 1995;131:1867-1880.
79. Chan ASH, Mobley JL, Fields GB, Shimizu Y. CD7-mediated regulation of integrin adhesiveness on human T cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Immunol 1997;159:934-942.
80. Zell T, Hunt SW III, Finkelstem LD, Shimizu Y. CD28-mediated upregulation of β1 integrin-mediated adhesion involves phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Immunol 1996;156:883-886.
81. Hirsch E, et al. Central role for G protein-coupled phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ in inflammation. Science 2000;187:1049-1053.
82. Sasaki T, et al. Function of PI3Kγ in thymocyte development, T cell activation, and neutrophil migration. Science 2000;187:1040-1046.
83. Li Z, Jiang H, Xie W, Zhang Z, Smrcka AV, Wu D. Roles of PLC-β2 and -β3 and PI3Kγ in chemoattractant-mediated signal transduction. Science 2002;287:1046-1049.
84. Vanhaesebroeck B, et al. Distinct PI (3) Ks mediate mitogenic signalling and cell migration in macrophages. Nat Cell Biol 1999;1:69-71.
85. Ward SG, Ley SC, MacPhee C, Cantrell DA. Regulation of D-3 phosphoinositides during T cell activation via the T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complex and CD2 antigens. Eur J Immunol 1992;22:45-49.
86. Osman N, Turner H, Lucas S, Reif K, Cantrell DA. The protein interactions of the immunoglobulin receptor family tyrosine-based activation motifs present in the T cell receptor ζ subunit and the CD3 ζ, δ, and ε chains. Eur J Immunol 1996;26:1063-1068.
87. Exley M, Varticovski L, Peter M, Sancho J, Terhorst C. Association of phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase with a specific sequence of the T cell receptor ζ chain is dependent on T cell activation. J Biol Chem 1994;269:15140-15146.
88. Bruyns E, et al. T cell receptor (TCR) interacting molecule (TRIM), a novel disulfide-linked dimer associated with the TCR-CD3-ζ complex, recruits intracellular signaling proteins to the plasma membrane. J Exp Med 1998;188:561-575.
89. Beitz LO, Fruman DA, Kurosaki T, Cantley LC, Scharenberg AM. SYK is upstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in B cell receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 1999;174:32662-32666.
90. Pogue SL, Kurosaki T, Bolen J, Herbst R. B cell antigen receptor-induced activation of Akt promotes B cell survival and is dependent on Syk kinase. J Immunol 2000;165:1300-1306.
91. Lemmon MA, Falasca M, Ferguson KM, Schlessinger J. Regulatory recruitment of signalling molecules to the cell membrane by pleckstrin-homology domains. Trends Cell Biol 1997;7:237-242.
92. Lewis CM, Broussard C, Czar MJ, Schwartzberg PL. Tec kinases: modulators of lymphocyte signaling and development. Curr Opin Immunol 2001;13:317-325.
93. Bunnell SC, Diehn M, Yaffe MB, Findell PR, Cantley LC, Berg LJ. Biochemical interactions integrating Itk with the T cell receptor-initiated signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 2000;275:2219-2230.
94. Su YW, Zhang Y, Schweikert J, Koretzky GA, Reth M, Wienands J. Interaction of SLP adaptors with the SH2 domain of Tec family kinases. Eur J Immunol 1999;29:3702-3711.
95. Chang KA, Grasis JA, Tailor P, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T, Tsoukas CD. TCR/CD3-induced activation and binding of Emt/Itk to linker of activated T cell complexes: requirement for the Src homology 2 domain. J Immunol 2000;165:256-262.
96. August A, Sadra A, Dupont B, Hanafusa H. Src-induced activation of inducible T cell kinase (ITK) requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and the pleckstrin homology domain of inducible T cell kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:11227-11232.
97. Shan XC, Wange RL. Itk/Emt/Tsk activation in response to CD3 cross-linking in Jurkat T cells requires ZAP-70 and Lat and is independent of membrane recruitment. J Biol Chem 1999;274:29323-29330.
98. Chen R, et al. Regulation of the PH-domain-containing tyrosine kinase Etk by focal adhesion kinase through the FERM domain. Nat Cell Biol 2001;3:439-444.
99. 2 integrin adhesion pathway and induces membrane recruitment of cytohesin-1. J Biol Chem 1998;273:14853-14861.
100. Schaeffer EM, et al. Requirement for Tec kinases Rlk and Itk in T cell receptor signaling and immunity. Science 1999;284:638-641.
101. August A, Gibson S, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T, Mills GB, Dupont B. CD28 is associated with and induces the immediate tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the Tec family kinase ITK/EMT in the human Jurkat leukemic T-cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:9347-9351.
102. King PD, Sadra A, Teng JM, Bell GM, Dupont B. CD2-mediated activation of the Tec-family tyrosine kinase ITK is controlled by proline-rich stretch-4 of the CD2 cytoplasmic tail. Int Immunol 1998;10:1009-1016.
103. Perez-Villar JJ, Kanner SB. Regulated association between the tyrosine kinase Emt/Itk/Tsk and phospholipase-Cγ1 in human T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1999;161:6435-6441.
104. Liu KQ, Bunnell SC, Gurniak CB, Berg LJ. T cell receptor-initiated calcium release is uncoupled from capacitative calcium entry in Itk-deficient T cells. J Exp Med 1998;187:1721-1727.
105. + T cell adhesion to B cells. Cell Immunol 1993;150:439-446.
106. Bunnell SC, Henry PA, Kolluri R, Kirchhausen T, Rickles RJ, Berg LJ. Identification of Itk/Tsk Src homology 3 domain ligands. J Biol Chem 1996;271:25646-25656.
107. Nore BF, et al. Redistribution of Bruton's tyrosine kinase by activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Rho-family GTPases. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:145-154.
108. Hall A. Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 1998;279:509-514.
109. ras/MAP kinase in TCR-mediated activation of LFA-I. J Immunol 1998;161:5800-5803.
110. Tanaka Y, et al. H-ras signals to cytoskeletal machinery in induction of integrin-mediated adhesion of T cells. J Immunol 1999;163:6209-6216.
111. D'Souza-Schorey C, Boettner B, Van Aelst L. Rac regulates integrin-mediated spreading and increased adhesion of T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:3936-3946.
112. Hughes PE, et al. Suppression of integrin activation: a novel function of a Ras/Raf-initiated MAP kinase pathway. Cell 1997;88:521-530.
113. Rodriguez-Viciana P, et al. Phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase as a direct target of Ras. Nature 1994;370:527-532.
114. Cantrell DA. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling pathways. J Cell Sci 2001;114:1439-1445.
115. Laudanna C, Campbell JJ, Butcher EC. Role of Rho in chemoattractant-activated leukocyte adhesion through integrins. Science 1996;271:981-983.
116. Stowers L, Yelon D, Berg LJ, Chant J. Regulation of the polarization of T cells toward antigen- presenting cells by Ras-related GTPase CDC42. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:5027-5031.
117. Zhang ZH, Vuori K, Wang HG, Reed JC, Ruoslahti E. Integrin activation by R-ras. Cell 1996;85:61-69.
118. Reedquist KA, et al. The small GTPase, Rap1, mediates CD31-induced integrin adhesion. J Cell Biol 2000;148:1151-1158.
119. Bos JL, De Rooij J, Reedquist KA. Rap1 signalling: adhering to new models. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001;2:369-377.
120. Katagiri K, Hattori M, Minato N, Irie S, Takatsu K, Kinashi T. Rap1 is a potent activation signal for leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 distinct from protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:1956-1969.
121. Caron E, Self AJ, Hall A. The GTPase Rap1 controls functional activation of macrophage integrin αMβ2 by LPS and other inflammatory mediators. Curr Biol 2000;10:974-978.
122. 1 integrin activation by Ha-Ras and R-Ras. J Biol Chem 2000;275:22590-22596.
123. Kolanus W, et al. αLβ2 integrin/LFA-1 binding to ICAM-1 induced by cytohesin-1, a cytoplasmic regulatory molecule. Cell 1996;86:233-242.
124. Moss J, Vaughan M. Cytohesin-1 in 2001. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;397:156-161.
125. Geiger C, et al. Cytohesin-1 regulates β-2 integrin-mediated adhesion through both ARF-GEF function and interaction with LFA-1. EMBO J 2000;19:2525-2536.
126. Musci MA, et al. Molecular cloning of SLAP-130, an SLP-76-associated substrate of the T cell antigen receptor-stimulated protein tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem 1997;272:11674-11677.
127. Da Silva AJ, Li ZW, De Vera C, Canto E, Findell P, Rudd CE. Cloning of a novel T-cell protein FYB that binds FYN and SH2-domain-containing leukocyte protein 76 and modulates interleukin 2 production. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:7493-7498.
128. Boerth NJ, Judd BA, Koretzky GA. Functional association between SLAP-130 and SLP-76 in Jurkat T cells. J Biol Chem 2000;275:5143-5152.
129. Raab M, Kang H, Da Silva A, Zhu XC, Rudd CE. FYN-T-FYB-SLP-76 interactions define a T-cell receptor ζ/CD3-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation pathway that up-regulates interleukin 2 transcription in T-cells. J Biol Chem 1999;274:21170-21179.
130. Krause M, Sechi AS, Konradt M, Monner D, Gertler FB, Wehland J. Fyn-binding protein (Fyb) /SLP-76-associated protein (SLAP), Ena/vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) proteins and the Arp2/3 complex link T cell receptor (TCR) signaling to the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 2000;149:181-194.
131. Coppolino MG, et al. Evidence for a molecular complex consisting of Fyb/SLAP, SLP-76, Nck, VASP and WASP that links the actin cytoskeleton to Fcγ receptor signalling during phagocytosis. J Cell Sci 2001;114:4307-4318.
132. Hunter AJ, Ottoson NC, Boerth N, Koretzky GA, Shimizu Y. Cutting edge a novel function for the SLAP-130/FYB adapter protein in β1 integrin signaling and T lymphocyte migration. J Immunol 2000;164:1143-1147.
133. Geng LP, Pfister S, Kraeft SK, Rudd CE. Adaptor FYB (Fyn-binding protein) regulates integrin mediated adhesion and mediator release: differential involvement of the FYBSH3 domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:11527-11532.
134. Berlin-Rufenach C, et al. Lymphocyte migration in lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1999;189:1467-1478.
135. Hauser W, et al. Megakaryocyte hyperplasia and enhanced agonist-induced platelet activation in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:8120-8125.
136. Bear JE, Loureiro JJ, Libova I, Fassler R, Wehland J, Gertler FB. Negative regulation of fibroblast motility by Ena/VASP proteins. Cell 2000;101:717-728.
137. Bustelo XR. Regulatory and signaling properties of the Vav family. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:1461-1477.
138. Fischer KD, et al. Vav is a regulator of cytoskeletal reorganization mediated by the T-cell receptor. Curr Biol 1998;8:554-562.
139. Holsinger LJ, et al. Defects in actin-cap formation in Vav-deficient mice implicate an actin requirement for lymphocyte signal transduction. Curr Biol 1998;8:563-572.
140. Snapper SB, Rosen FS. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) roles in signaling and cytoskeletal organization. Annu Rev Immunol 1999;17:905-929.
141. Costello PS, et al. The Rho-family GTP exchange factor Vav is a critical transducer of T cell receptor signals to the calcium, ERK, and NF-kappaB pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:3035-3040.
142. Stewart M, Hogg N. Regulation of leukocyte integrin function: affinity vs avidity. J Cell Biochem 1996;61:554-561.
143. Jakubowski A, Rosa MD, Bixler S, Lobb R, Burkly LC. Vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-Ig fusion protein defines distinct affinity states of the very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) receptor. Cell Adhes Commun 1995;3:131-142.
144. Romeo C, Seed B. Cellular immunity to HIV activated by CD4 fused to T cell or Fc receptor polypeptides. Cell 1991;64:1037-1046.
145. Irving BA, Weiss A. The cytoplasmic domain of the T cell receptor ζ chain is sufficient to couple to receptor-associated signal transduction pathways. Cell 1991;64:891-901.
146. Romeo C, Amiot M, Seed B. Sequence requirements for induction of cytolysis by the T cell antigen/Fc receptor ζ chain. Cell 1992;68:889-897.
147. Irving BA, Chan AC, Weiss A. Functional characterization of a signal transducing motif present in the T cell antigen receptor ζ chain. J Exp Med 1993;177:1093-1103.
148. Wegener A-MK, Malissen B. Analysis of the (YXXL/I)2 signalling motifs found in the cytoplasmic segment of the mouse CD3-ζ chain. Adv Exp Medical Biol 1994;365:45-51.
149. Frank SJ, Niklinska BB, Orloff DG, Mercep M, Ashwell JD, Klausner RD. Structural mutations of the T cell receptor ζ chain and its role in T cell activation. Science 1990;249:174-177.
150. Shores EW, Huang K, Tran T, Lee E, Grinberg A, Love PE. Role of TCR ζ chain in T cell development and selection. Science 1994;266:1047-1050.
151. Shores EW, Love PE. TCR ζ chain in T cell development and selection. Curr Opin Immunol 1997;9:380-389.
152. Isakov N, Wange RL, Burgess WH, Watts JD, Aebersold R, Samelson LE. ZAP-70 binding specificity to T cell receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs: the tandem SH2 domains of ZAP-70 bind distinct tyrosine-based activation motifs with varying affinity. J Exp Med 1995;181:375-380.
153. Combadiere B, Freedman B, Chen L, Shores EW, Love P, Lenardo MJ. Qualitative and quantitative contributions of the T cell receptor ζ chain to mature T cell apoptosis. J Exp Med 1996;183:2109-2117.
154. Love PE, Shores EW. ITAM multiplicity and thymocyte selection: how low can you go? Immunity 2000;12:591-597.
155. Sunder-Plassmann R, Lialios F, Madsen M, Koyasu S, Reinherz EL. Functional analysis of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signal transduction: the two YxxL segments within a single CD3ζ-ITAM are functionally distinct. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:2001-2009.
156. Stein PH, Fraser JD, Weiss A. The cytoplasmic domain of CD28 is both necessary and sufficient for costimulation of interleukin-2 secretion and association with phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase. Mol Cell Biol 1994;14:3392-3402.
157. Fukazawa T, et al. T cell activation-dependent association between the p85 subunit of the phosphatidyhnositol 3-kinase and Grb2/phospholipase C-γ1-binding phosphotyrosyl protein pp36/38. J Biol Chem 1995;270:20177-20182.
158. Pawson T. Protein modules and signalling networks. Nature 1995;373:573-580.
159. Hussain SF, Anderson CF, Farber DI. Differential SLP-76 expression and TCR-mediated signaling in effector and memory CD4 T cells. J Immunol 2002;168:1557-1565.
160. Farber DL, Acuto O, Bottomly K. Differential T cell receptor-mediated signaling in naive and memory CD4 T cells. Eur J Immunol 1997;27:2094-2101.
161. Sun Z, et al. PKC-θ is required for TCR-induced NF-κB activation in mature but not immature T lymphocytes. Nature 2000;404:402-407.
162. Myung PS, et al. Differential requirement for SLP-76 domains in T cell development and function. Immunity 2001;15:1011-1026
163. Kumar L, Pivniouk V, De la Fuente MA, Laouini D, Geha RS. Differential role of SLP-76 domains in T cell development and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:884-889.
164. Yamazaki T, et al. CAST, a novel CD3ε-binding protein transducing activation signal for interleukin-2 production in T cells. J Biol Chem 1999;274:18173-18180.
165. Lanier LL, Bakker AB. The ITAM-bearing transmembrane adaptor DAP12 in lymphoid and myeloid cell function. Immunol Today 2000;21:611-614.