Atherothrombotic plaques and the need for imaging

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America

Volumn 12, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 351-364

  Fayad, Zahi A ^a   Fuster, Valentin ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOSCOPY; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE COURSE; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; IN VIVO STUDY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; SCINTIGRAPHY; STENOSIS; THERMOGRAPHY; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; X RAY ANALYSIS;

ANGIOGRAPHY; ANGIOSCOPY; ANIMALS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS; THERMOGRAPHY; THROMBOSIS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, INTERVENTIONAL;

EID: 0036694895     PISSN: 10525149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1052-5149(02)00017-5     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, et al. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes: parts land 2. N Engl J Med. 1992; 326:242-50;310-8.
2. Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001;104: 365-72.
3. Fuster V, Fayad ZA, Badimon JJ. Acute coronary syndromes: biology. Lancet 1999;353(Suppl 2):SII5-9.
4. Libby P. Molecular bases of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995;91:2844-50.
5. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995;92:657-71.
6. Fuster V. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology. Circulation 1994;90:2126-46.
7. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, et al. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20: 1262-75.
8. Burke AP, Farb A, Kolodgie FD, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque morphology and coronary thrombi. J Nucl Cardiol 2002;9:95-103.
9. Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, Farb A, et al. The thin-cap fibroatheroma: a type of vulnerable plaque: the major precursor lesion to acute coronary syndromes. Curr Opin Cardiol 2001;16:285-92.
10. Richardson PD, Davies MJ, Born GV. Influence of plaque configuration and stress distribution on fissuring of coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet 1989;2:941-4.
11. Toschi V, Gallo R, Lettino M, et al. Tissue factor modulates the thrombogenicity of human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1997;95:594-9.
12. Moreno PR, Falk E, Palacios IF, et al. Macrophage infiltration in acute coronary syndromes: implications for plaque rupture. Circulation 1994;90:775-8.
13. Kaartinen M, Penttila A, Kovanen PT. Accumulation of activated mast cells in the shoulder region of human coronary atheroma, the predilection site of atheromatous rupture. Circulation 1994;90: 1669-78.
14. Glagov S, Zarins C, Giddens DP, et al. Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:1018-31.
15. Toussaint JF, LaMuraglia GM, Southern JF, et al. Magnetic resonance images lipid, fibrous, calcified, hemorrhagic, and thrombotic components of human atherosclerosis in vivo. Circulation 1996;94:932-8.
16. Solberg LA, Strong JP. Risk factors and atherosclerotic lesions: a review of autopsy studies. Arteriosclerosis 1983;3:187-98.
17. Tunick PA, Kronzon I. Atheromas of the thoracic aorta: clinical and therapeutic update. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:545-54.
18. Fazio GP, Redberg RF, Winslow T, et al. Transesophageal echocardiographically detected atherosclerotic aortic plaque is a marker for coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:144-50.
19. The French study of aortic plaques in stroke group. Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch as a risk factor for recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1216-21.
20. Cohen A, Tzourio C, Bertrand B, et al. Aortic plaque morphology and vascular events: a follow-up study in patients with ischemic stroke: FAPS investigators: French study of aortic plaques in stroke. Circulation 1997;96:3838-41.
21. Fayad ZA, Fuster V. Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Circ Res 2001; 89:305-16.
22. Topol EJ, Nissen SE. Our preoccupation with coronary luminology. The dissociation between clinical and angiographic findings in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1995;92:2333-42.
23. Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, et al. Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1371-5.
24. Nissen SE, Yock P. Intravascular ultrasound: novel pathophysiological insights and current clinical applications. Circulation 2001;103:604-16.
25. Prati F, Arbustini E, Labellarte A, et al. Correlation between high frequency intravascular ultrasound and histomorphology in human coronary arteries. Heart 2001;85:567-70.
26. Bridal SL, Fornes P, Bruneval P, et al. Correlation of ultrasonic attenuation (30 to 50 MHz) and constituents of atherosclerotic plaque. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997;23:691-703.
27. Franzen D, Sechtem U, Hopp HW. Comparison of angioscopic, intravascular ultrasonic, and angiographic detection of thrombus in coronary stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1273-5, A9.
28. Tuzcu EM, Kapadia SR, Tutar E, et al. High prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic teenagers and young adults: evidence from intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 2001;103: 2705-10.
29. Schartl M, Bocksch W, Koschyk DH, et al. Use of intravascular ultrasound to compare effects of different strategies of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque volume and composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001;104:387-92.
30. Nissen SE. Application of intravascular ultrasound to characterize coronary artery disease and assess the progression or regression of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:24B-31B.
31. Fitzgerald PJ, Yock PG. Mechanisms and outcomes of angioplasty and atherectomy assessed by intravascular ultrasound imaging. J Clin Ultrasound 1993; 21:579-88.
32. Lee RT, Grodzinsky AJ, Frank EH, et al. Structure-dependent dynamic mechanical behavior of fibrous caps from human atherosclerotic plaques. Circulation 1991;83:1764-70.
33. de Korte CL, Pasterkamp G, van der Steen AF, et al. Characterization of plaque components with intravascular ultrasound elastography in human femoral and coronary arteries in vitro. Circulation 2000;102: 617-23.
34. de Korte CL, Carlier SG, Mastik F, et al. Morphological and mechanical information of coronary arteries obtained with intravascular elastography: feasibility study in vivo. Eur Heart J 2002;23:405-13.
35. Uchida Y, Nakamura F, Tomaru T, et al. Prediction of acute coronary syndromes by percutaneous coronary angioscopy in patients with stable angina. Am Heart J 1995;130:195-203.
36. Thieme T, Wernecke KD, Meyer R, et al. Angioscopic evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques: validation by histomorphologic analysis and association with stable and unstable coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1-6.
37. Feld S, Ganim M, Carell ES, et al. Comparison of angioscopy, intravascular ultrasound imaging and quantitative coronary angiography in predicting clinical outcome after coronary intervention in high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:97-105.
38. Casscells W, Hathom B, David M, et al. Thermal detection of cellular infiltrates in living atherosclerotic plaques: possible implications for plaque rupture and thrombosis. Lancet 1996;347:1447-51.
39. Stefanadis C, Diamantopoulos L, Vlachopoulos C, et al. Thermal heterogeneity within human atherosclerotic coronary arteries detected in vivo: a new method of detection by application of a special thermography catheter. Circulation 1999;99:1965-71.
40. Stefanadis C, Toutouzas K, Tsiamis E, et al. Thermography of human arterial system by means of new thermography catheters. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001; 54:51-8.
41. Brezinski ME, Teamey GJ, Bouma BE, et al. Optical coherence tomography for optical biopsy: properties and demonstration of vascular pathology. Circulation 1996;93:1206-13.
42. Patwari P, Weissman NJ, Boppart SA, et al. Assessment of coronary plaque with optical coherence tomography and high-frequency ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:641-4.
43. Jang IK, Bouma BE, Kang DH, et al. Visualization of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients using optical coherence tomography: comparison with intravascular ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:604-9.
44. Fujimoto JG, Boppart SA, Teamey GJ, et al. High resolution in vivo intra-arterial imaging with optical coherence tomography. Heart 1999;82:128-33.
45. Romer TJ, Brennan 3rd JF, Puppels GJ, et al. Intravascular ultrasound combined with Raman spectroscopy to localize and quantify cholesterol and calcium salts in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:478-83.
46. Zhu Q, Conant E, Chance B. Optical imaging as an adjunct to sonograph in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions. J Biomed Opt 2000;5: 229-36.
47. Moreno PR, Lodder RA, Purushothaman KR, et al. Detection of lipid pool, thin fibrous cap, and inflammatory cells in human aortic atherosclerotic plaques by near-infrared spectroscopy. Circulation 2002;105: 923-7.
48. Charash WE, Lodder RA, Moreno PR, et al. Detection of simulated vulnerable plaque using a novel infrared spectroscopy catheter [abstract]. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:38A.
49. Barnett HJ, Taylor DW, Eliasziw M, et al. Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis: North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1415-25.
50. Excecutive committee for the Asymtomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study: endarterectomy for asymtomatic carotid stenosis. JAMA 1995;273:1421-8.
51. Weinberger J, Ramos L, Ambrose JA, et al. Morphologic and dynamic changes of atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid artery bifurcation: sequential imaging by real time B-mode ultrasonography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:1515-21.
52. Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, et al. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation 1986; 74:1399-406.
53. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, et al. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults: Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340:14-22.
54. Khoury Z, Schwartz R, Gottlieb S, et al. Relation of coronary artery disease to atherosclerotic disease in the aorta, carotid, and femoral arteries evaluated by ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:1429-33.
55. Burke GL, Evans GW, Riley WA, et al. Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke 1995; 26:386-91.
56. Nagai Y, Metter EJ, Earley CJ, et al. Increased carotid artery intimal-medial thickness in asymptomatic older subjects with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1998;98:1504-9.
57. Crouse JR 3rd, Craven TE, Hagaman AP, et al. Association of coronary disease with segment-specific intimal-medial thickening of the extracranial carotid artery. Circulation 1995;92:1141-7.
58. Salonen R, Nyyssonen K, Porkkala E, et al. Kuopio Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (KAPS): a population-based primary preventive trial of the effect of LDL lowering on atherosclerotic progression in carotid and femoral arteries. Circulation 1995;92: 1758-64.
59. de Groot E, Jukema JW, Montauban van Swijndregt AD, et al. B-mode ultrasound assessment of pravastatin treatment effect on carotid and femoral artery walls and its correlations with coronary arteriographic findings: a report of the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1561-7.
60. Witteman JC, Kannel WB, Wolf PA, et al. Aortic calcified plaques and cardiovascular disease (the Framingham Study). Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1060-4.
61. Weinberger J, Azhar S, Danisi F, et al. A new noninvasive technique for imaging atherosclerotic plaque in the aortic arch of stroke patients by transcutaneous real-time B-mode ultrasonography: an initial report. Stroke 1998;29:673-6.
62. Tunick PA, Krinsky GA, Lee VS, et al. Diagnostic imaging of thoracic aortic atherosclerosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1119-25.
63. Parthenakis F, Skalidis E, Simantirakis E, et al. Absence of atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic aorta indicates absence of significant coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:1118-21.
64. Lanza GM, Wallace KD, Scott MJ, et al. A novel site-targeted ultrasonic contrast agent with broad biomedical application. Circulation 1996;94:3334-40.
65. Demos SM, Alkan-Onyuksel H, Kane BJ, et al. In vivo targeting of acoustically reflective liposomes for intravascular and transvascular ultrasonic enhancement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:867-75.
66. Lindner JR, Song J, Xu F, et al. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging of inflammation using microbubbles targeted to activated leukocytes. Circulation 2000; 102:2745-50.
67. Huang S, Hamilton AJ, Tiukinhoy SD, Nagaraj A, Kane BJ, Klegerman M, et al. Liposomes as ultrasound imaging contrast agents and as ultrasound-sensitive drug delivery agents. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2002;7:233-5.
68. Tiukinhoy SD, Mahowald ME, Shively VP, et al. Development of echogenic, plasmid-incorporated, tissue-targeted cationic liposomes that can be used for directed gene delivery. Invest Radiol 2000;35: 732-8.
69. Stary HC. The development of calcium deposits in atherosclerotic lesions and their persistence after lipid regression. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:16E-9E.
70. Schmermund A, Erbel R. Unstable coronary plaque and its relation to coronary calcium. Circulation 2001;104:1682-7.
71. Ohnesorge B, Flohr T, Becker C, et al. Cardiac imaging by means of electrocardiographically gated multisection spiral CT: initial experience. Radiology 2000; 217:564-71.
72. Carr JJ, Crouse JR 3rd, Goff DC Jr, et al. Evaluation of subsecond gated helical CT for quantification of coronary artery calcium and comparison with electron beam CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:915-21.
73. Becker CR, Kleffel T, Crispin A, et al. Coronary artery calcium measurement: agreement of multirow detector and electron beam CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1295-8.
74. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, et al. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15: 827-32.
75. Devries S, Wolfkiel C, Shah V, et al. Reproducibility of the measurement of coronary calcium with ultrafast computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 1995;75: 973-5.
76. Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya SP, et al. Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method. Radiology 1998;208:807-14.
77. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, et al. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1972-8.
78. O'Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000;102:126-40.
79. Wayhs R, Zelinger A, Raggi P. High coronary artery calcium scores pose an extremely elevated risk for hard events. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:225-30.
80. O'Malley PG, Taylor AJ, Gibbons RV, et al. Rationale and design of the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) Study: utility of electron beam computed tomography as a screening test for coronary artery disease and as an intervention for risk factor modification among young, asymptomatic, active-duty United States Army Personnel. Am Heart J 1999;137:932-41.
81. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Regenfus M, et al. Contrast enhanced electron beam computed tomography to analize the coronary arteries in patients after acute myocardial infarction [in process citation] Heart 2000;84:489-93.
82. Knez A, Becker CR, Leber A, et al. Usefulness of multislice spiral computed tomography angiography for determination of coronary artery stenoses. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:1191-4.
83. Estes JM, Quist WC, Lo Gerfo FW, et al. Noninvasive characterization of plaque morphology using helical computed tomography. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1998;39:527-34.
84. Gronholdt ML, Wiebe BM, Laursen H, et al. Lipid-rich carotid artery plaques appear echolucent on ultrasound B- mode images and may be associated with intraplaque haemorrhage. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997; 14:439-45.
85. Oliver TB, Lammie GA, Wright AR, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation: CT angiographic appearance with histopathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20: 897-901.
86. Becker CR, Knez A, Ohnesorge B, et al. Imaging of noncalcified coronary plaques using helical CT with retrospective ECG gating. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175:423-4.
87. Schroeder S, Kopp AF, Baumbach A, et al. Noninvasive detection and evaluation of atherosclerotic coronary plaques with multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1430-5.
88. Nikolaou K, Becker CR, Muders M, et al. High resolution magnetic resonance and multi-slice CT imaging of coronary artery plaques in human ex vivo coronary arteries. Radiology 2001;221(P):503.
89. Leber AW, Knez A, Becker A, et al. Coronary plaque morphology in subjects with acute myocardial infarction and stable angina pectoris determined with multislice CT. Circulation 2001;104:SII-615.
90. Vallabhajosula S. Radioisotopic imaging of atheroma. In Fuster V, editor. The vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque: understanding, identification, and modification. Armonk, NY: Futura Publishing; 1999. p. 213-29.
91. Vallabhajosula S, Fuster V. Atherosclerosis: imaging techniques and the evolving role of nuclear medicine. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1788-96.
92. Vallabhajosula S, Paidi M, Badimon JJ, et al. Radiotracers for low density lipoprotein biodistribution studies in vivo: technetium-99m low density lipoprotein versus radioiodinated low density lipoprotein preparations. J Nucl Med 1988;29:1237-45.
93. Iuliano L, Mauriello A, Sbarigia E, et al. Radiolabeled native low-density lipoprotein injected into patients with carotid stenosis accumulates in macrophages of atherosclerotic plaque: effect of vitamin E supplementation. Circulation 2000;101:1249-54.
94. Loscalzo J, Rocco TP. Imaging arterial thrombi: an elusive goal. Circulation 1992;85:382-5.
95. Hardoff R, Braegelmann F, Zanzonico P, et al. External imaging of atherosclerosis in rabbits using an 123I-labeled synthetic peptide fragment. J Clin Pharmacol 1993;33:1039-47.
96. Blum JE, Handmaker H. 1999 plenary session: Friday imaging symposium: role of small-peptide radiopharmaceuticals in the evaluation of deep venous thrombosis. Radiographics 2000;20:1187-93.
97. Mitchel J, Waters D, Lai T, et al. Identification of coronary thrombus with a IIb/IIIa platelet inhibitor radiopharmaceutical, technetium-99m DMP-444: A canine model. Circulation 2000;101:1643-6.
98. Helft G, Worthley SG, Zhang ZY, et al. Non-invasive in vivo imaging of atherosclerotic lesions using Fluorine-18 Deoxyglucose (18-FDG) PET correlates with macrophage content in a rabbit model. Circulation 1999;100:S1-311.
99. Manca G, Parenti G, Bellina R, et al. 111 In platelet scintigraphy for the noninvasive detection of carotid plaque thrombosis. Stroke 2001;32:719-27.
100. Fayad ZA, Worthley SG, Helft G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the vasculature system. In Fuster V, Alexander RW, O'Rourke RA, editors. Hurst's The Heart. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001. p. 609-627.
101. Edelman RR, Chien D, Kim D. Fast selective black blood MR imaging. Radiology 1991;181:655-60.
102. Simonetti OP, Finn JP, White RD, et al. "Black blood" T2-weighted inversion-recovery MR imaging of the heart. Radiology 1996;199:49-57.
103. Fayad ZA, Fuster V. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000;902:173-86.
104. Hatsukami TS, Ross R, Polissar NL, et al, Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in human atherosclerotic carotid plaque In vivo with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2000;102:959-64.
105. Yuan C, Mitsumori LM, Beach KW, et al. Carotid atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive mr characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology 2001;221:285-99.
106. Choudhury RP, Aguinaldo JG, Rong JX, et al. Atherosclerotic lesions in genetically modified mice quantified in vivo by non-invasive high-resolution magnetic resonance microscopy. Atherosclerosis 2002;162:315-21.
107. Edzes HT, Samulski ET. Cross relaxation and spin diffusion in the proton NMR or hydrated collagen. Nature 1977;265:521-3.
108. Toussaint JF, Southern JF, Fuster V, et al. T2-weighted contrast for NMR characterization of human atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1533-42.
109. Rapp JH, Connor WE, Lin DS, et al. Lipids of human atherosclerotic plaques and xanthomas: clues to the mechanism of plaque progression. J Lipid Res 1983; 24:1329-35.
110. Kucharczyk W, Henkelman RM. Visibility of calcium on MR and CT: can MR show calcium that CT cannot? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:1145-8.
111. Bradley WG Jr. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 1993;189:15-26.
112. Yamashita Y, Hatanaka Y, Torashima M, et al. Magnetic resonance characteristics of intrapelvic haematomas. Br J Radiol 1995;68:979-85.
113. Murray JG, Manisali M, Flamm SD, et al. Intramural hematoma of the thoracic aorta: MR image findings and their prognostic implications. Radiology 1997; 204:349-55.
114. Corti R, Osende JI, Fuster V, et al. Artery dissection and arterial thrombus aging: the role of noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2001;103: 2420-1.
115. Corti R, Osende JI, Fayad ZA, et al. In vivo noninvasive detection and age definition of arterial thrombus by MRI. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39: 1366-73.