This view of science: Stephen Jay Gould as historian of science and scientific historian, popular scientist and scientific popularizer

Social Studies of Science

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 489-524

  Shermer, Michael B ^a,b  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Darwin's Dictum; Dichotomies; Evolutionary theory; Grandeur; Historiography; Philosophy; Sagan Effect; Themata; Time

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; EVOLUTION; HISTORY; PHILOSOPHY; PUBLIC OPINION; PUBLICATION; SCIENCE; UNITED STATES;

EVOLUTION; HISTORIOGRAPHY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; PERIODICALS; PHILOSOPHY, MEDICAL; PUBLIC OPINION; SCIENCE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0036675955     PISSN: 03063127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/030631202128967244     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Author and literary agent John Brockman called this genre the 'third culture', a phrase as much prescriptive as descriptive: see John Brockman, The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995). Brockman's New York agency, Brockman, Inc., handles most of the best-known scientists in the world, routinely obtaining six- and seven-figure book advances, often on only a book outline or simple prospectus. While most of these advances are confidential, published figures include $2 million for physicist Murray Gell-Mann's The Quark and the Jaguar (see Alun Andersen and Tim Lincoln, 'Million-Dollar Quark', Nature, Vol. 348 [8 November 1990], 1121) and $2,020,000 for the Science Masters Series featuring contributions from numerous eminent scientists (see Paul Nathan, 'Rights', Publishers Weekly [14 September 1992], 23). Most books receive advances in the range of $50,000 to $300,000, but even that is a quantum leap from just a decade before, as Brockman explained in 1991 (in Will Nixon, 'The Art of Publishing Science Books', Publishers Weekly [23 August 1991], 16-18, at 17): Seven or eight years ago, you could take an eminent science book and sell it to an academic press for $5,000 and to Germany for $1500, and you'd be thrilled. Today, you can take an eminent scientist without a writer and within 12 hours have $250,000 and then auction the book to Germany for 80% of that. By the end of the week, with other foreign sales, you will have three quarters of a million dollars.
2. Author and literary agent John Brockman called this genre the 'third culture', a phrase as much prescriptive as descriptive: see John Brockman, The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995). Brockman's New York agency, Brockman, Inc., handles most of the best-known scientists in the world, routinely obtaining six- and seven-figure book advances, often on only a book outline or simple prospectus. While most of these advances are confidential, published figures include $2 million for physicist Murray Gell-Mann's The Quark and the Jaguar (see Alun Andersen and Tim Lincoln, 'Million-Dollar Quark', Nature, Vol. 348 [8 November 1990], 1121) and $2,020,000 for the Science Masters Series featuring contributions from numerous eminent scientists (see Paul Nathan, 'Rights', Publishers Weekly [14 September 1992], 23). Most books receive advances in the range of $50,000 to $300,000, but even that is a quantum leap from just a decade before, as Brockman explained in 1991 (in Will Nixon, 'The Art of Publishing Science Books', Publishers Weekly [23 August 1991], 16-18, at 17): Seven or eight years ago, you could take an eminent science book and sell it to an academic press for $5,000 and to Germany for $1500, and you'd be thrilled. Today, you can take an eminent scientist without a writer and within 12 hours have $250,000 and then auction the book to Germany for 80% of that. By the end of the week, with other foreign sales, you will have three quarters of a million dollars.
3. Author and literary agent John Brockman called this genre the 'third culture', a phrase as much prescriptive as descriptive: see John Brockman, The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995). Brockman's New York agency, Brockman, Inc., handles most of the best-known scientists in the world, routinely obtaining six- and seven-figure book advances, often on only a book outline or simple prospectus. While most of these advances are confidential, published figures include $2 million for physicist Murray Gell-Mann's The Quark and the Jaguar (see Alun Andersen and Tim Lincoln, 'Million-Dollar Quark', Nature, Vol. 348 [8 November 1990], 1121) and $2,020,000 for the Science Masters Series featuring contributions from numerous eminent scientists (see Paul Nathan, 'Rights', Publishers Weekly [14 September 1992], 23). Most books receive advances in the range of $50,000 to $300,000, but even that is a quantum leap from just a decade before, as Brockman explained in 1991 (in Will Nixon, 'The Art of Publishing Science Books', Publishers Weekly [23 August 1991], 16-18, at 17): Seven or eight years ago, you could take an eminent science book and sell it to an academic press for $5,000 and to Germany for $1500, and you'd be thrilled. Today, you can take an eminent scientist without a writer and within 12 hours have $250,000 and then auction the book to Germany for 80% of that. By the end of the week, with other foreign sales, you will have three quarters of a million dollars.
4. Author and literary agent John Brockman called this genre the 'third culture', a phrase as much prescriptive as descriptive: see John Brockman, The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995). Brockman's New York agency, Brockman, Inc., handles most of the best-known scientists in the world, routinely obtaining six- and seven-figure book advances, often on only a book outline or simple prospectus. While most of these advances are confidential, published figures include $2 million for physicist Murray Gell-Mann's The Quark and the Jaguar (see Alun Andersen and Tim Lincoln, 'Million-Dollar Quark', Nature, Vol. 348 [8 November 1990], 1121) and $2,020,000 for the Science Masters Series featuring contributions from numerous eminent scientists (see Paul Nathan, 'Rights', Publishers Weekly [14 September 1992], 23). Most books receive advances in the range of $50,000 to $300,000, but even that is a quantum leap from just a decade before, as Brockman explained in 1991 (in Will Nixon, 'The Art of Publishing Science Books', Publishers Weekly [23 August 1991], 16-18, at 17): Seven or eight years ago, you could take an eminent science book and sell it to an academic press for $5,000 and to Germany for $1500, and you'd be thrilled. Today, you can take an eminent scientist without a writer and within 12 hours have $250,000 and then auction the book to Germany for 80% of that. By the end of the week, with other foreign sales, you will have three quarters of a million dollars.
5. Author and literary agent John Brockman called this genre the 'third culture', a phrase as much prescriptive as descriptive: see John Brockman, The Third Culture: Beyond the Scientific Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995). Brockman's New York agency, Brockman, Inc., handles most of the best-known scientists in the world, routinely obtaining six- and seven-figure book advances, often on only a book outline or simple prospectus. While most of these advances are confidential, published figures include $2 million for physicist Murray Gell-Mann's The Quark and the Jaguar (see Alun Andersen and Tim Lincoln, 'Million-Dollar Quark', Nature, Vol. 348 [8 November 1990], 1121) and $2,020,000 for the Science Masters Series featuring contributions from numerous eminent scientists (see Paul Nathan, 'Rights', Publishers Weekly [14 September 1992], 23). Most books receive advances in the range of $50,000 to $300,000, but even that is a quantum leap from just a decade before, as Brockman explained in 1991 (in Will Nixon, 'The Art of Publishing Science Books', Publishers Weekly [23 August 1991], 16-18, at 17): Seven or eight years ago, you could take an eminent science book and sell it to an academic press for $5,000 and to Germany for $1500, and you'd be thrilled. Today, you can take an eminent scientist without a writer and within 12 hours have $250,000 and then auction the book to Germany for 80% of that. By the end of the week, with other foreign sales, you will have three quarters of a million dollars.
6. Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (New York: Little Brown, 1973).
7. Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978).
8. Carl Sagan, Cosmos: The Story of Cosmic Evolution, Science and Civilization (New York: Random House, 1980).
9. See William Poundstone, Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 261-62; and Keay Davidson, Carl Sagan: A Life (New York: Wiley, 1999), 331-33.
10. See William Poundstone, Carl Sagan: A Life in the Cosmos (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 261-62; and Keay Davidson, Carl Sagan: A Life (New York: Wiley, 1999), 331-33.
11. See J. Hartz and R. Chappell, Worlds Apart: How the Distance Between Science and Journalism Threatens America's Future (Nashville, TN: Freedom Forum First Amendment Center, 1997), also cited on the National Science Foundation web page at www.nsf.gov/ sbe/srs/seind00access/c8/c8s4.htm. The relevant text reads: One of the most frequently cited reasons for scientists' reluctance to talk to the press is the so-called Carl Sagan effect, that is, renowned scientist Carl Sagan was criticized by his fellow scientists who assumed that because Sagan was spending so much time communicating with the public, he must not have been devoting enough time to his research.
12. Poundstone, op. cit. note 5, 112, 357; Davidson, op. cit. note 5, 202-205, 389-92. Poundstone (357) describes the debate at the NAS over Sagan's nomination this way: Texas A&M chemist Albert Cotton took dead aim on the popularization issue. He judged popularization to be oversimplification - symptomatic of an inadequacy in doing science. There were nods of approval. Rosalyn Yalow, the Nobel-laureate medical physicist, shook her head, vowing, 'Never, never'. One foe said that the fact that Carl Sagan had even gotten on the ballot demonstrated how 'dangerous' it was to allow open nominations.
13. Poundstone, op. cit. note 5, 112, 357; Davidson, op. cit. note 5, 202-205, 389-92. Poundstone (357) describes the debate at the NAS over Sagan's nomination this way: Texas A&M chemist Albert Cotton took dead aim on the popularization issue. He judged popularization to be oversimplification - symptomatic of an inadequacy in doing science. There were nods of approval. Rosalyn Yalow, the Nobel-laureate medical physicist, shook her head, vowing, 'Never, never'. One foe said that the fact that Carl Sagan had even gotten on the ballot demonstrated how 'dangerous' it was to allow open nominations.
14. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam Books, 1988). See Michael White, 'Eureka! They Like Science', The Sunday Times (London, 13 December 1992). As the editor of Skeptic magazine, a monthly columnist for Scientific American, and the science correspondent for NPR affiliate KPCC, I receive bound galleys and review copies of science books on a daily basis. Not a book season goes by that I do not receive from publishers promotional material on books said to be 'the next A Brief History of Time'.
15. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam Books, 1988). See Michael White, 'Eureka! They Like Science', The Sunday Times (London, 13 December 1992). As the editor of Skeptic magazine, a monthly columnist for Scientific American, and the science correspondent for NPR affiliate KPCC, I receive bound galleys and review copies of science books on a daily basis. Not a book season goes by that I do not receive from publishers promotional material on books said to be 'the next A Brief History of Time'.
16. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
17. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
18. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
19. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
20. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
21. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
22. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
23. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
24. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
25. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
26. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
27. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
28. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
29. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
30. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
31. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
32. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
33. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
34. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
35. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
36. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
37. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
38. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
39. Gould's first book was Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977). Gould's essay collections include Ever Since Darwin (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977); The Panda's Thumb (New York: W.W. Norton, 1980); Hen's Teeth and Horn's Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983); The Flamingo's Smile (New York: W.W. Norton, 1985): An Urchin in the Storm (New York: W.W. Norton, 1987); Bully for Brontosaurus (New York: W.W. Norton, 1991); Eight Little Piggies (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993); Dinosaur in a Haystack (New York: Harmony Books, 1995); Leonardo's Mountain of Clams and the Diet of Worms (New York: Harmony Books, 1998); The Lying Stones of Marrakech (New York: Harmony Books, 2000), and I Have Landed: The End of a Beginning in Natural History (New York: Harmony Books, 2002), published in Britain as / Have Landed; Splashes and Reflections in Natural History (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002). Gould's three co-authored books with Rosamond Purcell include Crossing Over (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000); Illuminations, A Bestiary (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986); and Finders, Keepers (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992). Gould's edited volume is The Book of Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1993). Gould's analysis of race and intelligence is in The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981, 2nd edn 1996). Gould's book on the millennium is Questioning the Millennium (New York: Harmony Books, 1997). Gould's analysis of science and religion is in Rocks of Ages (New York: Harmony Books, 1999). Gould's books on evolutionary theory include Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987); Wonderful Life (New York: W.W. Norton, 1989); Full House (New York: Harmony Books, 1996); and The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
40. Awards include a National Book Award for The Panda's Thumb, a National Book Critics Circle Award for The Mismeasure of Man, the Phi Beta Kappa Book Award for Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes, and a Pulitzer Prize Finalist for Wonderful Life, on which Gould commented 'close but, as they say, no cigar'. Forty-four honorary degrees and 66 major fellowships, medals, and awards bear witness to the depth and scope of his accomplishments in both the sciences and humanities: Member of the National Academy of Sciences, President and Fellow of AAAS, MacArthur Foundation 'genius' Fellowship (in the first group of awardees), Humanist Laureate from the Academy of Humanism, Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fellow of the European Union of Geosciences, Associate of the Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle Paris, the Schuchert Award for excellence in paleontological research, Scientist of the Year from Discover magazine, the Silver Medal from the Zoological Society of London, the Gold Medal for Service to Zoology from the Linnean Society of London, the Edinburgh Medal from the City of Edinburgh, the Britannica Award and Gold Medal for dissemination of public knowledge, Public Service Award from the Geological Society of America, Anthropology in Media Award from the American Anthropological Association, Distinguished Service Award from the National Association of Biology Teachers, Distinguished Scientist Award from UCLA, the Randi Award for Skeptic of the Year from the Skeptics Society, and a Festschrift in his honour at Caltech. He even has a Jupiter-crossing asteroid named after him ('Stephengould', as by IAU convention), discovered by Gene Shoemaker in 1992. Awards and citations taken from Gould's curriculum vitae, dated September 2000. The reference to Gould as 'America's evolutionist laureate' appears in numerous publications, but first appears, ironically, in Robert Wright's highly critical review of Wonderful Life, in The New Republic (29 January 1990), 33-38. He meant it sarcastically, but it has been adopted since in praise.
41. Bernard D. Davis, Storm Over Biology: Essays on Science, Sentiment, and Public Policy (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1986), at 130, 136.
42. Daniel Dennett, Darwin's Dangerous Idea (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 262-312. According to literary agent John Brockman, who sold this book, the critique was even longer in its original form (personal communication, 11 May 2001).
43. Richard Dawkins, Unweaving the Rainbow: Science, Delusion and the Appetite for Wonder (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), at 197-98 (emphasis in original).
44. John Maynard Smith, 'Genes, Memes, and Minds', New York Review of Books, Vol. 42, No. 19 (30 November 1995), 46. Maynard Smith was reviewing Dennett's book, Darwin's Dangerous Idea, which itself contains a lengthy critique of Gould, thus prompting his comment. Because of Maynard Smith's reputation, the quotation is repeated often by Gould's critics. Richard Dawkins (op. cit. note 13), John Alcock (see note 15), Robert Wright (see note 16), and Michael Ruse (see note 17) have all reprinted the quote in support of their critiques of Gould. Gould also reprinted it, then answered his critic in the New York Review of Books, Vol 44, No. 10 (12 June 1997), 34-37: He really ought to be asking himself why he has been bothering about my work so intensely, and for so many years. Why this dramatic change? Has he been caught up in apocalyptic ultra-Darwinian fervour? I am, in any case, saddened that his once genuinely impressive critical abilities seem to have become submerged within the simplistic dogmatism epitomized by Darwin's Dangerous Idea, a dogmatism that threatens to compromise the true complexity, subtlety (and beauty) of evolutionary theory and the explanation of life's history.
45. John Alcock, 'Unpunctuated Equilibrium in the Natural History Essays of Stephen Jay Gould', Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 19 (1998), 321-35, at 329.
46. Robert Wright, 'The Intelligence Test: A Review of Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History by Stephen Jay Gould', The New Republic (29 January 1990), 32. See also Robert Wright, 'Homo deceptus', Slate Magazine (27 November 1996), www.slate.com; Wright, 'The Accidental Creationist', The New Yorker (13 December 1999), 56; and Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Pantheon, 2000). Although Wright has declared himself in Slate 'to be involved in a bitter feud with no less a personage than Stephen Jay Gould', throughout the decade-long 'feud' Gould never once responded. Wright explains Gould's silence in his Slate article this way: 'But, savvy alpha male that he is, he refrained from getting into a gutter brawl with a scrawny, marginal primate such as myself. Richard Milner, Gould's editor at Natural History magazine, has a different explanation (in Ethan Smith, 'Look Who's Stalking', New York [14 February 2000], 46-49, at 48): 'It's like a classic Western.
47. Robert Wright, 'The Intelligence Test: A Review of Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History by Stephen Jay Gould', The New Republic (29 January 1990), 32. See also Robert Wright, 'Homo deceptus', Slate Magazine (27 November 1996), www.slate.com; Wright, 'The Accidental Creationist', The New Yorker (13 December 1999), 56; and Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Pantheon, 2000). Although Wright has declared himself in Slate 'to be involved in a bitter feud with no less a personage than Stephen Jay Gould', throughout the decade-long 'feud' Gould never once responded. Wright explains Gould's silence in his Slate article this way: 'But, savvy alpha male that he is, he refrained from getting into a gutter brawl with a scrawny, marginal primate such as myself. Richard Milner, Gould's editor at Natural History magazine, has a different explanation (in Ethan Smith, 'Look Who's Stalking', New York [14 February 2000], 46-49, at 48): 'It's like a classic Western. Gregory Peck is the veteran gunfighter, and some young punk comes into town wanting to take him on. Peck does everything he possibly can to avoid shooting the poor kid, but eventually he's goaded and prodded and bugged into doing something about him'. Gould's six-shooter, however, remained holstered.
48. Robert Wright, 'The Intelligence Test: A Review of Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History by Stephen Jay Gould', The New Republic (29 January 1990), 32. See also Robert Wright, 'Homo deceptus', Slate Magazine (27 November 1996), www.slate.com; Wright, 'The Accidental Creationist', The New Yorker (13 December 1999), 56; and Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Pantheon, 2000). Although Wright has declared himself in Slate 'to be involved in a bitter feud with no less a personage than Stephen Jay Gould', throughout the decade-long 'feud' Gould never once responded. Wright explains Gould's silence in his Slate article this way: 'But, savvy alpha male that he is, he refrained from getting into a gutter brawl with a scrawny, marginal primate such as myself. Richard Milner, Gould's editor at Natural History magazine, has a different explanation (in Ethan Smith, 'Look Who's Stalking', New York [14 February 2000], 46-49, at 48): 'It's like a classic Western. Gregory Peck is the veteran gunfighter, and some young punk comes into town wanting to take him on. Peck does everything he possibly can to avoid shooting the poor kid, but eventually he's goaded and prodded and bugged into doing something about him'. Gould's six-shooter, however, remained holstered.
49. Robert Wright, 'The Intelligence Test: A Review of Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History by Stephen Jay Gould', The New Republic (29 January 1990), 32. See also Robert Wright, 'Homo deceptus', Slate Magazine (27 November 1996), www.slate.com; Wright, 'The Accidental Creationist', The New Yorker (13 December 1999), 56; and Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Pantheon, 2000). Although Wright has declared himself in Slate 'to be involved in a bitter feud with no less a personage than Stephen Jay Gould', throughout the decade-long 'feud' Gould never once responded. Wright explains Gould's silence in his Slate article this way: 'But, savvy alpha male that he is, he refrained from getting into a gutter brawl with a scrawny, marginal primate such as myself. Richard Milner, Gould's editor at Natural History magazine, has a different explanation (in Ethan Smith, 'Look Who's Stalking', New York [14 February 2000], 46-49, at 48): 'It's like a classic Western. Gregory Peck is the veteran gunfighter, and some young punk comes into town wanting to take him on. Peck does everything he possibly can to avoid shooting the poor kid, but eventually he's goaded and prodded and bugged into doing something about him'. Gould's six-shooter, however, remained holstered.
50. Robert Wright, 'The Intelligence Test: A Review of Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History by Stephen Jay Gould', The New Republic (29 January 1990), 32. See also Robert Wright, 'Homo deceptus', Slate Magazine (27 November 1996), www.slate.com; Wright, 'The Accidental Creationist', The New Yorker (13 December 1999), 56; and Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Pantheon, 2000). Although Wright has declared himself in Slate 'to be involved in a bitter feud with no less a personage than Stephen Jay Gould', throughout the decade-long 'feud' Gould never once responded. Wright explains Gould's silence in his Slate article this way: 'But, savvy alpha male that he is, he refrained from getting into a gutter brawl with a scrawny, marginal primate such as myself. Richard Milner, Gould's editor at Natural History magazine, has a different explanation (in Ethan Smith, 'Look Who's Stalking', New York [14 February 2000], 46-49, at 48): 'It's like a classic Western. Gregory Peck is the veteran gunfighter, and some young punk comes into town wanting to take him on. Peck does everything he possibly can to avoid shooting the poor kid, but eventually he's goaded and prodded and bugged into doing something about him'. Gould's six-shooter, however, remained holstered.
51. Michael Ruse, The Evolution Wars: A Guide to the Debates (Denver, CO: ABC-CLIO, 2000), at 247-48.
52. Ronald Numbers, in response to a questionnaire about Gould's strengths and weaknesses as a scientist, conducted by myself and Frank Sulloway (of UC Berkeley) in June 2000, as part of a larger survey to assess the personality characteristics of eminent scientists. Others assessed include Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, and Carl Sagan. For details, see: M.B. Shermer, The Borderlands of Science: Where Sense Meets Nonsense (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 232-34, and Shermer, In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 24-31.
53. Ronald Numbers, in response to a questionnaire about Gould's strengths and weaknesses as a scientist, conducted by myself and Frank Sulloway (of UC Berkeley) in June 2000, as part of a larger survey to assess the personality characteristics of eminent scientists. Others assessed include Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, and Carl Sagan. For details, see: M.B. Shermer, The Borderlands of Science: Where Sense Meets Nonsense (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 232-34, and Shermer, In Darwin's Shadow: The Life and Science of Alfred Russel Wallace (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 24-31.
54. Charles Darwin to Henry Fawcett (18 September 1861), Letter No. 133 in Francis Darwin (ed.), More Letters of Charles Darwin, Vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), 194-96. For the elevation of Darwin's quote to a 'Dictum', see Michael Shermer, 'Darwin's Dictum', Scientific American (April 2001), 10.
55. Charles Darwin to Henry Fawcett (18 September 1861), Letter No. 133 in Francis Darwin (ed.), More Letters of Charles Darwin, Vol. 1 (New York: D. Appleton, 1903), 194-96. For the elevation of Darwin's quote to a 'Dictum', see Michael Shermer, 'Darwin's Dictum', Scientific American (April 2001), 10.
56. Michael B. Shermer, 'The Measure of a Life: Carl Sagan and the Science of Biography', Skeptic,Vol. 7, No. 4 (1999), 32-39; reprinted as 'The Exquisite Balance: Carl Sagan and the Difference Between Orthodoxy and Heresy in Science', in Shermer, The Borderlands of Science, op. cit. note 18, 215-38.
57. See Raymond Nickerson, 'Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises', Review of General Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1998), 175-220.
58. Richard Whitley, 'Knowledge Producers and Knowledge Acquirers: Popularizations as a Relation Between Scientific Fields and Their Publics', in Terry Shinn and Richard Whitley (eds), Expository Science: Forms and Functions of Popularisation (Dordrecht/Boston, MA: D. Reidel Publishing, 1985), 3-37, at 3.
59. Victor McElheny, 'Impacts of Present-Day Popularization', in Shinn & Whitley (eds), op. cit. note 22, 277-82.
60. Whitley, op. cit. note 22, at 25.
61. Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), at 292, 294-95. See also: Stephen Hilgartner, 'The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses', Social Studies of Science, Vol 20, No. 3 (August 1990), 519-39; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Jack Selzer (ed.), Understanding Scientific Prose (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
62. Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), at 292, 294-95. See also: Stephen Hilgartner, 'The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses', Social Studies of Science, Vol 20, No. 3 (August 1990), 519-39; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Jack Selzer (ed.), Understanding Scientific Prose (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
63. Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), at 292, 294-95. See also: Stephen Hilgartner, 'The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses', Social Studies of Science, Vol 20, No. 3 (August 1990), 519-39; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Jack Selzer (ed.), Understanding Scientific Prose (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
64. Charles Bazerman, Shaping Written Knowledge: The Genre and Activity of the Experimental Article in Science (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), at 292, 294-95. See also: Stephen Hilgartner, 'The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses', Social Studies of Science, Vol 20, No. 3 (August 1990), 519-39; Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts in the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990); Jack Selzer (ed.), Understanding Scientific Prose (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993).
65. This rough classification of Gould's books includes: Natural History (Illuminations, Crossing Over and the nine essay collections); History of Science/Science Studies (The Mismeasure of Man, An Urchin in the Storm, Finders Keepers, Questioning the Millennium, Rocks of Ages,); Evolutionary Theory (Ontogeny and Phylogeny, The Book of Life, Full House, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory); Paleontology/Geology (Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle, Wonderful Life). In developing the more elaborate taxonomic system for classifying Gould's scientific and scholarly writings a number of specialists were consulted, including paleontologist Donald Prothero from Occidental College, historian of science Frank Sulloway from UC Berkeley, science historian and Natural History magazine editor Richard Milner, and, of course, Gould himself, who was patient through my numerous taxonomic queries.
66. S.J. Gould, 'Entropic Homogeneity Isn't Why No One Hits 400 Anymore', Discover (August 1986), 60-66; this article was expanded into a section in Full House (1996), op. cit. note 9, Chapters 6-11, at 77-134; Gould, 'Phyletic Size Decrease in Hershey Bars', in Charles J. Rubin at al. (eds), Junk Food (New York: The Dial Press/James Wade, 1980), 178-79; Gould, 'Mickey Mouse Meets Konrad Lorenz', Natural History (May 197), 30-36. As Gould explained about the Hershey Bars article: 'As with the Mickey Mouse piece I was trying to voice and seriously air an important theoretical point - while still having fun, of course!' (personal communication, 15 May 2001).
67. S.J. Gould, 'Entropic Homogeneity Isn't Why No One Hits 400 Anymore', Discover (August 1986), 60-66; this article was expanded into a section in Full House (1996), op. cit. note 9, Chapters 6-11, at 77-134; Gould, 'Phyletic Size Decrease in Hershey Bars', in Charles J. Rubin at al. (eds), Junk Food (New York: The Dial Press/James Wade, 1980), 178-79; Gould, 'Mickey Mouse Meets Konrad Lorenz', Natural History (May 197), 30-36. As Gould explained about the Hershey Bars article: 'As with the Mickey Mouse piece I was trying to voice and seriously air an important theoretical point - while still having fun, of course!' (personal communication, 15 May 2001).
68. S.J. Gould, 'Entropic Homogeneity Isn't Why No One Hits 400 Anymore', Discover (August 1986), 60-66; this article was expanded into a section in Full House (1996), op. cit. note 9, Chapters 6-11, at 77-134; Gould, 'Phyletic Size Decrease in Hershey Bars', in Charles J. Rubin at al. (eds), Junk Food (New York: The Dial Press/James Wade, 1980), 178-79; Gould, 'Mickey Mouse Meets Konrad Lorenz', Natural History (May 197), 30-36. As Gould explained about the Hershey Bars article: 'As with the Mickey Mouse piece I was trying to voice and seriously air an important theoretical point - while still having fun, of course!' (personal communication, 15 May 2001).
69. S.J. Gould, 'Entropic Homogeneity Isn't Why No One Hits 400 Anymore', Discover (August 1986), 60-66; this article was expanded into a section in Full House (1996), op. cit. note 9, Chapters 6-11, at 77-134; Gould, 'Phyletic Size Decrease in Hershey Bars', in Charles J. Rubin at al. (eds), Junk Food (New York: The Dial Press/James Wade, 1980), 178-79; Gould, 'Mickey Mouse Meets Konrad Lorenz', Natural History (May 197), 30-36. As Gould explained about the Hershey Bars article: 'As with the Mickey Mouse piece I was trying to voice and seriously air an important theoretical point - while still having fun, of course!' (personal communication, 15 May 2001).
70. S.J. Gould, 'Entropic Homogeneity Isn't Why No One Hits 400 Anymore', Discover (August 1986), 60-66; this article was expanded into a section in Full House (1996), op. cit. note 9, Chapters 6-11, at 77-134; Gould, 'Phyletic Size Decrease in Hershey Bars', in Charles J. Rubin at al. (eds), Junk Food (New York: The Dial Press/James Wade, 1980), 178-79; Gould, 'Mickey Mouse Meets Konrad Lorenz', Natural History (May 197), 30-36. As Gould explained about the Hershey Bars article: 'As with the Mickey Mouse piece I was trying to voice and seriously air an important theoretical point - while still having fun, of course!' (personal communication, 15 May 2001).
71. See, for example, the Prologue to Ever Since Darwin (1977), op. cit. note 9, 13-14, describing the essays: They range broadly from planetary and geological to social and political history, but they are united (in my mind at least) by the common thread of evolutionary theory - Darwin's version. I am a tradesman, not a polymath; what I know of planets and politics lies at their intersection with biological evolution. He repeats the line in the prefaces to The Panda's Thumb (1980), op. cit. note 9, 12, and Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995), op. cit. note 9, ix.
72. Dinosaur in a Haystack (1995), op. cit. note 9, xiii-xiv.
73. Gould has often stated in talks that his heroes are Darwin and DiMaggio, and he said it in print in the preface to The Lying Stones of Marrakech (2000), op. cit. note 9, 1. NOVA's 1984 TV profile, 'Stephen Jay Gould: This View of Life', won the Westinghouse Science Film Award, presented to the programme's producers (L. Harrar and B. Costa) at the May 1985 AAAS Annual Meeting in Los Angeles.
74. S.J. Gould, 'The Streak of Streaks', The New York Review of Books, Vol 35, No. 8 (28 August 1988), 8-12. The comparison of Gould's essay streak to DiMaggio's hitting streak was made by former major league baseball player Bruce Bochte in an introduction of Gould for a talk at the Academy of Natural Sciences in San Francisco, recounted by Gould in Eight Little Piggies (1993), op. cit. note 9, 11. Alan Ternes, Gould's first editor at Natural History magazine, once called Gould 'the iron typewriter', in reference to Lou Gehrig, who was known as 'the iron horse' because he held the continuous game-played streak in baseball until Cal Ripken Jr broke the record.
75. Gould's first essay in Natural History was preceded, in March 1973, with a stand-alone article on 'The Misnamed, Mistreated, and Misunderstood Irish Elk", later reprinted in Ever Since Darwin (1977), op. cit. note 9, 79-90. He explains the origin of the column in the preface to The Lying Stones of Marrakech (2000), op. cit. note 9, 1: In the fall of 1973, I received a call from Alan Ternes, editor of Natural History magazine. He asked me if I would like to write columns on a monthly basis, and he told me that folks actually get paid for such activities. (Until that day, I had published only in technical journals.) The idea intrigued me, and I said that I'd try three or four. Now, 290 monthly essays later (with never a deadline missed), I look only a little way forward to the last item of this extended series - to be written, as number 300 exactly, for the millennial issue of January 2001. Edwin Barber, Gould's editor at W.W. Norton, explained the origins of the essay collection books in a Gould tribute issue of Natural History (November 1999), 48-49: In 1974 I was a new editor at W.W. Norton and blessed by being able to spend hours in the New York Public Library. There I first came across Natural History and read an essay entitled 'Size and Shape'.. ..That afternoon I wrote to Steve about the piece - his first column, it turned out, under the rubric 'This View of Life' and thus a most contingent event, which proves that although luck may favor the prepared mind, it is nonetheless luck. 'What's a smart fellow like you doing with no books in print?', I asked.... Soon after, I signed Steve to write The Mismeasure of Man. Not until three years later when Steve had 33 columns under his belt did it occur to either of us that the Natural History pieces should be gathered between hard covers. The first collection, Ever Since Darwin, was published in 1976.
76. Gould even commented on this trend in a parenthetical note in the prologue to The Flamingo's Smile (1985), op. cit. note 9, 15: '... my volumes have become progressively longer for an unchanging number of essays - a trend more regular than my mapped decline of batting averages from essay 14, and a warning signal of impending trouble if continued past a limit reached, I think, by this collection'. Trouble or not, the length stretched by another thousand words per essay by the mid-1990s. As for the changing quality of the essays - a nearly impossible variable to quantify - Gould himself comments in the prologue to Bully For Brontosaurus (1991), op. cit. note 9, 13: 'I think I have become a better writer by monthly practice (I sometimes wish that all copies of Ever Since Darwin would self-destruct), and I have given myself more latitude of selection and choice in this volume'.
77. Alcock (1998), op. cit. note 15, 322-23.
78. The Marx reference comes from S.J. Gould, 'The Horn of Triton', Natural History (December 1989), 16-22, at 18. Not included in the count of biblical references were passages from essays devoted entirely to biblical exegesis, which include: 'Fall in the House of Ussher' (November 1991), 'The Pre-Adamite in a Nutshell' (November 1999), The First Day of the Rest of Our Life' (April 2000), and 'The Narthex of San Marco and the Pangenetic Paradigm' (July/August 2000). Additional poets and literary luminaries quoted by Gould more than once include: Matthew Arnold, William Blake, Robert Burns, Chaucer, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Dryden,T.S. Eliot, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Robert Frost, Omar Khayyam, Rudyard Kipling, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Robert Louis Stevenson, Jonathan Swift, and Walt Whitman.
79. S.J. Gould, 'In Touch With Walcott', Natural History (July 1990), 6-12, at 8.
80. Richard Milner, 'Stephen Jay Gould is My Name', based on 'My Name is John Wellington Wells' from The Sorcerer ('with apologies to Gilbert and Sullivan' Milner says), performed on 7 October 2000, at the Festschrift held in Gould's honour at the California Institute of Technology: copyright Richard Milner, 2001, reprinted by permission. For a copy of the tape of this and several other operatic pieces by Richard Milner, including 'I am the Very Model of a Modern Anthropologist', 'Why Didn't I Think of That?', and 'I'm the Guy Who Found Natural Selection', contact Milner at the American Museum of Natural History at rmilner@amnh.org.
81. I began reading Gould's essays in 1985, starting with the essay collections. After that I read most of the essays in their original publication in Natural History, and reread many of them when they were republished in book form. In the late 1990s, all of Gould's books were published as unabridged audio books, all of which I reviewed. Finally, in late 2000, I went through all 300 essays in chronological order, page by page, in order to classify them in this taxonomic scheme. It soon became clear that for most of the essays there were multiple layers of literary, scientific, and philosophical complexity, so I developed this three-tiered system to discern the larger patterns. When it became apparent that in most of the essays there was also a strong historical element, I added another three-tiered division to classify the relevant essays by their historical subject or theme. My coding scheme was developed on a handful of randomly selected essays to the point where it became relatively obvious what the primary, secondary, and tertiary themes were in each. I then went through the entire corpus sequentially. This took weeks of intense reading to finish, and I have yet to find another rater in order to compute an interrater reliability, which would be an improvement on the system I developed. There is a certain amount of subjectivity to the process, but knowing Gould's essays as well as I do I can say with confidence that there would be little dispute of my coding outcomes. Readers can obtain a copy of the raw data by e-mail at skepticmag@aol.com.
82. Frank Sulloway was invaluable in helping classify Gould's essays in this complex network of literary taxonomy, particularly with regard to the relationship of the history and philosophy of science in Gould's work.
83. S.J. Gould, 'Leonardo's Living Earth', Natural History (May 1997), 11-18. The 76 historical biographies include: Louis Agassiz, Saartjie Baartman (aka 'the Hottentot Venus'), Francis Bacon, Robert Boyle, William Jennings Bryan, Carrie Buck, William Buckland, Georges Buffon, Luther Burbank, Thomas Burnett, Petrus Camper, Christopher Columbus, Georges Cuvier, James Dwight Dana, Charles Darwin, Erasmus Darwin, Dr John Langdon Haydon Down, Marcel Duchamp, Freeman Dyson, Ronald Aylmer Fisher, Girolamo Fracastoro, Sigmund Freud, Galileo Galilei, Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Walter Gaskell, Joseph-Arthur Comte de Gobineau, Richard Goldschmidt, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Philip Henry Gosse, Ernst Haeckel, J.B.S. Haldane, Edmund Halley, Shirley Hibberd, James Hutton, Thomas H. Huxley, Henry Charles Fleeming Jenkin, Ernest Everett Just, Alfred Kinsey, Randolph Kirkpatrick, Sophia/Vladimir Kovalevsky, Petr Kropotkin, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, E. Ray Lancaster, Pierre-Simon Laplace, Antoine Lavoisier, Leonardo da Vinci, Carolus Linnaeus, Charles Lyell, Trofim Lysenko, Emmanuel Mendes da Costa, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, Franz Anton Mesmer, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Lorenz Oken, Richard Owen, William Paley, Edgar Allan Poe, Mary Roberts, Joseph Rosenberg (Papa Joe, Gould's grandfather, the subject of his final essay), Nathaniel Southgate Shaler, Mary Shelley, Samuel Stanhope Smith, Francesco Stelluti, Nicolaus Steno, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Friedrich Tiedemann, Edward Tyson, James Ussher, Nikolai Vavilov, Immanuel Velikovsky, Charles Doolittle Walcott, Alfred Russel Wallace, William Whiston, Samuel Wilberforce. For many of these biographies, of course, Gould relied on secondary sources for general information about the individual, but for almost all of them he turned to primary documents, especially those composed by the subjects themselves. In many instances this meant reading historical Latin, French, German, Russian, and other languages that Gould had to teach himself in order to avoid the dangerous risk of relying on others' translations, and his editor at Natural History, Richard Milner, confirmed that he had to do this often within only a few weeks in order to meet his monthly deadlines.
84. In his high year of 1986, for example, references include his book The Flamingo's Smile, an essay in American Scientist on the historical triumph of homology, a foreword to a facsimile of Darwin's Formation of Vegetable Mould, a New York Review of Books review of Martin Rudwick's The Great Devonian Controversy, reviews of his books The Flamingo's Smile, Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes and The Mismeasure of Man, and essays in Natural History on William Bligh, historical descriptions of the platypus, Edward Tyson's great chain of being applied to chimps, Edmund Halley's work on the age of the earth, Charles White's theory of the 'regular gradation in man', Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis' theory of preformation, Alfred Russel Wallace's cosmology, Kelvin's attempt to date the age of the earth, William Buckland's flood theory, John Gould's aid to Darwin, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire's debate with Cuvier on animal morphology, the Wilberforce-Huxley debate, Darwin's attempt to explain the evolution of the wing, Darwinian precursors Patrick Matthew and William Charles Wells, Samuel Wilberforce's critique of Darwin, Fleeming Jenkin's work, and Charles Doolittle Walcott's Burgess Shale errors.
85. The total comes to 379 because a number of essays had two dominant themata, and three had three deep themes: 'Modified Grandeur' (March 1993); 'Spin-Doctoring Darwin' (July 1995); and 'What Does the Dreaded "E" Word Mean, Anyway?' (February 2000).
86. The total comes to 379 because a number of essays had two dominant themata, and three had three deep themes: 'Modified Grandeur' (March 1993); 'Spin-Doctoring Darwin' (July 1995); and 'What Does the Dreaded "E" Word Mean, Anyway?' (February 2000).
87. The total comes to 379 because a number of essays had two dominant themata, and three had three deep themes: 'Modified Grandeur' (March 1993); 'Spin-Doctoring Darwin' (July 1995); and 'What Does the Dreaded "E" Word Mean, Anyway?' (February 2000).
88. Frank Sulloway, 'The Metaphor and the Rock: A Review of Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time by Stephen Jay Gould', New York Review of Books (2 May 1987), 37-40, at 37. Sulloway notes Gerald Holton's important contributions to understanding the rôle of such themata in the development of all scientific ideas: 'Gerald Holton has argued that all science is inspired by such bipolar "themata", which transcend the strictly empirical character of science by giving a primary role to human imagination' (ibid., 40): see Gerald Holton, The Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
89. Frank Sulloway, 'The Metaphor and the Rock: A Review of Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time by Stephen Jay Gould', New York Review of Books (2 May 1987), 37-40, at 37. Sulloway notes Gerald Holton's important contributions to understanding the rôle of such themata in the development of all scientific ideas: 'Gerald Holton has argued that all science is inspired by such bipolar "themata", which transcend the strictly empirical character of science by giving a primary role to human imagination' (ibid., 40): see Gerald Holton, The Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
90. Sulloway (1987), op. cit. note 43, 39.
91. S.J. Gould, 'Bathybius and Eozoon', Natural History (April 1978), 16-22, at 17.
92. S.J. Gould, 'Spin Doctoring Darwin', Natural History (July 1995), 12-18, at 14.
93. S.J. Gould, 'Wallace's Fatal Flaw', Natural History (January 1980), 26-40, at 28.
94. S.J. Gould, 'The Interpretation of Diagrams', Natural History (August-September 1976), 18-28, at 18.
95. S.J. Gould, 'The Horn of Triton', Natural History (December 1989), 18-27, at 19.
96. See Ruse, The Evolution Wars, op. cit. note 17; Ullica Segerstrale, Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Richard Morris, The Evolutionists: The Struggle for Darwin's Soul (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2001).
97. See Ruse, The Evolution Wars, op. cit. note 17; Ullica Segerstrale, Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Richard Morris, The Evolutionists: The Struggle for Darwin's Soul (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2001).
98. See Ruse, The Evolution Wars, op. cit. note 17; Ullica Segerstrale, Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and Beyond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Richard Morris, The Evolutionists: The Struggle for Darwin's Soul (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2001).
99. I originally made this point in response to Daniel Dennett's critique of Gould, in a discussion on the meaning of contingency in Gould's writings: "The problem, it would seem, stems from the fact that when one wants to emphasize a previously neglected facet of nature [contingency], it might appear that something is being displaced [necessity]': M.B. Shermer, How We Believe: The Search for God in an Age of Science (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2000), 222.
100. S.J. Gould, 'Only His Wings Remained', Natural History (September 1984), 10-18, at 12.
101. S.J. Gould, 'Modified Grandeur', Natural History (March 1993), 14-20, at 16.
102. This wording comes from the first edition of the Origin. In later editions, Darwin added this modifying clause (noted in italics): '... having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one...' Many have speculated on Darwin's motive, especially considering the fact that he became less religious as he got older. Gould suggests in this essay that it was probably done for diplomatic reasons since the first edition used the word 'Creator' seven times, 'always in negative comparison to illustrate the superiority of evolutionary explanations'.
103. Gould, 'Modified Grandeur', op. cit. note 53, 14.
104. Quoted in Gould, 'Modified Grandeur', ibid., 15.
105. Gould, ibid., 18.
106. Ibid., 18.
107. Quoted in Gould, ibid., 18.
108. Gould, ibid., 20.
109. I b i d.
110. Gould added this reflective comment on the essay (personal communication, 15 May 2001): I was also making a little joke about adjectives, from Bell's 'extreme' grandeur to Darwin's plain and unmodified 'grandeur' to the truly 'modified' grandeur - hence the Gilbert and Sullivan intro story - of contingency which, ironically in a non-spin doctored conceptual sense is, after all, the greatest grandeur of all because it is most contrary to our hopes and expectations and therefore forces us to think!
111. Darwin to Henry Fawcett (18 September 1861), Letter No. 133 in F. Darwin (ed.), More Letters of Charles Darwin, op. cit. note 19, 194-96. Of the final clause of the line, 'if it is to be of any service', Gould commented lightheartedly: 'It tickles me that the quote has six words in a row with only two letters each. Now this must be rare! (but how to measure it)' (personal communication, 15 May 2001).
112. Darwin to Henry Fawcett (18 September 1861), Letter No. 133 in F. Darwin (ed.), More Letters of Charles Darwin, op. cit. note 19, 194-96. Of the final clause of the line, 'if it is to be of any service', Gould commented lightheartedly: 'It tickles me that the quote has six words in a row with only two letters each. Now this must be rare! (but how to measure it)' (personal communication, 15 May 2001).
113. S.J. Gould, 'Darwin at Sea', Natural History (September 1983), 14-20, at 15.
114. S.J. Gould, 'The Sharp-Eyed Lynx, Outfoxed by Nature', Natural History (May 1998), 16-21, 70-72.
115. Ibid., 18.
116. Ibid., 19.