Creating Interactive Virtual Humans: Some Assembly Required

IEEE Intelligent Systems

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 54-63

  Gratch, Jonathan ^a   Rickel, Jeff ^b   Andre, Elisabeth ^c   Cassell, Justine ^c   Petajan, Eric ^c   Badler, Norman ^c  

^a USC Inst for Creative Technologies ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF AUGSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERACTIVE VIRTUAL HUMANS;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMATION; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE; COMPUTER GRAPHICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS; PSYCHOLOGY COMPUTING; SOCIAL SCIENCES; VISUAL COMMUNICATION;

VIRTUAL REALITY;

EID: 0036649390     PISSN: 15411672     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/MIS.2002.1024753     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. W.L. Johnson, J.W. Rickel, and J.C. Lester, “Animated Pedagogical Agents: Face-to-Face Interaction in Interactive Learning Environments,”Int'l J. AI in Education, vol. 11, Nov. 2000, pp. 47-78.
2. S.C.Marsella, W.L. Johnson, and C. LaBore, “Interactive Pedagogical Drama,”Proc. 4th Int'l Conf. Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York, 2000, pp. 301-308.
3. E. André et al., “The Automated Design of Believable Dialogues for Animated Presentation Teams,” Embodied Conversational Agents, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2000, pp. 220-255.
4. J. Cassell et al., “Human Conversation as a System Framework: Designing Embodied Conversational Agents,” Embodied Conversational Agents, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2000, pp. 29-63.
5. J.E. Laird, “It Knows What You're Going To Do: Adding Anticipation to a Quakebot,” Proc. 5th Int'l Conf. Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York, 2001, pp. 385-392.
6. S. Yoon, B. Blumberg, and G.E. Schneider, “Motivation Driven Learning for Interactive Synthetic Characters,” Proc. 4th Int'l Conf. Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York, 2000, pp. 365-372.
7. J. Cassell, “Nudge, Nudge, Wink, Wink: Elements of Face-to-Face Conversation for Embodied Conversational Agents,”Embodied Conversational Agents, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2000, pp. 1-27.
8. J. Cassell, M. Stone, and H. Yan, “Coordination and Context-Dependence in the Generation of Embodied Conversation,” Proc. INLG 2000, 2000.
9. M.T. Maybury, ed., Intelligent Multimedia Interfaces, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif., 1993.
10. B. O'Conaill and S. Whittaker, “Characterizing, Predicting, and Measuring Video-Mediated Communication: A Conversational Approach,” Video-Mediated Communication: Computers, Cognition, and Work, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, N.J., 1997, pp. 107-131.
11. J. Cassell, H. Vilhjálmsson, and T. Bickmore, “BEAT: The Behavior Expression Animation Toolkit,” to be published in Proc. SIGGRAPH '01, ACM Press, New York, 2001.
12. M. Johnston et al., “Unification-Based Multimodal Integration,” Proc. 35th Ann. Meeting Assoc. Compuational Linguistics (ACL 97/EACL 97), Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 2001, pp. 281-288.
13. P. Taylor et al., “The Architecture of the Festival Speech Synthesis System,” 3rd ESCA Workshop Speech Synthesis, 1998.
14. C. Pelachaud et al., “Embodied Agent in Information Delivering Application,”Proc. Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, ACM Press, New York, 2002.
15. J. C. Lester et al., “Deictic and Emotive Communication in Animated Pedagogical Agents,”Embodied Conversational Agents, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2000, pp. 123-154.
16. A. Ortony, G.L. Clore, and A. Collins, The Cognitive Structure of Emotions, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1988.
17. S. Marsella, and J. Gratch, “A Step Towards Irrationality: Using Emotion to Change Belief,” to be published in Proc. 1st Int'l Joint Conf. Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, ACM Press, New York, 2002.
18. M.S. El-Nasr, T.R. Ioerger, and J. Yen, “Peteei: A Pet with Evolving Emotional Intelligence,” Proc. 3rd Int'l Conf. Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York, 1999, pp. 9-15.
19. S. Marsella and J. Gratch, “Modeling the Interplay of Emotions and Plans in MultiAgent Simulations,” Proc. 23rd Ann. Conf. Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, N.J., 2001, pp. 294-599.
20. A. Sloman, “Motives, Mechanisms and Emotions,” Cognition and Emotion, The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK, 1990, pp. 231-247.
21. J. Gratch, “Emile: Marshalling Passions in Training and Education,”Proc. 4th Int'l Conf. Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York, 2000.
22. G. Collier, Emotional Expression, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, N.J., 1985.
23. G. Ball and J. Breese, “Emotion and Personality in a Conversational Character,”Embodied Conversational Agents, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2000, pp. 189-219.
24. D. Chi et al., “The EMOTE Model for Effort and Shape,”ACM SIGGRAPH '00,ACM Press, New York, 2000, pp. 173-182.
25. M. Schröder, “Emotional Speech Synthesis:A Review,”Proc. Eurospeech 2001, ISCA, Bonn, Germany, 2001, pp. 561-564.
26. E. Hovy, “Some Pragmatic Decision Criteria in Generation,” Natural Language Generation, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, Germany, 1987, pp. 3-17.
27. M. Walker, J. Cahn, and S.J. Whittaker, “Improving Linguistic Style: Social and Affective Bases for Agent Personality,” Proc. Autonomous Agents '97, ACM Press, New York, 1997, pp. 96-105.
28. D. Moffat, “Personality Parameters and Programs,”Creating Personalities for Synthetic Actors, Springer Verlag, New York, 1997, pp. 120-165.
29. H. Prendinger, and M. Ishizuka, “Social Role Awareness in Animated Agents,”Proc. 5th Conf. Autonomous Agents, ACM Press, New York, 2001, pp. 270-377.
30. A. Paiva et al., “Satira: Supporting Affective Interactions in Real-Time Applications,” CAST 2001: Living in Mixed Realities, FhGZPS, Schloss Birlinghoven, Germany, 2001, pp. 227-230.
31. M. Gleicher, “Comparing Constraint-based Motion Editing Methods,” Graphical Models, vol. 62, no. 2, Feb. 2001, pp. 107-134.
32. N. Badler, C. Phillips, and B. Webber, Simulating Humans: Computer Graphics, Animation, and Control, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1993.
33. M. Raibert and J. Hodgins, “Animation of Dynamic Legged Locomotion,” ACM Siggraph, vol. 25, no. 4, July 1991, pp. 349-358.
34. D. Tolani, A. Goswami, and N. Badler, “RealTime Inverse Kinematics Techniques for Anthropomorphic Limbs,” Graphical Models, vol. 62, no. 5, May 2000, pp. 353-388.
35. J. Lewis, M. Cordner, and N. Fong, “Pose Space Deformations: A Unified Approach to Shape Interpolation and Skeleton-driven Deformation,” ACM Siggraph, July 2000, pp. 165-172.
36. P. Sloan, C. Rose, and M. Cohen, “Shape by Example,” Symp. Interactive 3D Graphics, Mar., 2001, pp. 135-144.
37. D. Baraff and A. Witkin, “Large Steps in Cloth Simulation, ACM Siggraph, July 1998, pp. 43-54.
38. N. Magnenat-Thalmann and P. Volino, Dressing Virtual Humans, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1999.
39. K. Perlin, “Real Time Responsive Animation with Personality,” IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 1, no. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 5-15.
40. M. Byun and N. Badler, “FACEMOTE: Qualitative Parametric Modifiers for Facial Animations,” Symp. Computer Animation, ACM Press, New York, 2002.
41. M. Brand and A. Hertzmann, “Style Machines, ACM Siggraph, July 2000, pp. 183-192.
42. E. Cosatto and H.P. Graf, “Photo-Realistic Talking-Heads from Image Samples,” IEEE Trans. Multimedia, vol. 2, no. 3, Mar. 2000, pp. 152-163.
43. T. Ezzat, G. Geiger, and T. Poggio, “Trainable Videorealistic Speech Animation, to be published in Proc. ACM Siggraph, 2002.
44. D. Terzopoulos and K. Waters, “Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Images Using Physical and Anatomical Models,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 15, no. 6, June 1993, pp. 569-579.
45. F.I. Parke and K. Waters, Computer Facial Animation, AK Peters, Wellesley, Mass., 1996.
46. T.K. Capin, E. Petajan, and J. Ostermann, “Efficient Modeling of Virtual Humans in MPEG-4,” IEEE Int'l Conf. Multimedia, 2000, pp. 1103-1106.
47. T.K. Capin, E. Petajan, and J. Ostermann, “Very Low Bitrate Coding of Virtual Human Animation in MPEG-4,” IEEE Int'l Conf. Multimedia, 2000, pp. 1107-1110.
48. L. Kovar, M. Gleicher, and F. Pighin, “Motion Graphs,” to be published in Proc. ACM Siggraph 2002, ACM Press, New York.