Attributions in explanations of risk estimates

Public Understanding of Science

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 243-257

  Kahlor, LeeAnn ^a   Dunwoody, Sharon ^a   Griffin, Robert J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^b MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; HISTORY; PARASITE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; WATER POLLUTION;

ANIMALS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; PARASITES; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; WATER POLLUTION;

EID: 0036634139     PISSN: 09636625     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0963-6625/11/3/303     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
2. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
3. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
4. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
5. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
6. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
7. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
8. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
9. See, for example, James Voss, David Perkins, and Judith Segal, Informal Reasoning and Education (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1991); Kathleen Galotti, "Approaches to studying informal and everyday reasoning," Psychological Bulletin 105, no. 3 (1989): 331-351; Brian Wynne, "Public understanding of science," in Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, ed. Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Petersen, and Trevor Pinch (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995): 361-388; See, for example, Herbert Simon, "Rational choice and the structure of the environment," Psychological Review 63 (1956): 129-138; Herbert Simon, Models of Bounded Rationality (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1982); Shelly Chaiken, "The heuristic model of persuasion," in Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, vol. 5, ed. Mark Zanna, James Olson, and C. Peter Herman (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1980: 3-39; Shelly Chaiken, Akiva Liberman, and Alice Eagly, "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context," in Unintended Thought, ed. James Uleman and John Bargh (New York: Guilford, 1989) 212-252; Alice Eagly and Shelly Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993); Gerd Gigerenzer and Daniel Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way: models of bounded rationality," Psychological Review 103, no. 4 (1996): 650-669.
10. Neil Hoxie, William R. MacKenzie, and Jeffrey P. Davis, Massive Waterborne Outbreak Infections, Milwaukee: Results of Random Digit Dialing, Survey #2 (Bureau of Public Health, Wisconsin Division of Health, Madison, 1993).
11. Voss, et al., Informal Reasoning and Education.
12. Chaiken et al., "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context;" Eagly et al., The Psychology of Attitudes; Akiva Liberman and Shelly Chaiken, "Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, no. 6 (1992): 669-679. Gigerenzer and Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way."
13. Chaiken et al., "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context;" Eagly et al., The Psychology of Attitudes; Akiva Liberman and Shelly Chaiken, "Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, no. 6 (1992): 669-679. Gigerenzer and Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way."
14. Chaiken et al., "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context;" Eagly et al., The Psychology of Attitudes; Akiva Liberman and Shelly Chaiken, "Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, no. 6 (1992): 669-679. Gigerenzer and Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way."
15. Chaiken et al., "Heuristic and systematic processing within and beyond the persuasion context;" Eagly et al., The Psychology of Attitudes; Akiva Liberman and Shelly Chaiken, "Defensive processing of personally relevant health messages," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18, no. 6 (1992): 669-679. Gigerenzer and Goldstein, "Reasoning the fast and frugal way."
16. Paul Slovic, Baruch Fischoff, und Sarah Lichtenstein, "Facts versus fears: understanding perceived risk," in Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, ed. Daniel Kuhneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982): 463-489.
17. Slovic, et al., "Facts versus fears," p. 464.
18. Slovic, et al., "Facts versus fears," p. 464.
19. Helmut Jungermann and Paul Slovic, "Characteristics of individual risk perception," in Risk is a Construct, ed. Bayerische Ruck (Munchen: Knesebeck, 1993): 85-102.
20. See, for example, Michael Shapiro and Miejeong Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact." Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Atlanta GA, 1984. Department of Communication Paper 15-94-02 (1994); Neil Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Health Psychology 3, no. 5 (1984): 431-457; Bethan Henderson and Bryan Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Social Science and Medicine 50 (2000): 293- 301; Sharon Dunwoody, Kurt Neuwirth, Robert Griffin, and Marilee Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends,"' Journal of Language and Social Psychology 11, no. 2 (1992): 9-33.
21. See, for example, Michael Shapiro and Miejeong Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact." Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Atlanta GA, 1984. Department of Communication Paper 15-94-02 (1994); Neil Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Health Psychology 3, no. 5 (1984): 431-457; Bethan Henderson and Bryan Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Social Science and Medicine 50 (2000): 293- 301; Sharon Dunwoody, Kurt Neuwirth, Robert Griffin, and Marilee Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends,"' Journal of Language and Social Psychology 11, no. 2 (1992): 9-33.
22. See, for example, Michael Shapiro and Miejeong Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact." Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Atlanta GA, 1984. Department of Communication Paper 15-94-02 (1994); Neil Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Health Psychology 3, no. 5 (1984): 431-457; Bethan Henderson and Bryan Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Social Science and Medicine 50 (2000): 293-301; Sharon Dunwoody, Kurt Neuwirth, Robert Griffin, and Marilee Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends,"' Journal of Language and Social Psychology 11, no. 2 (1992): 9-33.
23. See, for example, Michael Shapiro and Miejeong Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact." Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Atlanta GA, 1984. Department of Communication Paper 15-94-02 (1994); Neil Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Health Psychology 3, no. 5 (1984): 431-457; Bethan Henderson and Bryan Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Social Science and Medicine 50 (2000): 293- 301; Sharon Dunwoody, Kurt Neuwirth, Robert Griffin, and Marilee Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends,"' Journal of Language and Social Psychology 11, no. 2 (1992): 9-33.
24. Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact."
25. Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact."
26. Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact," p. 11.
27. Neil Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me."
28. Neil Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me."
29. Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact."
30. Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact."
31. Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact."
32. Jungermann and Slovic, "Characteristics of individual risk perception," p. 87.
33. Bernard Weiner, Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social conduct (New York: Guilford Press, 1995).
34. Richard Nisbett, Eugene Borgida, Rick Crandall, and Harvey Reed, "Popular induction: information is not necessarily informative," in Cognition and Social Behavior, ed. John S. Carroll and John Payne (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1982), 101; Harold Kelley, "Attribution theory in social psychology," in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1967, ed. D. Levine (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), 192-241; Nisbett et al., "Popular induction: information is not necessarily informative," p. 101.
35. Richard Nisbett, Eugene Borgida, Rick Crandall, and Harvey Reed, "Popular induction: information is not necessarily informative," in Cognition and Social Behavior, ed. John S. Carroll and John Payne (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1982), 101; Harold Kelley, "Attribution theory in social psychology," in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1967, ed. D. Levine (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), 192-241; Nisbett et al., "Popular induction: information is not necessarily informative," p. 101.
36. Richard Nisbett, Eugene Borgida, Rick Crandall, and Harvey Reed, "Popular induction: information is not necessarily informative," in Cognition and Social Behavior, ed. John S. Carroll and John Payne (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1982), 101; Harold Kelley, "Attribution theory in social psychology," in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1967, ed. D. Levine (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967), 192-241; Nisbett et al., "Popular induction: information is not necessarily informative," p. 101.
37. Stuart Oskamp, Attitudes and Opinions (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977); Weiner, Judgments Of Responsibility: A Foundation For A Theory Of Social Conduct.
38. Stuart Oskamp, Attitudes and Opinions (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977); Weiner, Judgments Of Responsibility: A Foundation For A Theory Of Social Conduct.
39. Lee Ross and Craig Andersen, "Shortcomings in the attributional process: on the origins and maintenance of erroneous social assessments," in Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, ed. Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic, and Amos Tversky (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1982): 129-152.
40. Ross and Andersen, "Shortcomings in the attributional process," p. 129.
41. Ross and Andersen, "Shortcomings in the attributional process," p. 130.
42. Kelley, "Attribution theory in social psychology."
43. Ross and Andersen, "Shortcomings in the attributional process"; Patricia Cheng, "From covariates to causation: a causal power theory," Psychological Review 104 (1997): 367-405; Weiner, Judgments of Responsibility.
44. Ross and Andersen, "Shortcomings in the attributional process"; Patricia Cheng, "From covariates to causation: a causal power theory," Psychological Review 104 (1997): 367-405; Weiner, Judgments of Responsibility.
45. Ross and Andersen, "Shortcomings in the attributional process"; Patricia Cheng, "From covariates to causation: a causal power theory," Psychological Review 104 (1997): 367-405; Weiner, Judgments of Responsibility.
46. Ziva Kunda, "Motivated inference: self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, no. 4 (1987): 636-647.
47. Dale T. Miller, "What constitutes a self-serving attributional bias?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 1221-1223.
48. Alexander Stajkovic and Steven Sommer, "Self-efficacy and causal attributions: direct and reciprocal links," Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30, no. 4 (2000): 707-737.
49. Howard Tennan and Glenn Affleck, "Blaming others for threatening events," Psychological Bulletin 108, no. 2 (1990): 209-232.
50. Paul Slovic, "Informing and educating the public about risk," Risk Analysis 6, no. 4 (1986): 403-415. Baruch Fischhoff, Paul Slovic, and Sarah Lichtenstein, "Lay foibles and expert fables in judgments about risk," The America Statistician 36, no. 3 (1982): 240-255. Ulrich Hoffrage and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences," Academic Medicine 73, no. 5 (1998): 538-540. Ulrich Hoffrage, Samuel Lindsey, Ralph Hertwig, and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Communicating statistical information," Science 290 (22 December 2000): 2261-2262.
51. Paul Slovic, "Informing and educating the public about risk," Risk Analysis 6, no. 4 (1986): 403-415. Baruch Fischhoff, Paul Slovic, and Sarah Lichtenstein, "Lay foibles and expert fables in judgments about risk," The America Statistician 36, no. 3 (1982): 240-255. Ulrich Hoffrage and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences," Academic Medicine 73, no. 5 (1998): 538-540. Ulrich Hoffrage, Samuel Lindsey, Ralph Hertwig, and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Communicating statistical information," Science 290 (22 December 2000): 2261-2262.
52. Paul Slovic, "Informing and educating the public about risk," Risk Analysis 6, no. 4 (1986): 403-415. Baruch Fischhoff, Paul Slovic, and Sarah Lichtenstein, "Lay foibles and expert fables in judgments about risk," The America Statistician 36, no. 3 (1982): 240-255. Ulrich Hoffrage and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences," Academic Medicine 73, no. 5 (1998): 538-540. Ulrich Hoffrage, Samuel Lindsey, Ralph Hertwig, and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Communicating statistical information," Science 290 (22 December 2000): 2261-2262.
53. Paul Slovic, "Informing and educating the public about risk," Risk Analysis 6, no. 4 (1986): 403-415. Baruch Fischhoff, Paul Slovic, and Sarah Lichtenstein, "Lay foibles and expert fables in judgments about risk," The America Statistician 36, no. 3 (1982): 240-255. Ulrich Hoffrage and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences," Academic Medicine 73, no. 5 (1998): 538-540. Ulrich Hoffrage, Samuel Lindsey, Ralph Hertwig, and Gerd Gigerenzer, "Communicating statistical information," Science 290 (22 December 2000): 2261-2262.
54. Lisa Schwartz, Steven Woloshin, William Black, and Gilbert Welch, "The role of numeracy in understanding the benefit of screening mammography," Annals of International Medicine 127 (1997): 966-972.
55. Hoxie et al., Massive Waterborne Outbreak Infections, Milwaukee: Results of Random Digit Dialing, Survey #2.
56. Although we initially summed these behaviors to create an index, the index was unreliable.
57. Klaus Krippendorff, Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1980).
58. Accuracy was originally intended to be a variable in this study; however, attempts to code the responses for accurate and inaccurate information proved too subjective for the coders.
59. David W. Hosmer and Stanley Lameshow, Applied Logistic Regression (New York: Wiley, 1989).
60. Scott Menard, Applied Logistic Regression (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage University Paper Series, Sage Publications, 1995), 21; Odds ratios are presented in the SPSS output as Exp (B).
61. Marija J. Norusis, SPSS Advanced Statistics Users Guide (Chicago: SPSS Inc., 1990), 48.
62. Menard, Applied Logistic Regression, p. 49.
63. Menard, Applied Logistic Regression, p. 49.
64. See Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact," Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Henderson and Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Dunwoody, Neuwirth, Griffin, and Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends."'
65. See Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact," Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Henderson and Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Dunwoody, Neuwirth, Griffin, and Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends."'
66. See Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact," Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Henderson and Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Dunwoody, Neuwirth, Griffin, and Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends."'
67. See Shapiro and Han, "Thinking aloud about impersonal impact," Weinstein, "Why it won't happen to me: perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility," Henderson and Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance," Dunwoody, Neuwirth, Griffin, and Long, "The impact of risk message content and construction on comments about risks embedded in 'letters to friends."'
68. See, for example, K. Viswanath and John R. Finnegan, Jr., "The knowledge gap hypothesis: twenty-five years later," in Communication Yearbook 19, ed. B.R. Burleson (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996): 187-227.
69. Robert Griffin and Sharon Dunwoody, "Community structure and science framing of news about local environmental risks," Science Communication 18 (1997): 362-384.
70. Martin Seligman, Learned Optimism (New York: Knopf, 1990); Bernard Weiner, Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for the Theory of Social Conduct (New York: Guilford Press, 1995).
71. Martin Seligman, Learned Optimism (New York: Knopf, 1990); Bernard Weiner, Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for the Theory of Social Conduct (New York: Guilford Press, 1995).
72. Henderson and Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance."
73. Henderson and Maguire, "Three lay models of disease inheritance."
74. Voss et al., Informal Reasoning and Education.
75. Robert Griffin, Sharon Dunwoody, and Kurt Neuwirth, "Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors," Environmental Rersearch 80 (1999): 230-245.