Spatial frequency, phase, and the contrast of natural images

Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics and Image Science, and Vision

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 1096-1106

  Bex, Peter J ^a   Makous, Walter ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIFFRACTION GRATINGS; FREQUENCIES; TUNING;

NATURAL IMAGES;

IMAGE ANALYSIS;

ARTICLE; CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; DEPTH PERCEPTION; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; PERCEPTIVE THRESHOLD; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZATION;

CONTRAST SENSITIVITY; HUMANS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; RANDOM ALLOCATION; SENSORY THRESHOLDS; SPACE PERCEPTION;

EID: 0036617001     PISSN: 10847529     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/JOSAA.19.001096     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. F. W. Campbell and J. G. Robson, "Application of Fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings," J. Physiol. (London) 197, 551-566 (1968).
2. F. W. Campbell and D. G. Green, "Optical and retinal factors affecting visual resolution," J. Physiol. (London) 181, 576-593 (1965).
3. D. H. Kelly, "Spatial frequency selectivity in the retina," Vision Res. 15, 665-672 (1975).
4. J. Hoekstra, D. P. J. Van der Goot, G. Van den Brink, and F. A. Bilsen, "The influence of the number of cycles upon the visual contrast threshold for spatial sine wave patterns," Vision Res. 14, 365-368 (1974).
5. J. Yang, X. Qi, and W. Makous, "Zero frequency masking and a model of contrast sensitivity," Vision Res. 35, 1965-1978 (1995).
6. O. Bryngdahl, "Characteristics of the visual system: psychophysical measurements of the response to spatial sine-wave stimuli in the photopic region," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 811-821 (1966).
7. A. Watanabe, T. Mori, S. Nagata, and K. Hiwatashi, "Spatial sine wave responses of the human visual system," Vision Res. 8, 1245-1263 (1968).
8. C. Blakemore, J. P. J. Muncey, and R. M. Ridley, "Stimulus specificity in the human visual system," Vision Res. 13, 1915-1931 (1973).
9. M. A. Georgeson and G. D. Sullivan, "Contrast constancy: deblurring in human vision by spatial frequency channels," J. Physiol. (London) 252, 627-656 (1975).
10. J. J. Kulikowski, "Effective contrast constancy and linearity of contrast sensation," Vision Res. 16, 1419-1431 (1976).
11. M. W. Cannon, Jr., "Contrast sensation: a linear function of stimulus contrast," Vision Res. 19, 1045-1052 (1979).
12. D. O. Bowker, "Suprathreshold spatiotemporal response characteristics of the human visual system," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 73, 436-440 (1983).
13. R. St. John, B. Timney, K. E. Armstrong, and A. B. Szpak, "Changes in perceived contrast of Suprathreshold gratings as a function of orientation and spatial frequency," Spatial Vision 2, 223-232 (1987).
14. N. Brady and D. J. Field, "What's constant in contrast constancy? The effects of scaling on the perceived contrast of bandpass patterns," Vision Res. 35, 739-756 (1995).
15. A. B. Metha, P. J. Bex, and W. Makous, "Contrast constancy requires discriminable spatial frequency content," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, Suppl. S424 (1998).
16. M. A. Georgeson, "Over the limit: Encoding contrast above threshold in human vision," in Limits of Vision, J. J. Kulikowski, ed. (Erlbaum London, 1990) pp. 106-119.
17. W. H. Swanson, H. R. Wilson, and S. C. Giese, "Contrast matching data predicted from contrast increment thresholds," Vision Res. 24, 63-75 (1984).
18. W. H. Swanson, M. A. Georgeson, and H. R. Wilson, "Comparison of contrast responses across spatial mechanisms," Vision Res. 28, 457-459 (1988).
19. E. R. Kretzmer, "Statistics of television signals," Bell Syst. Tech. J. 31, 751-763 (1952).
20. G. J. Burton and I. R. Moorhead, "Color and spatial structure in natural scenes," Appl. Opt. 26, 157-170 (1987).
21. D. J. Field, "Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response properties of cortical cells," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 4, 2379-2394 (1987).
22. J. H. van Hateren and A. van der Schaaf, "Independent component filters of natural images compared with simple cells in primary visual cortex," Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 265, 359-366 (1998).
23. D. L. Ruderman and W. Bialek, "Statistics of natural images: scaling in the woods," Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 814-817 (1994).
24. D. J. Tolhurst, Y. Tadmor, and T. Chao, "Amplitude spectra of natural images," Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 12, 229-232 (1992).
25. A. van der Schaaf and J. H. van Hateren, "Modelling the power spectra of natural images: Statistics and information," Vision Res. 36, 2759-2770 (1996).
26. V. A. Billock, "Neural acclimation to 1/f spatial frequency spectra in natural images transduced by the human visual system," Physica D 137, 379-391 (2000).
27. F. Attneave, "Some informational aspects of visual perception, " Psychol. Rev. 61, 183-193 (1954).
28. H. B. Barlow, "Possible principles underlying the transformations of sensory messages," in Sensory Communication, W. A. Rosenblith, ed. (MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 1961) pp. 217-234.
29. S. B. Laughlin, "A simple coding procedure enhances a neuron's information capacity," Z. Naturforsch. Teil C 36, 910-912 (1981).
30. M. V. Srinivansan, S. B. Laughlin, and A. Dubs, "Predictive coding: a fresh view of inhibition in the retina," Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 216, 427-459 (1982).
31. J. H. Van Hateren, "Real and optimal neural images in early vision," Nature 360, 68-70 (1992).
32. C. A. Parraga, T. Troscianko, and D. J. Tolhurst, "The human visual system is optimised for processing the spatial information in natural visual images," Curr. Biol. 10, 35-38 (2000).
33. D. J. Tolhurst and Y. Tadmor, "Discrimination of spectrally blended natural images: optimisation of the human visual system for encoding natural scenes," Perception 29, 1087-1100 (2000).
34. M. G. A. Thomson, D. H. Foster, and R. J. Summers, "Human sensitivity to phase perturbations in natural images: a statistical framework," Perception 29, 1057-1069 (2000).
35. E. P. Simoncelli and B. A. Olshauser, "Natural image statistics and neural representation," Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 1193-1216 (2001).
36. K. Tiippana, R. Näsänen, and J. Rovamo, "Contrast matching of two-dimensional compound gratings," Vision Res. 34, 1157-1163 (1994).
37. B. Moulden, F. Kingdom, and L. F. Gatley, "The standard deviation of luminance as a metric for contrast in random-dot images," Perception 19, 79-101 (1990).
38. E. Peli, "Contrast in complex images," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7, 2032-2040 (1990).
39. D. G. Pelli, "The Videotoolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies," Spatial Vision 10, 437-442 (1997).
40. D. G. Pelli and L. Zhang, "Accurate control of contrast on microcomputer displays," Vision Res. 31, 1337-1350 (1991).
41. W. H. Press, A. A. Teukolsky, W. T. Vetterling, and B. P. Flannery, Numerical Recipes in C, 2nd ed. (Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992).
42. A. B. Watson and D. G. Pelli, "QUEST: A Bayesian adaptive psychometric method," Percept. Psychophys. 38, 113-120 (1983).
43. A. Naiman and W. Makous, "Spatial non-linearities of gray-scale CRT pixels," in Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III, B. E. Rogowitz, ed., Proc. SPIE 1666, 41-56 (1992).
44. T. Hayes, M. C. Morrone, and D. C. Burr, "Recognition of positive and negative bandpass-filtered images," Perception 15, 595-602 (1986).
45. C. H. Liu and A. Chaudhuri, "Are there qualitative differences between face processing in photographic positive and negative?" Perception 27, 1107-1122 (1998).
46. R. Kemp, G. Pike, P. White, and A. Musselman, "Perception and recognition of normal and negative faces: the role of shape from shading and pigmentation cues," Perception 25, 37-52 (1996).
47. A. Johnston, H. Hill, and N. Carman, "Recognizing faces: effects of lighting direction, inversion, and brightness reversal," Perception 21, 365-375 (1992).
48. C. Blakemore and F. W. Campbell, "On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images," J. Physiol. (London) 203, 237-260 (1969).
49. N. Graham and J. Nachmias, "Detection of grating patterns containing two spatial frequencies: A comparison of single-channel and multiple channel models," Vision Res. 11, 251-259 (1971).
50. E. R. Howell and R. F. Hess, "The functional area for summation to threshold for sinusoidal gratings," Vision Res. 18, 369-374 (1978).
51. M. S. Banks, W. S. Geisler, and P. J. Bennett, "The physical limits of grating visibility," Vision Res. 27, 1915-1924 (1987).
52. J. Mustonen, J. Rovamo, and R. Näsänen, "The effects of grating area and spatial frequency on contrast sensitivity as a function of light level," Vision Res. 33, 2065-2072 (1993).
53. N. Sekiguchi, D. R. Williams, and D. H. Brainard, "Efficiency in detection of isoluminant and isochromatic interference fringes," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 2118-2133 (1993).
54. J. Yang and W. Makous, "Implicit masking constrained by spatial inhomogeneities," Vision Res. 37, 1917-1927 (1997).
55. A. V. Oppenheim and J. S. Lim, "The importance of phase in signals," Proc. IEEE 69, 529-541 (1981).
56. L. N. Piotrowski and F. W. Campbell, "A demonstration of the visual importance and flexibility of spatial-frequency amplitude and phase," Perception 11, 337-46 (1982).
57. J. Bretel, T. Caelli, R. Hilz, and I. Rentschler, "Modelling perceptual distortion: Amplitude and phase transmission in the human visual system," Hum. Neurobiol. 1, 61-67 (1982).
58. R. Shapley, T. Caelli, S. Grossberg, M. J. Morgan, and I. Rentschler, "Computational thories of visual perception," in Visual Perception: The Neurophysiological Foundations, L. Spillman and J. S. Werner, eds. (Academic, New York, 1990), pp. 417-448.
59. M. J. Morgan, J. Ross, and A. Hayes, "The relative importance of local phase and local amplitude in patch-wise image-reconstruction," Biol. Cybern. 65, 113-119 (1991).
60. Y. Tadmor and D. J. Tolhurst, "Both the phase and the amplitude spectrum may determine the appearance of natural images," Vision Res. 33, 141-145 (1993).
61. M. C. Morrone and D. C. Burr, "Feature detection in human vision: a phase-dependent energy model," Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 235, 221-245 (1988).
62. J. Nachmias and A. Weber, "Discrimination of simple and complex gratings," Vision Res. 15, 217-223 (1975).
63. D. C. Burr, "Sensitivity to spatial phase," Vision Res. 20, 391-396 (1980).
64. D. R. Badcock, "Spatial phase or luminance profile discrimination?" Vision Res. 24, 613-623 (1984).
65. D. R. Badcock, "How do we discriminate relative spatial phase? " Vision Res. 24, 1847-1857 (1984).
66. M. C. Morrone, D. C. Burr, and D. Spinelli, "Discrimination of spatial phase in central and peripheral vision," Vision Res. 29, 433-445 (1989).
67. I. Rentschler and B. Treutwein, "Loss of spatial phase relationships in extrafoveal vision," Nature 313, 308-310 (1985).
68. P. J. Bennett and M. S. Banks, "Sensitivity loss in odd-symmetric mechanisms and phase anomalies in peripheral vision," Nature 326, 873-876 (1987).
69. P. J. Bex and W. Makous, "Contrast perception in natural images," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. Suppl. 42, S616 (2001).