Status and conservation of facultative freshwater cetaceans in Asia

Raffles Bulletin of Zoology

Volumn , Issue SUPPL. 10, 2002, Pages 173-187

  Smith, Brian D ^a   Jefferson, Thomas A ^a  

^a Aquatic Biodiversity Associates   (United States)

Author keywords

Asian cetaceans; Finless porpoise; Freshwater biodiversity; Freshwater cetaceans; Irrawaddy dolphin; Marine biodiversity; Neophocaena phocaenoides; Orcaella brevirostris; River dolphins

Indexed keywords

NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES;

EID: 0036587839     PISSN: 02172445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Anderson, J., 1879. Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising an Account of Zoological Results of the Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two Cetacean Genera, Platanista and Orcella [sic]. Bernard Quaritch, London. Two Volumes.
2. Anderson, G. R. V., 1995. Australia: progress report on cetacean research, May 1993-April 1994. Rep. Intl. Whal. Comm., 45: 225-31.
3. Annandale, N., 1915. Fauna of the Chilka Lake: mammals, reptiles and batrachians. Mem. Indian Mus., 5:166-167.
4. Baird, I. G. & B. Mounsouphom, 1994. Irrawaddy dolphins in Southern Lao PDR and northeastern Cambodia. Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc., 42: 159-75.
5. Baird, I. G. & B. Mounsouphom, 1997. Distribution, mortality, diet and conservation of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Lao PDR. Asian Mar. Biol., 14: 41-48.
6. Baird, I. G., B. Mounsouphom & P. J. Stacey, 1994. Preliminary surveys of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Lao PDR and northeastern Cambodia. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn., 44: 367-69.
7. Banks, E., 1931. A popular account of the mammals of Borneo. J. Malay. Bran. Roy. Asia. Soc., 9:1-139.
8. Barros, N. B., T. A. Jefferson & E. C. M. Parsons, 2002. Food habits of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Hong Kong waters. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement, 10: 115-123.
9. Beasley, I., 1998. Research on the Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) in East Malaysia. Unpublished report submitted to Ocean Park Conservation Foundation.
10. Beasley, I. & T. A. Jefferson, 1997. Marine mammals of Borneo: a preliminary checklist. Sarawak Mus. J., 51:193-210.
11. Beasley, I. & T. A. Jefferson, 2002. Surface and dive times of finless porpoises in Hong Kong's coastal waters. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 125-129.
12. Beasley, I., P. Arnold & G. Heinsohn, 2002a. Geographical variation in skull morphology of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris (Owen in Gray, 1866). Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 15-34.
13. Beasley, I., S. Chooruk & N. Piwpong. 2002b. The status of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris, in Song Kh la Lake, Southern Thailand. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 75-83.
14. Borsani, J. F., 1999. The Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris Gray 1866) of Lao P.D.R.: A visual-acoustic survey. Environmental Protection and Community Development in Siphandone Wetland Champassak Province, Lao P.D.R. Unpublished report of European Commission project Lao/B1-B7/6200-IB/96-012.
15. Chang, Q. & K. Zhou, 1995. The growth and reproduction of finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in the Yangtze River and Yellow/Bohai Sea. J. Nanj. Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 18 (Suppl.): 114-124.
16. Cobbold, T. S., 1876. Trematode parasites from the dolphins of the Ganges, Platanista gangetica and Orcella [sic.] brevirostris. J. Linn. Soc., Zool., 13: 35-46.
17. Dhandapani, P., 1992. Status of Irrawaddy river dolphin Orcaella brevirostris in Chilka Lake. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 34: 90-93.
18. Dhandapani, P., 1997. The conservation of the potentially endangered Irrawaddy river dolphin Orcaella brevirostris in Chilka Lagoon, Orissa, India. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 94: 536-539.
19. Dolar, M. L. L., W. F. Perrin, A. A. S. P. Yaptinchay, S. A. B. H. J. Jaaman, M. D. Santos, M. N. Alava & M. S. B. Suliansa, 1997. Preliminary investigation of marine mammal distribution, abundance, and interactions with humans in the southern Sulu Sea. Asian Mar. Bio., 14: 61-81.
20. Dolar, M. L. L., W. F. Perrin, J. P. Gaudiano, A. A. S. P. Yapinchay & J. M. L. Tan, 2002. Preliminary report on a small estuarine population of Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris in the Philippines. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 155-160.
21. Elkin, J., 1992. Observations of marine animals in the coastal waters of western Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Mus. J., 7:74-87.
22. Ellerman, J. R. & T. C. S. Morrison-Scott, 1951. Checklist of Palartic and Indian Mammals. British Museum, London.
23. Ehrlich, P. R. & A. H. Ehrlich, 1992. The value of biodiversity. Ambio, 21: 219-226.
24. ERM-Hong Kong, 1997. Fisheries resources and fishing operations in Hong Kong waters. Final report to the Agriculture & Fisheries Department, Hong Kong, 216 pp.
25. Freeland, W. J. & P. Bayliss, 1989. The Irrawaddy River dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) in coastal waters of the Northern Territory, Australia: distribution, abundance and seasonal changes. Mammalia, 53: 49-57.
26. Furuta, M., T. Kataoka, M. Sekido, K. Yamamoto, O. Tsukuda & T. Yamashita, 1989. Growth of the finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829) from the Ise Bay, central Japan. Ann Rep. Toba Aquar., 1: 89-102.
27. Geraci, J. R., N. C. Palmer & D. J. St. Aubin, 1987. Tumors in cetaceans: Analysis and new findings. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44: 1289-1300.
28. Gibson-Hill, C. A., 1950. The whales, porpoises and dolphins known in Sarawak waters. Sarawak Mus. J., 5: 288-296.
29. Goold, J. C. & T. A. Jefferson, 2002. Acoustic signals from free-ranging finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in the waters around Hong Kong. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 131-139.
30. Gribble, N. A., G. McPherson & B. Lane, 1998. Effect of the Queensland shark control program on non-target species: whale, dugong, turtle and dolphin: a review. Mar. Fresh. Res., 49: 645-651.
31. Hale, P., 1997. Conservation of inshore dolphins in Australia. Asian Mar. Biol., 14: 83-91.
32. Haque, A. K. M. Aminul, 1982. Observations on the attitude of people in Bangladesh towards small cetaceans. In: Mammals in the Seas. Volume 4, Small Cetaceans, Seals, Sirenians and Otters. Pp. 117-119. Fisheries Series No. 5. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
33. Hellou, J., G. Stenson, I. H. Ni, J. F. Payne & Y. S. Huang, 1990. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle tissue of marine mammals from the Northwest Atlantic. Mar. Poll. Bull., 21: 469-473.
34. Hilton-Taylor, C., 2000. 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge.
35. International Whaling Commission, 2001. Annex K. Report of the standing sub-committee on small cetaceans. J. Cet. Res. Manage., 3 (suppl.): 263-291.
36. James, P. S., B. R. Rajagopalan, M. Dan, S. S. Bastian, A. Fernando & V. Selvaraj, 1989. On the mortality and stranding of marine mammals and turtles at Gahirmatha, Orissa from 1983-1987. J. Mar. Bio. Assoc. India, 31: 28-35.
37. Jefferson, T. A. & G. T. Braulik, 1999. Preliminary report on the ecology of the finless porpoise in Hong Kong waters. IBI Reports, 9: 41-54.
38. Jefferson, T. A., B. E. Curry & R. Kinoshita, 2002a. Mortality and morbidity of Hong Kong finless porpoises, with emphasis on the role of environmental contaminants. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 161-171.
39. Jefferson, T. A., S. K. Hung, L. Law, M. Torey & N. Tregenza, 2002b. Distribution and abundance of finless porpoises in Hong Kong and adjacent waters of China. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 43-55.
40. Jefferson, T. A., K. M. Robertson & J. Y. Wang, 2002c. Growth and reproduction of the finless porpoise in southern China. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 105-113.
41. Kasuya, T., 1999. Finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829). In: Ridgway, S.H. & R. Harrison (eds.) Handbook of Marine Mammals, Vol. 6: The Second Book of Dolphins and the Porpoises. Pp. 411-442. Academic Press. San Diego.
42. Kasuya, T. & A. K. M. A. Haque, 1972. Some informations on distribution and seasonal movement of the Ganges dolphin. Sci. Rep. Whal. Res. Inst., 24: 109-115.
43. Kasuya, T. & K. Kureha, 1979. The population of finless porpoise in the inland sea of Japan.Sci. Rep. Whal. Res. Inst., 31: 1-44.
44. Kasuya, T., Y. Yamamoto & T. Iwatsuki, 2002. Abundance decline in the finless porpoise population in the Inland Sea of Japan. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 57-65.
45. Katona, S. & H. Whitehead, 1988. Are cetacea ecologically important? Oceanogr. Mar. Bio. Annu. Rev., 26: 553-568.
46. Kataoka, T., T. Mori, Y. Wakai, J. Palma, A. A. Yaptinchay, R. DeVeyta & R. Trono, 1995. Dugongs of the Philippines: A Report of the Joint Dugong Research and Conservation Program, May 1995. Toba Aquarium and the Pawikan Conservation Project.
47. Kreb, D., 2000. Abundance and distribution of the pesut, Orcaella brevirostris in the Mahakam River, lakes, and coast of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Paper submitted to the International Whaling Commission. SC/52/SM32.
48. Kreb, D., 2002. Density and abundance of the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris, in the Mahakam River of East Kalimantan, Indonesia: A comparison of survey techniques. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 85-95.
49. Kunin, W. E. & J. H. Lawton, 1996. Does biodiversity matter? Evaluating the case for conserving species. In: Gaston, K.J. (ed.) Biodiversity. A biology of numbers and difference. Pp. 283-308. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
50. Law, R. J. & J. A. Whinnett, 1992. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in muscle tissue of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from UK waters. Mar. Poll. Bull., 24: 550-553.
51. Leatherwood, S., C. B. Peters, R. Santerre, M. Santerre & J. T. Clarke, 1984. Observations of cetaceans in the northern Indian Ocean Sanctuary, November 1980-May 1983. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn., 34: 509-520.
52. Leatherwood, S. & R. R. Reeves, 1994. River dolphins: a review of activities and plans of the Cetacean Specialist Group. Aquat. Mamm., 20:137-154.
53. LeDuc, R. G., W. F. Perrin & A. E. Dizon, 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among delphinid cetaceans based on full cytochrome b sequences. Mar. Mam. Sci., 15: 619-648.
54. Liu, R., 1991. New advances on population status and protective measures for Lipotes vexillifer and Neophocaena phocaenoides in the Changjiang River. Aquat. Mamm., 17: 181-183.
55. Liu, R., D. Wang & K. Zhou, 2000. Effects of water development on river cetaceans in China. In R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.) Biology and conservation of freshwater cetaceans in Asia. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Pp. 40-42. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
56. Lloze, R., 1973. Contributions a L'etude Anatomique, Histologique et Biologique de l'Orcaella brevirostris (Gray -1866) (Cetacea-Delphinidae) du Mekong. Thesis, l'Universite Paul Sabatier de Toulouse, France.
57. Lui, P., P. Xia & B. Wang, 1983. Preliminary analysis of some toxic substances and heavy metal elements within the muscle of baiji and finless porpoise. J. Nanj. Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 1: 77-79.
58. Marsh, H., R. Lloze, G. Heinsohn & T. Kasuya, 1989. Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris (Gray, 1866). In: S.H. Ridgway & R. Harrison (eds.), Handbook of Marine Mammals, Volume 4, River Dolphins and other Toothed Whales. Pp. 101-118. Academic Press, San Diego.
59. Martineau, D., A. Lagacé, P. Béland, R. Higgins, D. Armstrong & L. R. Shugart, 1988. Pathology of stranded beluga whales (Delphinaterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec. Can. J. Comp. Path., 98: 287-311.
60. Meffe, G. K., W. F. Perrin & P. K. Dayton, 1999. Marine mammal conservation: guiding principles and their implementation. In: Twiss, J.R. & R.R. Reeves (eds.), Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals. Pp. 437-454. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
61. Minh, T. B., M. Watanabe, H. Nakata, S. Tanabe & T. A. Jefferson, 1999. Contamination by persistent organochlorines in small cetaceans from Hong Kong coastal waters. Mar. Poll. Bull., 39: 383-392.
62. Miyashita, T., T. Kishiro, N. Higashi, F. Sato, K. Mori & H. Kato, 1995. Winter distribution of cetaceans in the western North Pacific observed from sighting cruises 1993-1995. Unpublished International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee Report SC/47/NP16.
63. Mizue, K., K., Yoshida & Y. Masaki, 1965. Studies on the little toothed whales in the west sea area of Kyusyu-XII. Neomeris phocaenoides, so-called Japanese "SUNAMERI", caught in the coast of Tachibana Bay, Nagasaki Pref. Bull. Fac. Fish. (Nagasaki Univ.), 18: 7-29.
64. Mörzer Bruyns, W. J. F., 1966. Some notes on the Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris (Owen, 1866). Z. fur Saüg. 31: 367-370.
65. Mörzer Bruyns, W. F. J., 1971. Field guide of whales and dolphins. Uitgeverij Tor, Amsterdam.
66. Owen, R., 1869. On some Indian Cetacea collected by Walter Elliot, Esq. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon., 6:17-47.
67. Parra, G. J., C. Azuma, A. R. Preen, P. J. Corkeron & H. Marsh, 2002. Distribution of Irrawaddy dolphins, Orcealla brevirostris, in Australian waters. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 141-154.
68. Parsons, E. C. M., 1997. Hong Kong's cetaceans: the biology, ecology and behaviour of Sousa chinensis and Neophocaena phocaenoides. Ph.D. thesis, University of Hong Kong.
69. Parsons, E. C. M., 1999. Trace element concentrations in the tissues of cetaceans from Hong Kong's territorial waters. Environ. Cons., 26: 30-40.
70. Parsons, E. C. M. & H. M. Chan, 1998. Organochlorines in Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) from Hong Kong. In Morton, B. (ed.), The Marine Biology of the South China Sea III. Pp. 423-437. Hong Kong University Press.
71. Parsons, E. C. M., M. L. Felley & L. J. Porter, 1995. An annotated checklist of cetaceans recorded from Hong Kong's territorial waters. Asian Mar. Biol., 12: 79-100.
72. Parsons, E. C. M. & T. A. Jefferson, 2000. Post-mortem investigations on stranded dolphins and porpoises from Hong Kong waters. J. Wild. Dis., 36: 342-356.
73. Patterson, R. A., 1990. Effects of long-term anti-shark measures on target and non-target species in Queensland, Australia. Bio. Cons., 52: 147-59.
74. Paterson, R. A., S. M. Van Dyck & I. C. Hynther, 1998. Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris (Owen in Gray) from southern Queensland. Mem. Qld. Mus., 42(2): 554.
75. Perrin, W. F., 1999. Selected examples of small cetaceans at risk. In: Twiss, J. R. & R. R. Reeves (eds.). Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals. Pp. 296-310. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
76. Perrin, W. F., M. L. L. Dolar & M. N. R. Alava, 1996. Report of the Workshop on the Biology and Conservation of Small Cetaceans and Dugongs of Southeast Asia (UNEP(W)/EASWG 1/2). UNEP, Bangkok.
77. Perrin, W. F. & R. L. Brownell, Jr., 1994. A brief review of stock identity in small marine cetaceans in relation to assessment of driftnet mortality in the North Pacific. In: Perrin, W. F., G. P. Donovan & J. Barlow (eds.), Report of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 15). Pp. 393-401. International Whaling Commission, Cambridge.
78. Pilleri, G. & M. Gihr, 1972. Contribution to the knowledge of the cetaceans of Pakistan withparticular reference to the genera Neomeris, Sousa, Delphinus and Tursiops and description of a new Chinese porpoise (Neomeris asiaorientalis). Invest. Cetacea, 4: 107-162.
79. Pilleri, G. & M. Gihr, 1974. Contribution to the knowledge of the cetaceans of southwest and monsoon Asia (Persian Gulf, Indus Delta, Malabar, Andaman Sea and Gulf of Siam). Invest. Cetacea, 5: 95-153.
80. Reeves, R. R. & J. G. Mead, 1999. Marine mammals in captivity. In: Twiss, J. R. & R.R. Reeves (eds.), Conservation and Management of Marine Mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. Pp. 412-436.
81. Reeves, R. R., J. Y. Wang & S. Leatherwood, 1997. The finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier 1829): a summary of current knowledge and recommendations for conservation action. Asian Mar. Bio., 14:111-143.
82. Reeves, R. R., B. D. Smith & T. Kasuya, 2000a. Executive Summary. In: Reeves, R. R., B. D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.), Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 23. Pp. v-vi. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
83. Reeves, R. R., T. A. Jefferson, T. Kasuya, B. D. Smith, D. Wang, P. Wang, R. S. Wells, B. Wursig & K. Zhou, 2000b. Report of the Workshop to Develop a Conservation Action Plan for the Yangtze River Finless Porpoise, Ocean Park, Hong Kong, 16-18 September 1997. In: R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.), Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 23. Pp. 67-80. UCN, Gland, Switzerland.
84. Rice, D. W., 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy Special Publication 4, Lawrence, Kansas. 231 pp.
85. Roberts, T. J., 1977. The Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn Ltd., London. 361 pp.
86. Roberts, T. R. & I. G. Baird, 1995. Rapid assessment of the fish and fisheries in relation to the proposed Xepian-Xenamnoi Hydropower Scheme. Unpublished report prepared for the Wildlife Conservation Society.
87. Rudolph, P., C. Smeenk & S. Leatherwood, 1997. Preliminary checklist of Cetacea in the Indonesian archipelago and adjacent waters. Zool. Verhand. Leiden, 312:1-48.
88. Sahu, H. K., S. K. Kar & S. K. Patnaik, 1998. Study on some aspects of Irrawaddy river dolphin Orcaella brevirostris Gray in Chilka Lake, Orissa. Ind. Forester, October:803-809.
89. Shirakihara, K., H. Yoshida, M. Shirakihara & A. Takemura, 1992. A questionnaire survey onthe distribution of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in Japanese waters. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 8: 160-164.
90. Shirakihara, M., A. Takemura & K. Shirakihara, 1993. Age, growth, and reproduction of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan. Mar. Mamm. Sci., 9: 392-406.
91. Shirakihara, M., K. Shirakihara & A. Takemura, 1992. Records of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phoceanoides) in the waters adjacent to Kanmon Pass, Japan. Mar. Mam. Sci., 8: 82-85.
92. Shirakihara, M., K. Shirakihara & A. Takemura, 1994. Distribution and seasonal density of the finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan. Fish. Sci., 60: 41-46.
93. da Silva, V. M. F. & R. C. Best, 1994. Tucuxi Sotalia fluviatilis (Gervais, 1853). In: Ridgway, S. H. & R. Harrison (eds.), Handbook of Marine Mammals, Volume 5: The First Book of Dolphins. Pp. 43-69. Academic Press. London
94. Smith, B. D. & R. R. Reeves, 2000a. Survey methods for population assessment of Asian river dolphins. In: R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.), Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 23. Pp. 97-115. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
95. Smith, B. D. & R. R. Reeves, (eds.), 2000b. Report of the workshop on the effects of water development on river cetaceans in Asia, Rajendrapur, Bangladesh, 26-28 February 1997. In: R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.), Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 23. Pp. 15-21. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
96. Smith, B. D., B. Ahmed, M. Edrise & G. Braulik, 2001. Status of the Ganges river dolphin or shushuk Platanista gangetica in Kaptai Lake and the southern rivers of Bangladesh. Oryx, 35(1): 61-71.
97. Smith, B. D., T. A. Jefferson, S. Leatherwood, D. T. Ho, C. V. Thouc & L. H. Quang, 1997a. Investigations of marine mammals in Vietnam. Asian Mar. Biol., 14: 111-43.
98. Smith, B. D., H. Thant, J. M. Lwin & C. D. Shaw, 1997b. Preliminary investigation of cetaceans in the Ayeyarwady River and northern coastal waters of Myanmar. Asian Mar. Bio., 14: 173-194.
99. Stacey, P. J. & P. W. Arnold, 1999. Orcaella brevirostris. Mammal. Spec., 616: 1-8.
100. Stacey, P. J. & S. Leatherwood, 1997. The Irrawaddy dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris: a summary of current knowledge and recommendations for conservation action. Asian Mar. Bio. 14: 195-214.
101. Tanabe, D., 1999. Butyltin contamination in marine mammals - a review. Mar. Poll. Bull., 39: 62-72.
102. Tanabe, S., M. Prudente. T. Mizuno, J. Hasegawa, H. Iwata & N. Miyazaki, 1998. Butyltin contamination in marine mammals from North Pacific and Asian coastal waters. Env. Sci. Tech., 32: 193-198.
103. Tas'an, M. & S. Leatherwood, 1984. Cetaceans live-captured for Jaya Ancol Oceanarium, Djakarta, 1974-1982. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn., 34: 485-489.
104. Thomas, O., 1892. On the Mammalia collected by Signor Leonardo Fea in Burma and Tenasserim. Viaggio di Lenoardo Fea in Birmania e Regioni Vicine, 41: 39-40.
105. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 1992. Agenda 21: Program of Action for Sustainable Development. United Nations Publications, New York.
106. Wade, P. R. & R. P. Angliss, 1997. Guidelines for Assessing Marine Mammal Stocks: Reports of the GAMMS Workshop April 3-5, 1996, Seatle, WA. Tech. Mem. NMFS-OPR-12. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA.
107. Wang, D., R. Liu, X. Zhang, J. Yang, Z. Wei, Q. Zhao & X. Wang, 2000. Status and conservation of the Yangtze finless porpoise. In: Reeves, R. R., B. D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.), Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 23. Pp. 81-85. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
108. Weber, M., 1923. Die Cetaceen der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga-Expeditie Monogr., 58: 1-38.
109. Wei, Z., D. Wang, X. Kuang, K. Wang, X. Wang, J. Xiao, Q. Zhao & X. Zhang, 2002. Observations on behavior and ecology of the Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaorientalis) group at Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow of the Yangtze River. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 97-103.
110. Yamada, T. K. & M. Okamoto, 2000. Distribution survey of finless porpoise in the Inland Sea of Japan. Mem. Nat. Sci. Mus., Tokyo, 32:157-165.
111. Yang, G. & K. Zhou, 2000. A preliminary study on the variability of the mitochondrial DNAcontrol region in populations of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Chinese waters. In: R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.), Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 23. Pp. 86-91. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
112. Yang, L., D. Yu & P. Lu, 1988. Studies on the levels of some metals and organochlorine compounds in Lipotes vexillifer and Neophocaena phocaenoides. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 8: 122-127.
113. Yoshida, H., 2002. Population structure of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in coastal waters of Japan. Raffles Bull. Zool., Supplement 10: 35-42.
114. Yoshida, H., K. Shirakihara, H. Kishino & M. Shirakihara, 1997. A population size estimate of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, from aerial sighting surveys in Ariake Sound and Tachibana Bay, Japan. Res. Pop. Eco., 39: 239-247.
115. Yoshida, H., K. Shirakihara, H. Kishino, M. Shirakihara & A. Takemura, 1998. Finless porpoise abundance in Omura Bay, Japan: estimation from aerial sighting surveys. J. Wildl. Manage, 62: 286-291.
116. Yoshida, H., K. Shirakihara, M. Shirakihara & A. Takemura, 1995. Geographic variation in the skull morphology of the finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides in Japanese waters. Fish. Sci., 61: 555-558.
117. Yoshida, H., M.Yoshioka, S.Chow & M. Shirakihara, 2001. Population structure of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in coastal waters of Japan based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. J. Mamm., 82: 123-130.
118. Zhang, X., 1992. Studies on the age determination, growth and reproduction of finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 16: 289-298.
119. Zhang, X., R. Liu, Q. Zhao, G. Zhang, Z. Wei, X. Wang & J. Yang, 1993. The population of finless porpoise in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 13: 260-270.
120. Zhou, K., G. Yang, A. Gao, J. Sun & X. Xu, 1998. Population abundance and distribution characteristics of finless porpoise in the river section from Nanjing to Hukou of the Yangtze River. J. Nanj. Norm. Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 21: 91-98.
121. Zhou, K., G. Yang, A. Gao, J. Sun & X. Xu, 2000. Abundance and distribution of finless porpoises in the Nanjing-Hukou section of the lower Yangtze River. In: R.R. Reeves, B.D. Smith & T. Kasuya (eds.), Biology and Conservation of Freshwater Cetaceans in Asia, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 23. Pp. 91-96. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.