Thyroid Diseases in Pregnancy

Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 296-302

  Chen, Y T ^b   Khoo, Daphne H C ^a  

^a SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Gestational thyrotoxicosis; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Postpartum thyroiditis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; ANTITHYROID AGENT; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; IODIDE PEROXIDASE; THYROXINE;

BLOOD; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INCIDENCE; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PREDICTION AND FORECASTING; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREVALENCE; PUERPERAL DISORDER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STANDARD; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID FUNCTION TEST; THYROID GLAND; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIBODIES; ANTITHYROID AGENTS; CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; IODIDE PEROXIDASE; PATIENT SELECTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREVALENCE; PUERPERAL DISORDERS; RISK FACTORS; THYROID DISEASES; THYROID FUNCTION TESTS; THYROID GLAND; THYROXINE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036579828     PISSN: 03044602     EISSN: 29724066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Glinoer D. What happens to the normal thyroid during pregnancy? Thyroid 1999; 9:631-5.
2. Frantz C R, Dagogo-Jack S, Ladenson J H, Gronowski A M. Thyroid function during pregnancy. Clin Chem 1999; 45:2250-8.
3. Nelson J C, Weiss R M, Wilcox R B. Underestimates of serum free thyroxine (T4) concentrations by free T4 immunoassays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:76-9.
4. th weeks of pregnancy - correlations with total and free beta human chorionic gonadotrophin. Clin Endocrinol 2001; 55:391-8.
5. Kraiem Z, Sadeh O, Blithe D L, Nisula B C. Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates thyroid hormone secretion, iodide uptake, organification, and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphophate formation in cultured human thyrocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:595-9.
6. Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function in pregnancy: Pathways of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr Rev 1997; 18:404-33.
7. Hoermann R, Broecker M, Grossman M, Mann K, Derwahl M. Interaction of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and asialo-hCG with recombinant human thyrotropin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 78:933-8.
8. Jordan V, Grebe S K, Cooke R R, Ford H C, Larsen P D, Stone P R, et al. Acidic isoforms of chorionic gonadotropin in European and Samoan women are associated with hyperemesis gravidarum and may be thyrotrophic. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999; 50:619-27.
9. Ball R, Freedman D B, Holmes J C, Midgley J E M, Sheehan C P. Low-normal concentrations of free thyroxin in serum in late pregnancy: Physiological fact, not technical artefact. Clin Chem 1989; 35:1891-6.
10. Mestman J, Goodwin T M, Montoro M M. Thyroid disorders of pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995; 24:41-71.
11. Costagliola S, Morgenthaler N G, Hoermann R, Badenhoop K, Struck J, Freitag D, et al. Second generation assay for thyrotropin receptor antibodies has superior diagnostic sensitivity for Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:90-7.
12. Goodwin T M, Montoro M, Mestman J H. Transient hyperthyroidism and hyperemesis gravidarum: Clinical aspects. Am J Obstct Gynecol 1992; 167:648-52.
13. Price A, Davies R, Heller S R, Milford-Ward A, Weetman A P. Asian women are at increased risk of gestational thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:1160-3.
14. Jordan V, MacDonald J, Crichton S, Stone P, Ford H. The incidence of hyperemesis gravidarum is increased among Pacific Islanders living in Wellington. N Z Med J 1995; 108:342-4.
15. Vangen S, Stoltenberg C, Stray-Pedersen B. Complaints and complications in pregnancy: a study of ethnic Norwegian and ethnic Pakistani women in Oslo. Ethn Health 1999; 4:19-28.
16. Rodien P, Bremont C, Sanson M L, Parma J, van Sande J, Costagliola S, et al. Familial gestational hyperthyroidism caused by a mutant thyrotropin receptor hypersensitive to human chorionic gonadotropin. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1823-6.
17. Wing D A, Millar L K, Koonings P P, Montoro M N, Mestman J H. A comparison of propylthiouracil versus methimazole in the treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170:90-5.
18. Mandel S J, Brent G A, Larsen P R. Review of antithyroid drug use in pregnancy and report of a case of aplasia cutis. Thyroid 1994; 4:129-33.
19. Dutertre J P, Jonville A P, Moraine C, Autret E. Aplasia cutis after exposure to carbimazole in utero. J Gynecol Obstct Biol Reprod (Paris) 1991; 20:865-6.
20. Momotani N, Yoshimura J, Ishikawa N, Ito K. Effects of propylthiouracil and methimazole on foetal thyroid status in mothers with Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82:3633-6.
21. Mestman J H. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1998; 27:127-47.
22. Momotani N, Ito K, Hamada N, Ban Y, Nishikawa Y, Mimura T. Maternal hyperthyroidism and congenital malformation in the offspring. Clin Endocrinol 1984; 20:695-700.
23. Laurberg P, Nygaard B, Glinoer D, Grussendorf M, Orgiazzi J. Guidelines for TSH-receptor antibody measurements in pregnancy: results of an evidence-based symposium organised by the European Thyroid Association. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 139:584-6.
24. Formby B. Immunologic response in pregnancy: its role in endocrine disorders of pregnancy and influence on the course of maternal autoimmune diseases. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1995; 24:187-205.
25. Kung A W C, Jones B M. A change from stimulatory to blocking antibody activity in Graves' disease during pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:514-8.
26. Sherif I H, Oyan W T, Bosairi S, Carrascal S M. Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991; 70:461-3.
27. Sclumberger M, De Vathaire F, Ceccarelli C, Delisle M J, Francese C, Couette J E, et al. Exposure to radioactive iodine-131 for scintigraphy or therapy does not preclude pregnancy in thyroid cancer patients. J Nucl Med 1996; 37:606-12.
28. Buckshee K, Kriplani A, Kapil A, Bhargava V L, Takkar D. Hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 32:240-2.
29. Klein R Z, Haddow J E, Faix J D, Brown R S, Hermos R J, Pulkkinen A, et al. Prevalence of thyroid deficiency in pregnant women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991; 35:41-6.
30. Leung A S, Millar L K, Koonings P P, Montoro M N, Mestman J H. Perinatal outcome in hypothyroid pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81:349-53.
31. Haddow J E, Palomaki G E, Allan W C, Williams J R, Knight G J, Gagnon J, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:549-55.
32. Glinoer D, Rihai M, Grun J P, Kinthaert J. Risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnant women with asymptomatic autoimmune thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79:197-204.
33. Mandel S J, Larsen P R, Seely E W, Brent G A. Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:91-6.
34. Kaplan M M. Monitoring thyroxine treatment during pregnancy. Thyroid 1992; 2:147-52.
35. Gerstein H C. How common is postpartum thyroiditis? Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:1387-400.
36. Lervang H H, Pryds O, Kristensen H P. Thyroid dysfunction after delivery: incidence and clinical course. Acta Med Scand 1987; 222: 369-74.
37. Premawardhana L D K E, Parkes A B, Ammari F, John R, Darke C, Adams H, et al. Postpartum thyroiditis and long-term thyroid status: Prognostic influence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies and ultrasound echogenicity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85:71-5.
38. Amino N, Tada H, Hidaka Y, Crapo L M, Stagnaro-Green A. Screening for postpartum thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:1813-21.
39. Lazarus J H, Kokandi A. Thyroid disease in relation to pregnancy: A decade of change. Clin Endocrinol 2000; 53:265-78.
40. Tan G H, Gharib H, Goellner J R, van Heerden J A, Bahn R S. Management of thyroid nodules in pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:2317-20.
41. Struve C W, Haupt S, Ohlen S. Influence of frequency of previous pregnancies on the prevalence of thyroid nodules in women without clinical evidence of thyroid disease. Thyroid 1993; 3:7-9.
42. Doherty C M, Shindo M L, Rice D H, Montero M, Mestman J H. Management of thyroid nodules during pregnancy. Laryngoscope 1995; 105:251-5.
43. Hay I. Nodular thyroid disease diagnosed during pregnancy: How and when to treat. Thyroid 1999; 9:667-70.
44. Marley E F, Oertel Y C. Fine-needle aspiration of thyroid lesions in 57 pregnant and postpartum women. Diagn Cytopathol 1997; 16: 122-5.
45. Stagnaro-Green A, Roman S H, Cobin R H, El-Harazy E, Alvary Marfany M, Davies T F. Detection of at-risk pregnancy by means of a highly sensitive assay for thyroid antibodies. JAMA 1990; 264:1422-5.
46. Glinoer D, Soto M F, Bourdoux P, Lejeune B, Delange F, Lemone M, et al. Pregnancy in patients with mild thyroid abnormalities: maternal and neonatal repurcussions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991; 73:421-7.
47. Pratt D E, Kaberlein G, Dudkiewicz A, Karande V, Gleicher N. The association of antithyroid antibodies in euthyroid nonpregnant women with recurrent first trimester abortions in the next pregnancy. Fertil Steril 1993; 60:1001-5.
48. Bussen S, Steck T. Thyroid autoantibodies in euthyroid non-pregnant women with recurrent spontaneous abortions. Hum Reprod 1995; 10:2938-40.
49. Dendrinos S, Papasteriades C, Tarassi K, Christodoulakos G, Prasinos G, Creatsas G. Thyroid autoimmunity in patients with recurrent spontaneous miscarriages. Gynecol Endocrinol 2000; 14:270-4.
50. Esplin S M, Branch W D, Silver R, Stagnaro-Green A. Thyroid autoantibodies are not associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179:1583-6.