Mechanisms of cardioembolic stroke

Current Cardiology Reports

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 141-148

  Di Tullio, Marco R ^a   Homma, Shunichi ^a  

^a New York Presbyterian Hospital Columbia University Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTICOAGULANT AGENT;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; EMBOLISM; HEART DISEASE; HEART TUMOR; HUMAN; REVIEW; THROMBOSIS;

ANTICOAGULANTS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; EMBOLISM; ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL; HEART DISEASES; HEART NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 0036515019     PISSN: 15233782     EISSN: 15343170     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11886-002-0027-3     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Flegel KM, Shipley MJ, Rose G: Risk of stroke in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Lancet 1987, 1:526-529.
2. Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB: Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991, 22:983-988.
3. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al.: The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med 1995, 98:476-484.
4. Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE Jr, Kannel WB: Epidemiologic assessment of atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham Study. Neurology 1978, 28:973-977.
5. Hart RG, Halperin JL. Atrial fibrillation and thromboembolism: a decade of progress in stroke prevention. Ann Intern Med 1999, 131:688-695.
6. Laupacis A, Boysen G, Connolly S, et al.: Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994, 154:1449-1457.
7. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Rothbart RM, et al., for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Stroke with intermittent atrial fibrillation: incidence and predictors during aspirin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:183-187.
8. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: Adjusteddose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1996, 348:633-638.
9. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:1231-1265.
10. Mooe T, Eriksson P, Stegmayr B: Ischemic stroke after acute myocardial infarction. A population-based study. Stroke 1997, 28:762-767.
11. Bodenheimer MM, Sauer D, Shareef B, et al.: Relation between myocardial infarct location and stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:61-66.
12. Fifth ACCP Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy (1998): Summary Recommendations. Chest 1998, 114(suppl):439S-769S.
13. Azar AJ, Koudstaal PJ, Wintzen AR, et al.: Risk of stroke during long-term anticoagulant therapy in patients after myocardial infarction. Ann Neurol 1996, 39:301-307.
14. Loh E, Sutton MS, Wun CC, et al.: Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:1916-1917.
15. Dries DL, Rosenberg Y, Waclawiw M, Domanski M: Ejection fraction and risk of thromboembolic events in patients with systolic dysfunction and sinus rhythm: evidence for gender differences in the studies of left ventricular dysfunction trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 29:1074-1080.
16. Koniaris LS, Goldhaber SZ: Anticoagulation in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:745-748.
17. Cabell CH, Pond KK, Peterson GE, et al.: The risk of stroke and death in patients with aortic and mitral valve endocarditis. Am Heart J 2001, 142:75-80.
18. Sanfilippo AJ, Picard MH, Newell JB, et al.: Echocardiographic assessment of patients with infectious endocarditis: prediction of risk for complications. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991, 18:1191-1199.
19. Di Salvo G, Habib G, Pergola V, et al.: Echocardiography predicts embolic events in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 15:1069-1076.
20. Reynan K: Cardiac myxomas. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1610-1617.
21. Sastre-Garriga J, Molina C, Montaner J, et al.: Mitral papillary fibroelastoma as a cause of cardiogenic embolic stroke: report of two cases and review of the literature. Eur J Neurol 2000, 7:449-453.
22. Stoddard MF, Dawkins PR, Prince CR, Ammash NM; Left atrial appendage thrombus is not uncommon in patients with acute atrial fibrillation and a recent embolic event: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:452-459.
23. Manning WJ, Silverman DI, Waksmonski CA, et al.: Prevalence of residual left atrial thrombi among patients with acute thromboembolism and newly recognized atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 1995, 155:2193-2198.
24. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators Committee on Echocardiography: Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of thromboembolism in high-risk patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 1998, 128:639-647.
25. Jaber WA, Prior DL, Thamilarasan M, et al.: Efficacy of anticoagulation in resolving left atrial and left atrial appendage thrombi: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. Am Heart J 2000, 140:150-156.
26. Klein AL, Grimm RA, Murray RD, et al., for the Assessment of Cardioversion Using Transesophageal Echocardiography Investigators: Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1411-1420.
27. Leung DY, Black IW, Cranney GB, et al.: Prognostic implications of left atrial spontaneous contrast in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 24:755-762.
28. Sadanandan S, Sherrid MV: Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in sinus rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:1932-1938.
29. Amarenco P, Duyckaerts C, Tzourio C, et al.: The frequency of ulcerated plaques in the aortic arch in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1992, 326:221-225.
30. Amarenco P, Cohen A, Tzourio C, et al.: Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke. N Eng J Med 1994, 331:1474-1479.
31. Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Gersony D, et al.: Aortic atheromas and acute ischemic stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study in an ethnically mixed population. Neurology 1996, 46:1560-1566.
32. Tunick PA, Rosenzweig BP, Katz ES, et al.: High risk for vascular events in patients with protruding aortic atheromas: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994, 23:1085-1090.
33. Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Savoia MT, et al.: Aortic atheroma morphology and the risk of ischemic stroke in a multiethnic population. Am Heart J 2000, 139:329-336.
34. Ferrari E, Vidal R, Chevalier T, Baudouy M: Atherosclerosis of the thoracic aorta and aortic debris as a marker of poor prognosis: benefit of oral anticoagulants. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999, 33:1317-1322.
35. Stern A, Tunick PA, Culliford AT, et al.: Protruding aortic arch atheromas: risk of stroke during heart surgery with and without aortic arch endarterectomy. Am Heart J 1999, 138:746-752.
36. Lechat P, Mas JL, Lascault G, et al.: Prevalence of patent foramen ovale in patients with stroke. N Engl J Med 1988, 318:1148-1152.
37. Di Tullio M, Sacco RL, Gopal A, et al.: Patent foramen ovale as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Ann Intern Med 1992, 117:461-465.
38. Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, et al.: Characteristics of patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke: a biplane transesophageal echocardiographic study. Stroke 1994, 25:582-586.
39. Steiner MM, Di Tullio MR, Rundek T, et al.: Patent foramen ovale size and embolic brain imaging findings among patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998, 29:944-948.
40. Mas JL, Zuber M, for the French study group on patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: Recurrent cerebral events in patients with patent foramen ovale or atrial septal aneurysm, or both, and cryptogenic stroke. Am Heart J 1995, 140:1083-1088.
41. Cujec B, Mainra R, Johnson DH: Prevention of recurrent cerebral ischemic events in patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic strokes or transient ischemic attacks. Can J Cardiol 1999, 15:57-64.
42. Homma S, Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, et al.: Surgical closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke patients. Stroke 1997, 28:2376-2381.
43. Dearani JA, Ugurlu BS, Danielson JK, et al.: Surgical patent foramen ovale closure for prevention of paradoxical embolism-related cerebrovascular ischemic events. Circulation 1999, 100:II 171-175.
44. Windecker S, Wahl A, Chatterjee T, et al.: Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with paradoxical embolism: long-term risk of recurrent thromboembolic events. Circulation 2000, 101:893-898.
45. Hung J, Landzberg MJ, Jenkins KJ, et al.: Closure of patent foramen ovale for paradoxical emboli: intermediate-term risk of recurrent neurological events following transcatheter device placement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:1311-1316.
46. Agmon Y, Khandheria BK, Meissner I, et al.: Frequency of atrial septal aneurysms in patients with cerebral ischemic events. Circulation 1999, 99:1942-1944.
47. Mugge A, Daniel WG, Angermann C, et al.: Atrial septal aneurysm in adult patients. A multicenter study using transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Circulation 1995, 91:2785-2792.
48. Roldan CA, Shively BK, Crawford MH: Valve excrescences: prevalence, evolution and risk for cardioembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 30:1308-1314.
49. Roberts JK, Omarali I, Di Tullio MR, et al.: Valvular strands and cerebral ischemia. Effect of demographics and strands characteristics. Stroke 1997, 28:2185-2188.
50. Cohen A, Tzourio C, Chauvel C, et al.: Mitral valve strands and the risk of ischemic stroke in elderly patients. The French Study of Aortic Plaques in Stroke (FAPS) Investigators. Stroke 1997, 28:1574-1578.