The paradox of paternalism and three steps careproviders can take to help all patients

Journal of Clinical Ethics

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 3-17

  Howe, Edmund G ^a  

^a UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; DECISION MAKING; DEFENSE MECHANISM; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; ETHICS; FEAR; HUMAN; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEMORY; MOTIVATION; PAIN; PATERNALISM; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELATIONSHIP; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL JUSTICE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TRUST;

PROFESSIONAL PATIENT RELATIONSHIP;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; DECISION MAKING; ETHICS, CLINICAL; FEAR; HUMANS; MEMORY; MOTIVATION; NEGATIVISM; PAIN; PATERNALISM; PATIENT PARTICIPATION; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; PREJUDICE; SOCIAL JUSTICE; TRUST;

EID: 0036490386     PISSN: 10467890     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (12)

1. The empirical basis for this challenge is summed up in this claim: "Sickness is like a hos-tile takeover in which the part of your mind which hurts manages completely to dominate and silence the rest of you." A.W. Frank, At the Will of the Body (Houghton Mifflin, 1991), 27, in C.E. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy (New York: Oxford Press, 1998), 70 and 299, n. 138. Many of the references I will cite are taken from Schneider's book. This indicates the degree to which Schneider's book consolidates the medical literature relevant to the topic.
2. The empirical basis for this challenge is summed up in this claim: "Sickness is like a hos-tile takeover in which the part of your mind which hurts manages completely to dominate and silence the rest of you." A.W. Frank, At the Will of the Body (Houghton Mifflin, 1991), 27, in C.E. Schneider, The Practice of Autonomy (New York: Oxford Press, 1998), 70 and 299, n. 138. Many of the references I will cite are taken from Schneider's book. This indicates the degree to which Schneider's book consolidates the medical literature relevant to the topic.
3. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
4. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
5. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
6. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
7. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
8. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
9. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
10. M. Kundera, Immortality (New York: Grove Press, 1991), 314, cited in B.L. Fredrickson and D. Kahneman, "Duration Neglect in Retrospective Evaluations of Affective Episodes," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65, no. 1 (1993): 45-55, p. 45; D. Kahneman et al., "When More Pain Is Preferred to Less," Psychological Science 4 (1993): 401-5, p. 404; G.A. Leskin, G.G. Kaloupek, and T.M. Keane, "Treatment For Traumatic Memories: Review and Recommendations," Clinical Psychology Review 18, no. 8 (December 1998): 983-1001; D.A. Redelmeier and D. Kahneman, "Patients' Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures," Pain 66, no. 1 (1996): 3-8, p. 7; D.A. Redelmeier, P. Rozin, and D. Kahneman, "Understanding Patients' Decisions," Journal of the American Medical Association 270, no. 1 (7 July 1993): 72-6; P. Brickman and D. Coates, "Lottery Winners and Accident Victims: Is Happiness Relative?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 917-27. See also N.F. Boyd et al., "Whose Utilities for Decision Analysis?" Medical Decision Making 1 (1990): 58-67.
11. "To insist on the development of skills while clients are ambivalent may cause the therapist to be perceived as overly demanding or controlling, naive, and lacking in empathy. Such interactions may be countertherapeutic and countermotivational." J.S. Baer et al., "Interpreting Skills Training and Motivational therapies, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 17, no. 1-2 (1999): 15-23, p. 20.
12. J.M. Burger, "Negative Reactions to Increases in Perceived Personal Control," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56, no. 2 (1989): 24656. Schneider, see note 1 above, p. 276, n. 59. "The majority of patients prefer to distract themselves from threat-relevant information." Emphasis added. J.M. Burger, p. 223.