The use of physical restraints as a safety measure in the care of older people in four rehabilitation wards: Findings from an exploratory study

International Journal of Nursing Studies

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 147-156

  Gallinagh, Róisín ^a   Nevin, Rosemary ^b   Mc Ilroy, David ^a   Mitchell, Fionnuala ^b   Campbell, Linda ^b   Ludwick, Ruth ^c   McKenna, Hugh ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b Newtownabbey BT37 9RH   (United Kingdom)

^c KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Implications guidelines; Older people gerontology; Physical restraints; Prevalence

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE; DIURETIC AGENT; LAXATIVE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OPIATE;

AGED; ARTICLE; BODY POSITION; CONFUSION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOR; FALLING; FAMILY; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; INCIDENCE; IRELAND; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; NURSING STAFF; OBSERVATION; PATIENT CARE; PREVALENCE; PROTECTION; REHABILITATION CENTER; RISK ASSESSMENT; STROKE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EXERCISE; FRACTURE; HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT; METHODOLOGY; NURSING; REHABILITATION; SAFETY; STANDARD;

AGED; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; FRACTURES; GERIATRIC NURSING; HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; REHABILITATION; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; SAFETY; SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOV'T;

EID: 0036466790     PISSN: 00207489     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7489(01)00020-7     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Arbesman, M., Wright, C., 1999. Mechanical restraints, rehabilitation therapies and staffing adequacy as risk factors for falls in an elderly hospitalised population. Rehabilitation Nursing 24 (3), 122-128.
2. Brennan, S., 1999. Dangerous liaisons. Nursing Times 95 (3), 30-32.
3. Capezuti, E., Talerico, K., Strumpf, N., Evans, L., 1998. Individualized assessment and intervention in bilateral siderail use. Geriatric Nursing 19 (6), 322-330.
4. Chalifour, R., 1997. Implementing a nonrestraint environment. Canadian Nurse 93 (6), 46-47.
5. Cohen, C., Neufeld, R., Dunbar, J., Pflug, L., Breuer, B., 1998. Old problem, different approach: alternatives to physical restraints. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 22 (2), 23-29.
6. Coltharp, W., Ritchie, M., Kaas, M., 1996. Wandering. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 22 (11), 5-10.
7. DiFabio, S., 1981. Nurses' reactions to restraining patients. American Journal of Nursing 973-975.
8. Dimond, B., 1995. Legal Aspects of Nursing. Prentice Hall, London.
9. Donius, M., Rader, J., 1994. Use of siderails: rethinking a standard practice. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 20 (11), 23-27.
10. Evans, L., 1996. Knowing the patient: the route to individualized care. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 22 (3), 15-19.
11. Evans, L., Strumpf, N., Allen-Taylor, L., Capezuti, E., Maislin, G., Jacobsen, B., 1997. A clinical trail to reduce restraints in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 43 (6), 675-681.
12. Hantikainen, V., 2001. Nursing staff perceptions of the behaviour of older nursing home residents and decision making on restraint use: a qualitative and interpretative study. Journal of Clinical Nursing 10 (2), 246-256.
13. Happ, M.B., Williams, C., Strumpf, N., Burger, S., 1996. Individualized care for frail elders: theory and practice. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 22 (3), 7-14.
14. Hardin, S., Magee, R., Vinson, M., Owen, M., Hyatt, E., Stratmann, D., 1993. Patient and family perceptions of restraints. Journal of Holistic Nursing 11 (4), 383-397.
15. Hardin, S., Magee, R., Stratmann, D., Vinson, M., Owen, M., Hyatt, E., 1994. Extended care and nursing home staff attitudes toward restraints moderately positive attitudes exist. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 20 (3), 23-31.
16. Harry, A., Kopetsky, D., 1991. Unrestrained pride: development of a protocol for a restraint free environment. Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration 4 (3), 12-16.
17. Health Advisory Service 2000, 1999. Not because they are old an independent inquiry into the care of older people on acute wards in general hospitals. HAS 2000, London.
18. Hindmarch, V., 1999. Elder abuse. Professional Nurse 14 (4), 249-252.
19. Karlsson, S., Nyberg, L., Sandman, P.O., 1997. The use of physical restraints in elder care in relation to fall risk. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 11 (4), 238-242.
20. Kuo, J., Hogan, D.D., 2000. Use of physical restraints in medical teaching units. Canadian Medical Association Journal 162 (3), 1-3.
21. Lee, D., Chan, M., Tam, E., Yeung, W., 1999. Use of physical restraints on elderly patients: an exploratory study of the perceptions of nurses in Hong Kong. Journal of Advanced Nursing 29 (1), 153-159.
22. Liukkonen, A., Laitinen, P., 1994. Reasons for uses of physical restraint and alternatives to them in geriatric nursing: a questionnaire study among nursing staff. Journal of Advanced Nursing 19 (6), 1082-1087.
23. Ludwick, R., 1999. Clinical decision-making: recognition of confusion and application of restraints. Orthopaedic Nursing 18 (1), 65-71.
24. Ludwick, R., O'Toole, A., 1996. The confused patient: nurses knowledge and interventions. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 22 (1), 44-49.
25. Magee, R., Hyatt, E., Hardin, S., Stratmann, D., Vinson, M., Owen, M., 1993. Use of restraints in extended care and nursing homes. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 19 (4), 31-39.
26. Marangos-Frost, S., Wells, D., 2000. Psychiatric nurses' thoughts and feelings about restraint use: a decision dilemma. Journal of Advanced Nursing 31 (2), 362-369.
27. Matthiesen, V., Lamb, K., Mc Cann, J., Hollinger-Smith, L., Walton, J., 1996. Hospital nurses' views about physical restraint use with older patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 22 (6), 8-15.
28. Miles, S., Irvine, P., 1992. Deaths caused by restraints. The Gerontologist 32 (6), 762-766.
29. Minnick, A., Mion, L., Leipzig, R., Lamb, K., Palmer, R., 1998. Prevalence and patterns of physical restraint use in the acute care setting. Journal of Nursing Administration 28 (11), 19-24.
30. Molassiotis, A., 1995. Use of physical restraints 1: consequences. British Journal of Nursing 4 (3), 155-157.
31. Molassiotis, A., Newell, R., 1996. Nurses' awareness of restraint use with elderly people in Greece and the UK: a cross-cultural pilot study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 33 (2), 201-211.
32. O'Keefe, S., Jack, C., Lye, M., 1996. Use of restraints and bedrails in a British Hospital. Journal of American Geriatrics Association 44 (9), 1086-1088.
33. Parker, K., Miles, S., 1997. Deaths caused by side rails. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 45 (7), 797-802.
34. Paterson, B., Leadbetter, D., Mc Comish, A., 1998. Restraint and sudden death from asphysxia. Nursing Times 94 (44), 62-64.
35. Powell, C., Mitchell-Pedersen, L., Fingerote, E., Edmund, L., 1989. Freedom from restraint: consequences of reducing physical restraints in the management of the elderly. Canadian Medical Association Journal 14, 561-564.
36. Ramprogus, V., Gibson, J., 1991. Assessing restraints. Nursing Times 87 (26), 45-47.
37. Retsas, A., 1997. The use of physical restraints in Western Australian nursing homes. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing 14 (3), 33-39.
38. Retsas, A., Crabbe, H., 1997. Breaking loose: use of physical restraints in nursing homes in Queensland. Australia Collegian 4 (4), 14-21.
39. Retsas, A., Crabbe, H., 1998. Use of physical restraints in nursing homes in New South Wales, Australia. International Journal of Nursing Studies 35 (3), 177-183.
40. Rubenstein, H., Miller, F., Postel, S., Evans, H., 1983. Standards of medical care based on consensus rather than evidence: the case of routine bedrail use for the elderly. Law, Medicine and Health Care 11, 271-276.
41. Rubin, B., Dube, A., Mitchell, E., 1993. Asphyxial deaths due to physical restraint. Archives of Family Medicine 2, 405-408.
42. Royal College of Nursing, 1999. Restraint revisited- rights, risk and responsibility. Guidance for nurses working with older people. RCN London.
43. Scherer, Y., Janelli, L., Kanski, G., Neary, M., Morth, N., 1991. The nursing dilemma of restraints. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 17 (2), 1-17.
44. Stratmann, D., Vinson, M., Magee, R., Hardin, S., 1997. The effects of research on clinical practice: the use of restraints. Applied Nursing Research 10 (1), 39-43.
45. Strumpf, N., Evans, L., 1988. Physical restraint of the hospitalized elderly: perceptions of patients and nurses. Nursing Research 37 (3), 132-137.
46. Strumpf, N., Evans, L., Wagner, J., Patterson, J., 1992. Reducing physical restraints: developing and educational program. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 18 (11), 21-27.
47. Terpstra, T., Terpstra, T., Van Doren, E., 1998. Reducing restraints: where to start. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 29 (1), 10-16.
48. Tinetti, M., Liu, W.L., Marottoli, R., Ginter, S., 1991. Mechanical restraint use among residents of skilled nursing facilities: prevalence, patterns and predictors. Journal of American Medical Association 265 (4), 468-471.
49. Tinetti, M., Liu, W.L., Ginter, S., 1992. Mechanical restraint use and fall-related injuries among residents of skilled nursing facilities. Annals of Internal Medicine 116 (5), 369-374.
50. Todd, J., Ruhl, Gross T., 1997. Injury and death associated with hospital bed side rails: reports to the US Food and Drug Administration from 1985-1995. American Journal of Public Health 87 (10), 1675-1677.
51. UKCC, 1997. The nursing and health visiting contribution to the continuing care of older people. UKCC, London.
52. UKCC, 1999. Practitioner-client relationships and the prevention of abuse. UKCC, London.
53. Wells, F., Brown, D., Mc Clymont, A., 1994. Development of a least restraint program-one hospital's experience. Perspectives 18 (3), 10-13.
54. Wilson, J., 2000. Understanding Old Age, Critical and Global Perspectives. Sage Publications, London.
55. Winston, P., Morelli, P., Bramble, J., Friday, A., Brown Sanders, J., 1999. Improving patient care through implementation of nurse-driven restraint protocols. Journal of Nursing Quality 13 (6), 32-46.