Protein transport into secondary plastids and the evolution of primary and secondary plastids

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 221, Issue , 2002, Pages 191-255

  Kroth, Peter G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KONSTANZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chloroplast; Chloroplast ER; Endocytobiosis; Endoplasmic reticulum; Plastid evolution; Signal peptide; Transit peptide; Translocon

Indexed keywords

SIGNAL PEPTIDE;

ALGA; CELL ORGANELLE; CHLOROPLAST; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; CYANOBACTERIUM; ENDOCYTOBIOSIS; ENDOCYTOSIS; EUKARYOTE; EVOLUTION; HOST CELL; MEMBRANE; NONHUMAN; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PLANT; PLASTID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROKARYOTE; PROTEIN TARGETING; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SERIAL ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY; INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; EUKARYOTA; PROKARYOTA;

ALGAE; ENDOCYTOSIS; EVOLUTION, MOLECULAR; INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES; PLANTS; PLASTIDS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0036443528     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(02)21013-X     Document Type: Article

References (376)

1. Adam, Z., and Hoffman, N. E. (1993). Biogenesis of a photosystem I light-harvesting complex. Evidence for a membrane intermediate. Plant. Physiol. 102, 35-43.
2. Adams, K. L., Daley, D. O., Qiu, Y. L., Whelan, J., and Palmer, J. D. (2000). Repeated, recent and diverse transfers of a mitochondrial gene to the nucleus in flowering plants. Nature (London) 408, 354-357.
3. Agarraberes, F. A., and Dice, J. F. (2001). Protein translocation across membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1513, 1-24.
4. Akhmanova, A., Voncken, F., van Alen, T., van Hoek, A., Boxma, B., Vogels, D. D., Veenhuis, M., and Hackstein, J. H. P. (1998). A hydrogenosome with a genome. Nature (London) 398, 527-528.
5. Akita, M., Nielsen, E., and Keegstra, K. (1997). Identification of protein transport complexes in the chloroplastic envelope membranes via chemical cross-linking. J. Cell Biol. 136, 983-994.
6. Allen, J. F., and Raven, J. A. (1996). Free-radical-induced mutation vs redox regulation: Costs and benefits of genes in organelles. J. Mol. Evol. 42, 482-492.
7. Allen, N. S., and Brown, T. (1988). Dynamics of endoplasmic reticulum in living onion epidermis cells in relation to microtubules, microfilaments, and intracellular particle movement. Cell. Motil. Cytoskel. 10, 153-163.
8. America, T., Hagemann, J., Guera, A., Rook, F., Archer, K., Keegstra, K., and Weisbeek, P. (1994). Methotrexate does not block import of a DHFR fusion protein into chloroplasts. Plant Mol. Biol. 24, 283-294.
9. Apt, K. E., and Behrens, P. W. (1999). Commercial developments in microalgal biotechnology. J. Phycol. 35, 215-226.
10. Apt, K. E., Hoffman, N. E., and Grossman, A. R. (1993). The gamma subunit of R-phycoerythrin and its possible mode of transport into the plastid of red algae. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16208-16215.
11. Apt, K. E., Sukenik, A., and Grossman, A. R. (1995). The ER chaperone BiP from the diatom Phaeodactylum (GenBank U29675). Plant Physiol. 109, 339.
12. Apt, K. E., Zaslavskaia, L., Lippmeier, J. C., Lang, M., Kilian, O., Wetherbee, R., Grossman, A. R., and Kroth, P. G. (2002). In vivo characterization of diatom multipartite plastid targeting signals. J. Cell Sci. (in press).
13. Archibald, J. M., Cavalier-Smith, T., Maier, U., and Douglas, S. (2001). Molecular chaperones encoded by a reduced nucleus: The cryptomonad nucleomorph. J. Mol. Evol. 52, 490-501.
14. Aronsson, H., Sohrt, K., and Soll, J. (2000). NADPH:Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase uses the general import route into chloroplasts. Biol. Chem. 381, 1263-1267.
15. Auchincloss, A. H., Alexander, A., and Kohorn, B. D. (1992). Requirement for three membrane-spanning α-helices in the post-translational insertion of a thylakoid membrane protein. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10439-10446.
16. Baker, A., Charlton, W., Johnson, B., Lopez-Huertas, E., Oh, J., Sparkes, I., and Thomas, J. (2000). Biochemical and molecular approaches to understanding protein import into peroxisomes. Bichem. Soc. Trans. 28, 499-504.
17. Bartlett, S. G., Grossman, A. R., and Chua, N.-H. (1982). In vitro synthesis and uptake of cytoplasmically-synthesized chloroplast proteins. In "Methods in Chloroplast Molecular Biology" (M. Edelmann, Ed.), pp. 1081-1091, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
18. Bassham, D. C., Bartling, D., Mould, R. M., Dunbar, B., Weisbeek, P., Herrmann, R. G., and Robinson, C. (1991). Transport of proteins into chloroplasts. Delineation of envelope "transit" and thylakoid "transfer" signals within the pre-sequences of three imported thylakoid lumen proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23606-23610.
19. Bauer, J., Chen, K., Hiltbunner, A., Wehrli, E., Eugster, M., Schnell, D., and Kessler, F. (2000). The major protein import receptor of plastids is essential for chloroplast biogenesis. Nature (London) 403, 203-207.
20. Ben Ali, A., de Baere, R., van der Auwera, G., de Wachter, R., and van der Peer, Y. (2001). Phylogenetic relationships among algae based on complete large-subunit rRNA sequences. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51, 737-749.
21. Bhattacharya, D. (1997). An introduction to algal phylogeny and phylogenetic methods. Plant Syst. Evol. (Suppl.) 11, 1-11.
22. Bhattacharya, D., and Medlin, L. (1998). Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants. Plant Physiol. 116, 9-15.
23. Bhattacharya, D., and Schmidt, H. A. (1997). The division Glaucophyta. Plant Syst. Evol. (Suppl.) 11, 139-148.
24. Bhattacharya, D., Helmchen, T., and Melkonian, M. (1995). Molecular evolutionary analyses of nuclear-encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA identify an independent rhizopod lineage containing the Euglyphina and the Chlorarachniophyta. J. Eukar. Microbiol. 42, 65-69.
25. Bhaya, D., and Grossman, A. (1991). Targeting proteins to diatom plastids involves transport through an endoplasmic reticulum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 229, 400-404.
26. Bhaya, D., and Grossman, A. R. (1993). Characterization of gene clusters encoding the fucoxanthin chlorophyll proteins of the diatom. Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 4458-4466.
27. Bodył, A. (1997). Mechanisms of protein targeting to the Chlorarachniophyte plastids and the evolution of complex plastids with four membranes - A hypothesis. Bot. Acta 110, 395-400.
28. Bodył, A. (1999). How have apicomplexan plastids evolved? A hypothesis. In "From Symbiosis to Eukaryotism" (E. Wagner, J. Normann, H. Greppin, J. H. P. Hackstein, R. G. Herrmann, K. V. Kowallik, H. E. A. Schenk, and J. Seckbach, Eds.), pp. 327-340. University of Freiburg, Freiburg.
29. Bölter, B., Soll, J., Schulz, A., Hinnah, S., and Wagner, R. (1998). Origin of a chloroplast protein importer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15831-15836.
30. Bouck, G. B. (1965). Fine structure and organelle associations in brown algae. J. Cell. Biol. 26,523-537.
31. Bouget, F.-Y., Kerbourgc'h, C., Liaud, M.-F., Loiseaux de Goër, S., Quatrano, R. S., Cerff, R., and Kloareg, B. (1995). Structural features and phylogeny of the actin gene of Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Curr. Genet. 28, 164-172.
32. Brennicke, A., Grohmann, L., Hiesel, R., Knoop, V., and Schuster, W. (1993). The mitochondrial genome on its way to the nucleus: Different stages of gene transfer in higher plants. FEBS Lett. 28, 140-145.
33. Breyton, C., DeVitry, C., and Popot, J. L. (1994). Membrane association of cytochrome b(6)f subunits - The Rieske iron-sulfur protein from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an extrinsic protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 7597-7602.
34. Brickner, D. G., Harada, J. J., and Olsen, L. J. (1997). Protein transport into higher plant peroxisomes - In vitro import assay provides evidence for receptor involvement. Plant Physiol. 113, 1213-1221.
35. Brink, S., Fischer, K., Klösgen, R.-B., and Flügge, U.-I. (1995). Sorting of nuclear-encoded chloroplast membrane proteins to the envelope and the thylakoid membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20808-20815.
36. Brink, S., Bogsch, E. G., Edwards, W. R., Hynds, P. J., and Robinson, C. (1998). Targeting of thylakoid proteins by the delta pH-driven twin-arginine translocation pathway requires a specific signal in the hydrophobic domain in conjunction with the twin-arginine motif. FEBS Lett. 434, 425-430.
37. Bruce, B. D. (1998). The role of lipids in plastid protein transport. Plant Mol. Biol. 38, 223-246.
38. Bruce, B. D. (2000). Chloroplast transit peptides: Structure, function and evolution. Trends Cell. Biol. 10, 440-447.
39. Bruce, B. D. (2001). The paradox of plastid transit peptides: Conservation of function despite divergence in primary structure. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1541, 2-21.
40. Burger, G., Saint, Louis D., Gray, M. W., and Lang, B. F. (1999). Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the red alga Porphyra purpurea: Cyanobacterial introns and shared ancestry of red and green algae. Plant Cell 11, 1675-1694.
41. Caliebe, A., and Soll, J. (1999). News in chloroplast protein import. Plant Mol. Biol. 39, 641-645.
42. Caron, L., Douady, D., Quinet-Szely, M., de Goér, S., and Berkaloff, C. (1996). Gene structure of a chlorophyll a/c-binding protein from a brown alga: Presence of an intron and phylogenetic implications. J. Mol. Evol. 43, 270-280.
43. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1982). The origins of plastids. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 17, 289-306.
44. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1986). The kingdom Chromista: Origin and systematics. In "Progress in Phycological Research" (F. E. Round and D. J. Chapman, Eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 309-347. Biopress, Bristol.
45. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). The origin, losses and gains of chloroplasts. In "Origins of Plastids" (R. A. Lewin, Ed.), pp. 77-106. Chapman & Hall, New York.
46. Cavalier-Smith, T. (1999). Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: Euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree. J. Eukar. Microbiol. 46, 347-366.
47. Cavalier-Smith, T. (2000). Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution. Trends Plant Sci. 5, 174-182.
48. Chaal, B. K., Mould, R. M., Barbrook, A. C., Gray, J. C., and Howe, C. J. (1998). Characterization of a cDNA encoding the thylakoidal processing peptidase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Implications for the origin and catalytic mechanism of the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 689-692.
49. Chabregas, S. M., Luche, D. D., Farias, L. P., Ribeiro, A. F., van Sluys, M. A., Menck, C. F. M., and Silva, M. C. (2001). Dual targeting properties of the N-terminal signal sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana THI1 protein to mitochondria and chloroplasts. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 639-650.
50. Chaddock, A. M., Mant, A., Karnauchov, I., Brink, S., Herrmann, R. G., Klösgen, R. B., and Robinson, C. (1995). A new type of signal peptide: Central role of a twin-arginine motif in transfer signals for the DpH-dependent thylakoid protein translocase. EMBO J. 14, 2715-2722.
51. Chalfie, M., Tu, Y., Euskirchen, G., Ward, W. W., and Prasher, D. C. (1994). Green fluorescent protein as a marker for gene expression. Science 263, 802-805.
52. Chan, R. L., Keller, M., Canaday, J., Weil, J.-H., and Imbault, P. (1990). Eight small subunits of Euglena ribulose 1-5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are translated from a large mRNA as a polyprotein. EMBO J. 9, 333-338.
53. Chen, K. H., Chen, X. J., and Schnell, D. J. (2000). Initial binding of preproteins involving the Toc159 receptor can be bypassed during protein import into chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 122, 813-822.
54. Chen, X. J., and Schnell, D. J. (1999). Protein import into chloroplasts. Trends Cell Biol. 9, 222-227.
55. Chesnik, J. M., Kooistra, W. H., Wellbrock, U., and Medlin, L. K. (1997). Ribosomal RNA analysis indicates a benthic pennate diatom ancestry for the endosymbionts of the dinoflagellates Peridinium foliaceum and Peridinium balticum (Pyrrophyta). J. Eukar. Microbiol. 44, 314-320.
56. Chow, K. S., Singh, D. P., Roper, J. M., and Smith, A. G. (1997). A single precursor protein for ferrochelatase-I from Arabidopsis is imported in vitro into both chloroplasts and mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 27565-27571.
57. Clark, S. A., and Theg, S. M. (1997). A folded protein can be transported across the chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membranes. Mol. Biol. Cell 8, 923-934.
58. Claros, M. G., Brunak, S., and von Heijne, G. (1997). Prediction of N-terminal protein sorting signals. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 394-398.
59. Cleary, S. P., Tan, F. C., Nakrieko, K. A., Thompson, S. J., Mullineaux, P. M., Creissen, G. P., von Stedingk, E., Glaser, E., Smith, A. G., and Robinson, C. (2002). Isolated plant mitochondria import chloroplast precursor proteins in vitro with the same efficiency as chloroplasts. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 5562-5569.
60. Cline, K., and Henry, R. (1996). Import and routing of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 1-26.
61. Cline, K., Werner-Washburne, M., Andrews, J., and Keegstra, K. (1984). Thermolysin is a suitable protease for probing the surface of intact pea chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 75, 675-678.
62. Cunillera, N., Boronat, A., and Ferrer, A. (1997). The Arabidopsis thaliana FPS1 gene generates a novel mRNA that encodes a mitochondrial farnesyl-diphosphate synthase isoform. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15381-15388.
63. Cutler, S. R., Ehrhardt, D. W., Griffitts, J. S., and Somerville, C. R. (2000). Random GFP::cDNA fusions enable visualization of subcellular structures in cells of Arabidopsis at a high frequency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3718-3723.
64. Dabney-Smith, C., van den Wijngaard, P. W. J., Treece, Y., Vredenberg, W. J., and Bruce, B. D. (1999). The C terminus of a chloroplast precursor modulates its interaction with the translocation apparatus and PIRAC. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 32351-32359.
65. Daniell, H. (1997). Transformation and foreign gene expression in plants by microprojectile bombardment. Methods Mol. Biol. 62, 463-489.
66. Deane, J. A., Fraunholz, M., Su, V., Maier, U.-G., Martin, W., Durnford, D. G., and McFadden, G. I. (2000). Evidence for nucleomorph to host gene transfer: Light harvesting complex proteins from cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes. Protist 151, 239-252.
67. de Castro Silva-Filho, M., Chaumont, F., Leterme, S., and Boutry, M. (1996). Mitochondrial and chloroplast targeting sequences in tandem modify protein import specificity in plant organelles. Plant Mol. Biol. 30, 769-780.
68. Delwiche, C. F. (1999). Tracing the thread of plastid diversity through the tapestry of life. Am. Nat. 154, S164-S177.
69. Delwiche, C. F., and Palmer, J. D. (1997). The origin of plastids and their spread via secondary symbiosis. Plant Syst. Evol. 11, 53-86.
70. Delwiche, C. F., Kuhsel, M., and Palmer, J. D. (1995). Phylogenetic analysis of tufA sequences indicates a cyanobacterial origin of all plastids. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 4, 110-128.
71. DeRocher, A., Hagen, C. B., Froehlich, J. E., Feagin, J. E., and Parsons, M. (2000). Analysis of targeting sequences demonstrates that trafficking to the Toxoplasma gondii plastid branches off the secretory system. J. Cell Sci. 113, 3969-3977.
72. Dodge, J. D. (1975). A survey of chloroplast ultrastructure in the Dinophyceae. Phycologia 14, 253-263.
73. Doetsch, N. A., Favreau, M. R., Kuscuoglu, N., Thompson, M. D., and Hallick, R. B. (2001). Chloroplast transformation in Euglena gracilis: Splicing of a group III twintron transcribed from a transgenic psbK operon. Curr. Genet. 39, 49-60.
74. Dolganov, N. A. M., Bhaya, D., and Grossman, A. R. (1995). Cyanobacterial protein with similarity to the chlorophyll a/b binding proteins of higher plants: Evolution and regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 636-640.
75. Doolittle, W. F. (1998). A paradigm gets shifty. Nature (London) 392, 15-16.
76. Douce, R., and Joyard, J. (1990). Biochemistry and function of the plastid envelope. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 6, 173-216.
77. Douglas, S. E., and Turner, S. (1991). Molecular evidence for the origin of plastids from a cyanobacterium-like ancestor. J. Mol. Evol. 33, 267-273.
78. Douglas, S., and Penny, S. (1999). The plastid genome of the cryptophyte alga, Guillardia theta: Complete sequence and conserved syntheny groups confirm its common ancestry with red algae. J. Mol. Evol. 48, 236-244.
79. Douglas, S., Zauner, S., Fraunholz, M., Beaton, M., Penny, S., Deng, L. T., Wu, X. N., Reith, M., Cavalier-Smith, T., and Maier, U. G. (2001). The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus. Nature (London) 410, 1091-1096.
80. Dreses-Werringloer, U., Fischer, K., Wachter, E., Link, T. A., and Fluegge, U.-I. (1991). cDNA sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of the precursor of the 37-kDa inner envelope membrane polypeptide from spinach chloroplasts. Eur. J. Biochem. 195, 361-368.
81. Durnford, D. G., Deane, J. A., Tan, S., McFadden, G. I., Gantt, E., and Green, B. R. (1999). A phylogenetic assessment of the eukaryotic light-harvesting antenna proteins, with implications for plastid evolution. J. Mol. Evol. 48, 59-68.
82. Emanuelsson, O., Nielsen, H., and von Heijne, G. (1999). ChloroP, a neural network-based method for predicting chloroplast transit peptides and their cleavage sites. Protein Sci. 8, 978-984.
83. Endo, T., Kawamura, K., and Nakai, M. (1992). The chloroplast-targeting domain of plastocyanin transit peptide can form a helical structure but does not have a high affinity for lipid bilayers. Eur. J. Biochem. 207, 671-675.
84. Eppard, M., and Rhiel, E. (2000). Investigations on gene copy number, introns and chromosomal arrangement of genes encoding the fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins of the centric diatom Cyclotella cryptica. Protist 151, 27-39.
85. Falkowski, P. G., Barber, R. T., and Smetacek, V. V. (1998). Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science 281, 200-207.
86. Fast, N. M., Kissinger, J. C., Roos, D. S., and Keeling, P. J. (2001). Nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted genes suggest a single common origin for apicomplexan and dinoflagellate plastids. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18, 418-426.
87. Fewell, S. W., Travers, K. J., Weissman, J. S., and Brodsky, J. L. (2001). The action of molecular chaperones in the early secretory pathway. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35, 149-191.
88. Fichera, M. E., and Roos, D. S. (1997). A plastid organelle as a drug target in apicomplexan parasites. Nature (London) 390, 407-409.
89. Fiedler, K., and Simons, K. (1995). The role of N-glycans in the secretory pathway. Cell 81, 309-312.
90. Fischer, K., Weber, A., Arbinger, B., Brink, S., Eckerskorn, C., and Fluegge, U.-I. (1994). The 24 kDa outer envelope membrane protein from spinach chloroplasts: Molecular cloning, in vivo expression and import pathway of a protein with unusual properties. Plant Mol. Biol. 25, 167-177.
91. Fitzpatrick, L. M., and Keegstra, K. (2001). A method for isolating a high yield of Arabidopsis chloroplasts capable of efficient import of precursor proteins. Plant. J. 27, 59-65.
92. Flügge, U.-I., and Heldt, H. W. (1991). Metabolite translocators of the chloroplast envelope. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 129-144.
93. Franzén, L.-G., Rochaix, J.-D., and von Heijne, G. (1990). Chloroplast transit peptides from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii share features with both mitochondrial and higher plant chloroplast presequences. FEBS Lett. 260, 165-168.
94. Gantt, E., and Conti, S. F. (1966). Phycobiliprotein localization in algae. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 19, 393-405.
95. Gavel, Y., and von Heijne, G. (1990). A conserved cleavage-site motif in chloroplast transit peptides. FEBS Lett. 261, 455-458.
96. Gibbs, S. P. (1978). The chlorochloroplasts plasts of Euglena may have evolved from symbiotic green algae. Can. J. Bot. 56, 2883-2889.
97. Gibbs, S. P. (1979). The route of entry of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins into chloroplasts of algae possessing chloroplast ER. J. Cell Sci. 35, 253-266.
98. Gibbs, S. P. (1981). The chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum: Structure, function, and evolutionary significance. Int. Rev. Cytol. 72, 49-99.
99. Gibbs, S. P. (1992). The evolution of algal chloroplasts. In "Origins of Plastids" (R. A. Lewin, Ed.), pp. 107-121. Chapman & Hall, New York.
100. Giddings, T. H., Jr., Wasmann, C., and Staehelin, L. A. (1983). Structure of the thylakoids and envelope membranes of the cyanelles of Cyanophora paradoxa. Plant Physiol. 71, 409-419.
101. Gierasch, L. M. (1989). Signal sequences. Biochemistry 28, 923-929.
102. Gillot, M. A., and Gibbs, S. P. (1980). The cryptomonad nucleomorph: Its ultrastructure and evolutionary significance. J. Phycol. 16, 558-568.
103. Gilmore, R., Blobel, G., and Walter, P. (1982). Protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum. I. Detection in the microsomal membrane of a receptor for the signal recognition particle. J. Cell Biol. 95, 463-469.
104. Gilson, P. R., and McFadden, G. I. (1996). The miniaturized nuclear genome of eukaryotic endosymbiont contains genes that overlap, genes that are cotranscribed, and the smallest known spliceosomal introns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7737-7742.
105. Gilson, P. R., Maier, U.-G., and McFadden, G. I. (1997). Size isn't everything: Lessons in genetic miniturization from nucleomorphs. Curr. Opin. Gen. Dev. 7, 800-806.
106. Gockel, G., and Hachtel, W. (2000). Complete gene map of the plastid genome of the nonphotosynthetic euglenoid flagellate Astasia longa. Protist 151, 347-351.
107. Gomord, V., Wee, E., and Faye, L. (1999). Protein retention in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Biochimie 81, 607-618.
108. Grabowski, B., Cunningham, F. X., Jr., and Gantt, E. (2001). Chlorophyll and carotenoid binding in a simple red algal light-harvesting complex crosses phylogenetic lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 2911-2916.
109. Gray, M. W. (1991). Origin and evolution of plastid genomes and genes. In "Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants" (S. L. Berry-Loew and G. W. Schmidt, Eds.), pp. 303-330. Academic Press, New York.
110. Green, B. J., Li, W. Y., Manhart, J. R., Fox, T. C., Summer, E. J., Kennedy, R. A., Pierce, S. K., and Rumpho, M. E. (2000). Mollusc-algal chloroplast endosymbiosis. Photosynthesis, thylakoid protein maintenance, and chloroplast gene expression continue for many months in the absence of the algal nucleus. Plant Physiol. 124, 331-342.
111. Green, B. R., and Kühlbrandt, W. (1995). Sequence conservation of light-harvesting and stress-response proteins in relation to the three-dimensional molecular structure of LHCII. Photosynth. Res. 44, 139-148.
112. Gross, W., Lenze, D., Nowitzki, U., Weiske, J., and Schnarrenberger, C. (1999). Characterization, cloning, and evolutionary history of the chloroplast and cytosolic class I aldolases of the red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Gene 230, 7-14.
113. Gutensohn, M., Schulz, B., Nicolay, P., and Flügge, U. I. (2000). Functional analysis of the two Arabidopsis homologues of Toc34, a component of the chloroplast protein import apparatus. Plant J. 23, 771-783.
114. Hallick, R. B., Hong, L., Drager, R. G., Favreau, M. R., Monfort, A., Orsat, B., Spielmann, A., and Stutz, E. (1993). Complete sequence of Euglena gracilis chloroplast DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 21, 3537-3544.
115. Hansmann, P., Falk, H., Scheer, U., and Sitte, P. (1987). Ultrastructural localization of DNA in two Cryptomonas species by use of a new monoclonal DNA antibody. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 42, 152-160.
116. Hanten, J. J., and Pierce, S. K. (2001). Synthesis of several light-harvesting complex I polypeptides is blocked by cycloheximide in symbiotic chloroplasts in the sea slug, Elysia chlorotica (Gould): A case for horizontal gene transfer between alga and animal? Biol. Bull. 201, 34-44.
117. Haseloff, J., and Amos, B. (1995). GFP in plants. Trends Genet. 11, 328-329.
118. Hashimoto, T., Sanchez, L. B., Shirakura, T., Müller, M., and Hasegawa, M. (1998). Secondary absence of mitochondria in Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis revealed by valy-tRNA synthetase phylogeny. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 6860-6865.
119. Häuber, M. M., Müller, S. B., Speth, V., and Maier, U.-G. (1994). How to evolve a complex plastid? - A Hypothesis. Bot. Acta 107, 383-386.
120. Hawes, C., Saint-Jore, C. M., Brandizzi, F., Zheng, H. Q., Andreeva, A. V., and Boevink, P. (2001). Cytoplasmic illuminations: In planta targeting of fluorescent proteins to cellular organelles. Protoplasma 250, 77-88.
121. He, C. Y., Striepen, B., Pletcher, C. H., Murray, J. M., and Roos, D. S. (2001a). Targeting and processing of nuclear-encoded apicoplast proteins in plastid segregation mutants of Toxoplasma gondii. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 28436-28442.
122. He, C. Y., Shaw, M. K., Pletcher, C. H., Striepen, B., Tilney, L. G., and Roos, D. S. (2001b). A plastid segregation defect in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. EMBO J. 20, 330-339.
123. Heins, L., Collinson, I., and Soll, J. (1998). The protein translocation apparatus of chloroplast envelopes. Trends Plant Sci. 3, 56-61.
124. Henry, R., Kapazoglou, A., McCaffery, M., and Cline, K. (1994). Differences between lumen targeting domains of chloroplast transit peptides determine pathway specificity for thylakoid transport. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 10189-10192.
125. Henze, K., Badr, A., Wettern, M., Cerff, R., and Martin, W. (1995). A nuclear gene of eubacterial origin in Euglena gracilis reflects cryptic endosymbioses during protist evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9122-9126.
126. Hibberd, D. J., and Norris, R. E. (1984). Cytology and ultrastructure of Chlorarachion reptans (Chlorarachniophyta diviso nova, Chlorarachniophyceae classis nova). J. Phycol. 20, 310-330.
127. Hiller, R. G., Crossley, L. G., Wrench, P. M., Santucci, N., and Hofmann, E. (2001). The 15-kDa forms of the apo-peridinin-chlorophyll a protein (PCP) in dinoflagellates show high identity with the apo-32 kDa PCP forms, and have similar N-terminal leaders and gene arrangements. Mol. Gen. Genom. 266, 254-259.
128. Hiltbrunner, A., Bauer, J., Vidi, P. A., Infanger, S., Weibel, P., Hohwy, M., and Kessler, F. (2001). Targeting of an abundant cytosolic form of the protein import receptor at Toc159 to the outer chloroplast membrane. J. Cell Biol. 154, 309-316.
129. Hinnah, S. C., Hill, K., Wagner, R., Schlicher, T., and Soll, J. (1997). Reconstitution of a chloroplast protein import channel. EMBO J. 16, 7351-7360.
130. Hiratsuka, J., Shimada, H., Whittier, R., Ishibashi, T., Sakamoto, M., Mori, M., Kondo, C., Honji, Y., Sun, C. R., Meng, B. Y., Li, Y. Q., Kanno, A., Nishizawa, Y., Hirai, A., Shinozaki, K., and Sugiura, M. (1989). The complete sequence of the rice (Oryza sativa) chloroplast genome: Intermolecular recombination between distinct tRNA genes accounts for a major plastid DNA inversion during the evolution of the cereals. Mol. Gen. Genet. 217, 185-194.
131. Hopkins, J., Fowler, R., Krishna, S., Wilson, I., Mitchell, G., and Bannister, L. (1999). The plastid in Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages: A three-dimensional ultrastructural analysis. Protist 150, 283-292.
132. Inagaki, J., Fujita, Y., Hase, T., and Yamamoto, Y. (2000a). Protein translocation within chloroplast is similar in Euglena and higher plants. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277, 436-442.
133. Inagaki, Y., Dacks, J. B., Doolittle, W. F., Watanabe, K. I., and Ohama, T. (2000b). Evolutionary relationship between dinoflagellates bearing obligate diatom endosymbionts: Insight into tertiary endosymbiosis. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 2075-2081.
134. Ishida, K., Cao, Y., Hasegawa, M., Okada, N., and Hara, Y. (1997). The origin of chlorarachniophytes, as inferred from phylogenetic comparisons of amino acid sequences of EF-Tu. J. Mol. Evol. 45, 682-687.
135. Ishida, K., Cavalier-Smith, T., and Green, B. R. (2000). Endomembrane structure and the chloroplast protein targeting pathway in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae, Chromista). J. Phycol. 36, 1135-1144.
136. Ivey, R. A., III, and Bruce, B. D. (2000). In vivo and in vitro interaction of DnaK and a chloroplast transit peptide. Cell Stress. Chaperones 5, 62-71.
137. Ivey, R. A., III, Subramanian, C., and Bruce, B. D. (2000). Identification of a Hsp70 recognition domain within the rubisco small subunit transit peptide. Plant Physiol. 122, 1289-1299.
138. Jackson-Constan, D., and Keegstra, K. (2001). Arabidopsis genes encoding components of the chloroplastic protein import apparatus. Plant Physiol. 125, 1567-1576.
139. Jackson-Constan, D., Akita, M., and Keegstra, K. (2001). Molecular chaperones involved in chloroplast protein import. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1541, 102-113.
140. +-reductase cDNA from Cyanophora paradoxa specifying a precursor for a nucleus-encoded cyanelle polypeptide. Plant Mol. Biol. 21, 1023-1033.
141. Jakowitsch, J., Neumann-Spallart, C., Ma, Y., Schenk, H. E. A., Bohnert, H. J., and Löffelhardt, W. (1996). In vitro import of pre-ferredoxin-NADP-oxidoreductase from Cyanophora paradoxa into cyanelles and into pea chloroplasts. FEBS Lett. 381, 153-155.
142. Jarvis, P., and Soll, J. (2001). Toc, Tic, and chloroplast protein import. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1541, 64-79.
143. Jarvis, P., Chen, L. J., Li, H., Peto, C. A., Fankhauser, C., and Chory, J. (1998). An Arabidopsis mutant defective in the plastid general protein import apparatus. Science 282, 100-103.
144. Jomaa, H., Wiesner, J., Sanderbrand, S., Altincicek, B., Weidemeyer, C., Hintz, M., Turbachova, I., Eberl, M., Zeidler, J., Lichtenthaler, H. K., Soldati, D., and Beck, E. (1999). Inhibitors of the nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis as antimalarial drugs. Science 285, 1502-1503.
145. Kadowaki, K. I., Kubo, N., Ozawa, K., and Hirai, A. (1996). Targeting presequence acquisition after mitochondrial gene transfer to the nucleus occurs by duplication of existing targeting signals. EMBO J. 15, 6652-6661.
146. Kaneko, T., Sato, S., Kotani, H., Tanaka, A., Asamizu, E., Nakamura, Y., Miyajima, N., Hirosawa, M., Sugiura, M., Sasamoto, S., Kimura, T., Hosouchi, T, Matsuno, A., Muraki, A., Nakazaki, N., Naruo, K., Okumura, S., Shimpo, S., Takeuchi, C., Wada, T., Watanabe, A., Yamada, M., Yasuda, M., and Tabata, S. (1996). Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Res. 3, 109-136.
147. Kaneko, T., Nakamura, Y., Wolk, C. P., Kuritz, T., Sasamoto, S., Watanabe, A., Iriguchi, M., Ishikawa, A., Kawashima, K., Kimura, T., Kishida, Y., Kohara, M., Matsumoto, M., Matsuno, A., Muraki, A., Nakazaki, N., Shimpo, S., Sugimoto, M., Takazawa, M., Yamada, M., Yasuda, M., and Tabata, S. (2001). Complete genomic sequence of the filamentous nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. DNA Res. 8, 205-213.
148. Keegstra, K. (1989). Transport and routing of proteins into chloroplasts. Cell 56, 247-253.
149. Keegstra, K., and Cline, K. (1999). Protein import and routing systems of chloroplasts. Plant Cell 11, 557-570.
150. Keeling, P. J., Palmer, J. D., Donald, R. G. K., Roos, D. S., Waller, R. F., and McFadden, G. I. (1999). Shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites. Nature (London) 397, 219-220.
151. Keenan, R. J., Freymann, D. M., Walter, P., and Stroud, R. M. (1998). Crystal structure of the signal sequence binding subunit of the signal recognition particle. Cell 94, 181-191.
152. Kermode, A. R. (1996). Mechanisms of intracellular protein transport and targeting in plant cells. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 15, 285-423.
153. Kessler, F., Blobel, G., Patel, H. A., and Schnell, D. J. (1994). Identification of two GTP-binding proteins in the chloroplast protein import machinery. Science 266, 1035-1039.
154. Kies, L. (1974). Elektronenmikroskopische untersuchungen an Paulinella chromatophora lauterborn, einer thekamöbe mit blaugrünen endosymbionten cyanellen. Protoplasma 80, 69-89.
155. Kim, J., and Klionsky, D. J. (2000). Autophagy, cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting pathway, and pexophagy in yeast and mammalian cells. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 69, 303-342.
156. Kim, J., Scott, S. V., and Klionsky, D. J. (2000). Alternative protein sorting pathways. Int. Rev. Cytol. 198, 153-201.
157. Kim, S. J., Jansson, S., Hoffman, N. E., Robinson, C., and Mant, A. (1999). Distinct "assisted" and "spontaneous" mechanisms for the insertion of polytopic chlorophyll-binding proteins into the thylakoid membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 4715-4721.
158. Kindle, K. L., and Lawrence, S. D. (1998). Transit peptide mutations that impair in vitro and in vivo chloroplast protein import do not affect accumulation of the gamma-subunit of chloroplast ATPase. Plant Physiol. 116, 1179-1190.
159. Kishore, R., Muchhal, U. S., and Schwartzbach, S. D. (1993). The presequence of Euglena LHCPII, a cytoplasmically synthesized chloroplast protein, contains a functional endoplasmic reticulum-targeting domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11845-11849.
160. Ko, K., Budd, D., Wu, C., Seibert, F., Kourtz, L., and Ko, Z. W. (1995). Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding a member of the Com44/Cim44 envelope components of the chloroplast protein import apparatus. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28601-28608.
161. Kobuke, K., Furukawa, Y., Sugai, M., Tanigaki, K., Ohashi, N., Matsumori, A., Sasayama, S., Honjo, T., and Tashiro, K. (2001). ESDN, a novel neuropilin-like membrane protein cloned from vascular cells with the longest secretory signal sequence among eukaryotes, is up-regulated after vascular injury. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 34105-34114.
162. Köhler, R. H., Zipfel, W. R., Webb, W. W., and Hanson, M. R. (1997b). The green fluorescent protein as a marker to visualize plant mitochondria in vivo. Plant J. 11, 613-621.
163. Köhler, S., Delwiche, C. F., Denny, P. W., Tilney, L. G., Webster, P., Wilson, R. J. M., Palmer, J. D., and Roos, D. S. (1997a). A plastid of probable green algal origin in apicomplexan parasites. Science 275, 1485-1489.
164. Kouranov, A., Wang, H. A., and Schnell, D. J. (1999). Tic22 is targeted to the intermembrane space of chloroplasts by a novel pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 25181-25186.
165. Kowallik, K. V., Stöbe, B., Schaffran, I., Kroth-Pancic, P., and Freier, U. (1995). The chloroplast genome of a chlorophyll a+c-containing alga, Odontella sinensis. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 13, 336-342.
166. Krimm, I., Gans, P., Hernandez, J. F., Arlaud, G. J., and Lancelin, J. M. (1999). A coil-helix instead of a helix-coil motif can be induced in a chloroplast transit peptide from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eur J. Biochem. 265, 171-180.
167. Kroth, P., and Strotmann, H. (1999). Diatom plastids: Secondary endocytobiosis, plastid genome and protein import. Physiol. Plant 107, 136-141.
168. Lamppa, G. K. (1995). In vitro import of proteins into chloroplasts. In "Methods in Plant Molecular Biology" (P. Maliga, D. F. Klessig, A. R. Casmore, W. Gruissem, and J. E. Varner, Eds.), pp. 141-171. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
169. Lancelin, J.-M., Bally, I., Arlaud, G. J., Blackledge, M., Gans, P., Stein, M., and Jaquot, J.-P. (1994). NMR structures of ferrodoxin chloroplastic transit peptide from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii promoted by trifluoroethanol in aequous solution. FEBS Lett. 343, 261-266.
170. Lang, B. F., Gray, M. W., and Burger, G. (1999). Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 33, 351-397.
171. Lang, M., and Kroth, P. G. (2001). Diatom fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding protein (FCP) and land plant light-harvesting proteins use a similar pathway for thylakoid membrane insertion. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 7985-7991.
172. Lang, M., Apt, K. E., and Kroth, P. G. (1998). Protein transport into "complex" diatom plastids utilizes two different targeting signals. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 30973-30978.
173. Larkum, A. W. D., Scaramuzzi, C., Cox, G. C., Hiller, R. G., and Turner, A. G. (1994). Light-harvesting chlorophyll c-like pigment in Prochloron. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 679-683.
174. La Roche, J., van der Staay, G. W. M., Partensky, F., Ducret, A., Aebersold, R., Li, R., Golden, S. S., Hiller, R. G., Wrench, P. M., Larkum, A. W. D., and Green, B. R. (1996). Independent evolution of the prochlorophyte and green plant chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15244-15248.
175. Le, Q. H., Markovic, P., Hastings, J. W., Jovine, R. V. M., and Morse, D. (1997). Structure and organization of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-binding protein gene in Gonyaulax polyedra. Mol. Gen. Genet. 255, 595-604.
176. Leblanc, C., Boyen, C., Richard, O., Bonnard, G., Grienenberger, J. M., and Kloareg, B. (1995). Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of the rhodophyte Chondrus crispus (Gigartinales). Gene content and genome organization. J. Mol. Biol. 250, 484-495.
177. Leblanc, C., Richard, O., Kloareg, B., Viehmann, S., Zetsche, K., and Boyen, C. (1997). Origin and evolution of mitochondria: What have we learned from red algae? Curr. Genet. 31, 193-207.
178. Lee, R. (1977). Evolution of algal flagellates with chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum from the ciliates. South Afr. J. Sci. 73, 179-182.
179. Lee, R. E. (1999). "Phycology." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
180. Lee, Y. J., Kim, D. H., Kim, Y. W., and Hwang, I. (2001). Identification of a signal that distinguishes between the chloroplast outer envelope membrane and the endomembrane system in vivo. Plant Cell 13, 2175-2190.
181. Lefort-Tran, M., Pouphile, M., Freyssinet, G., and Pineau, B. (1980). Signification structurale et fonctionelle des envelopes chloroplastiques d'Euglena: Étude immunotechnologique et en cryofracture. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 73, 44-63.
182. Leitsch, C. E. W., and Kowallik, K. V. (1992). Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic implication of the ATPase subunits β and ε encoded in the chloroplast genome of the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma. Plant Mol. Biol. 19, 289-298.
183. Lemieux, C., Otis, C., and Turmel, M. (2000). Ancestral chloroplast genome in Mesostigma viride reveals an early branch of green plant evolution. Nature (London) 403, 649-652.
184. Lewin and Withers (1975). Extraordinary pigment composition of a prokaryotic alga. Nature (London) 256, 735-737.
185. Li, H. M., and Chen, L. J. (1996). Protein targeting and integration signal for the chloroplastic outer envelope membrane. Plant Cell 8, 2117-2126.
186. Li, X., Henry, R., Yuan, J., Cline, K., and Hoffman, N. E. (1995). A chloroplast homologue of the signal recognition particle subunit SRP54 is involved in the posttranslational integration of a protein into thylakoid membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3789-3793.
187. Liaud, M.-F., Valentin, C., Brandt, U., Bouget, F.-Y., Kloareg, B., and Cerff, R. (1993). The GAPDH gene system of the red alga Chondrus crispus: Promotor structures, intron/extron organization, genomic complexity and differential expression of genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 23, 981-994.
188. Liaud, M.-F., Brandt, U., Scherzinger, M., and Cerff, R. (1997). Evolutionary origin of cryptomonad microalgae: Two novel chloroplast/cytosol-specific GAPDH genes as potential markers of ancestral endosymbiont and host cell components. J. Mol. Evol. 44, S28-S37.
189. Lithgow, T. (2000). Targeting of proteins to mitochondria. FEBS Lett. 476, 22-26.
190. Löffelhardt, W., and Bohnert, H. J. (1994a). Molecular biology of cyanelles. In "The Molecular Biology of the Cyanobacteria" (D. A. Bryant, Ed.), pp. 65-89. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
191. Löffelhardt, W., and Bohnert, H. J. (1994b). Structure and function of the cyanelle genome. Int. Rev. Cytol. 151, 29-65.
192. 1 precursor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7727-7731.
193. Lübeck, J., Heins, L., and Soll, J. (1997). A nuclear-coded chloroplastic inner envelope membrane protein uses a soluble sorting intermediate upon import into the organelle. J. Cell Biol. 137, 1279-1286.
194. Ludwig, M., and Gibbs, S. P. (1989). Evidence that the nucleomorphs of Chlorarachnion reptans (Chlorarachniophyceae) are vestigal nuclei: Morphology, division and DNA-DAPI fluorescence. J. Phycol. 25, 385-394.
195. Macasev, D., Newbigin, E., Whelan, J., and Lithgow, T. (2000). How do plant mitochondria avoid importing chloroplast proteins? Components of the import apparatus Tom20 and Tom22 from Arabidopsis differ from their fungal counterparts. Plant Physiol. 123, 811-816.
196. Maier, U.-G., Hofmann, C. J. B., Eschbach, S., Wolters, J., and Igloi, G. L. (1991). Demonstration of nucleomorph-encoded eukaryotic small subunit ribosomal RNA in cryptomonads. Mol. Gen. Genet. 230, 155-160.
197. Margulis, L. (1970). "Origin of Eukaryotic Cells." Yale University Press, New Haven.
198. Margulis, L., and Obar, R. (1985). Heliobacterium and the origin of chrysoplasts. Biosystems 17, 317-325.
199. Martin, W., and Herrmann, R. G. (1998). Gene transfer from organelles to the nucleus: How much, what happens, and why? Plant Physiol. 118, 9-17.
200. Martin, W., and Kowallik, K. V. (1999). Annotated English translation of Mereschkowsky's 1905 paper "Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche." Eur. J. Phycol. 34, 287-295.
201. Martin, W., and Müller, M. (1998). The hydrogen hypothesis for the first eukaryote. Nature (London) 392, 37-41.
202. Martin, W., Stoebe, B., Goremykin, V., Hansmann, S., Hasegawa, M., and Kowallik, K. V. (1998). Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts. Nature (London) 393, 162-165.
203. Martin, W., Scheibe, R., and Schnarrenberger, C. (2000). The Calvin cycle and its regulation. In "Advances in Photosynthesis, Vol. 9. Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism" (R. C. Leegood, T. D. Sharkey, and S. von Caemmerer, Eds.), pp. 9-51. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
204. Matlack, K. E., Mothes, W., and Rapoport, T. A. (1998). Protein translocation: Tunnel vision. Cell 92, 381-390.
205. May, T., and Soll, J. (1998). Positive charges determine the topology and functionality of the transmembrane domain in the chloroplastic outer envelope protein Toc34. J. Cell Biol. 141, 895-904.
206. May, T., and Soll, J. (1999). Chloroplast precursor protein translocon. FEBS Lett. 452, 52-56.
207. May, T., and Soll, J. (2000). 14-3-3 Proteins form a guidance complex with chloroplast precursor proteins in plants. Plant Cell 12, 53-63.
208. McAndrew, R. S., Froehlich, J. E., Vitha, S., Stokes, K. D., and Osteryoung, K. W. (2001). Colocalization of plastid division proteins in the chloroplast stromal compartment establishes a new functional relationship between FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in higher plants. Plant Physiol. 127, 1656-1666.
209. McFadden, G. I. (1999). Plastids and protein targeting. J. Eukar. Microbiol. 46, 339-346.
210. McFadden, G. I. (2001). Primary and secondary endosymbiosis and the origin of plastids. J. Phycol. 37, 951-959.
211. McFadden, G. I., and Roos, D. S. (1999). Apicomplexan plastids as drug targets. Trends Microbiol. 7, 328-333.
212. McFadden, G. I., Gilson, P. R., Hofmann, C. J. B., Adcock, G. J., and Maier, U.-G. (1994). Evidence that an amoeba aquired a chloroplast by retaining part of an engulfed eukaryotic alga. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 3690-3694.
213. McFadden, G. I., Reith, M., Munholland, J., and Lang-Unnasch, N. (1996). Plastid in human parasites. Nature (London) 381, 482.
214. Mereschkowsky, C. (1905). Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche. Biol. Zentralbl. 25, 593-604.
215. Millen, R. S., Olmstead, R. G., Adams, K. L., Palmer, J. D., Lao, N. T., Heggie, L., Kavanagh, T. A., Hibberd, J. M., Gray, J. C., Morden, C. W., Calie, P. J., Jermiin, L. S., and Wolfe, K. H. (2001). Many parallel losses of infA from chloroplast DNA during angiosperm evolution with multiple independent transfers to the nucleus. Plant Cell 13, 645-658.
216. Moestrup, Ø. (1978). On the phylogenetic validity of the flagellar apparatus in green algae and other chlorophyll a and b containing plants. Biosystems 10, 117-144.
217. Morden, C. W., and Golden, S. S. (1989). psbA indicate common ancestry of prochlorophytes and chloroplasts. Nature (London) 337, 382-385.
218. Morden, C. W., Delwiche, C. F., Kuhsel, M., and Palmer, J. D. (1992). Gene phylogenies and the endosymbiotic origin of plastids. BioSystems 28, 75-90.
219. Moreira, D., Le Guyader, H., and Philippe, H. (2000). The origin of red algae and the evolution of chloroplasts. Nature (London) 405, 69-72.
220. Mori, H., and Ito, K. (2001). The Sec protein-translocation pathway. Trends Microbiol. 9, 494-500.
221. Muchhal, U. S., and Schwartzbach, S. D. (1992). Characterization of a Euglena gene encoding a polyprotein precursor to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II. Plant Mol. Biol. 18, 287-299.
222. Mujer, C. V., Andrews, D. L., Manhart, J. R., Pierce, S. K., and Rumpho, M. E. (1996). Chloroplast genes are expressed during intracellular symbiotic association of Vaucheria litorea plastids with the sea slug Elysia chlorotica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 12333-12338.
223. Navazio, L., Nardi, C., Baldan, B., Dainese, P., Fitchette, A. C., Martin, W., and Mariani, P. (1998). Functional conservation of calreticulin from Euglena gracilis. J. Eukar. Microbiol. 45, 307-313.
224. Norris, B. J., and Miller, D. J. (1994). Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the precursor of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-binding protein from the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. Plant Mol. Biol. 24, 673-677.
225. Nowitzki,U., Flechner, A., Kellermann, J., Hasegawa, M., Schnarrenberger, C., and Martin, W. (1998). Eubacterial origin of nuclear genes for chloroplast and cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate isomerase from spinach: Sampling eubacterial gene diversity in eukaryotic chromosomes through symbiosis. Gene 214, 205-213.
226. Nugent, J. M., and Palmer, J. D. (1991). RNA-mediated transfer of the gene coxII from the mitochondrion to the nucleus during flowering plant evolution. Cell 66, 473-481.
227. Nurani, G., Eriksson, M., Knorpp, C., Glaser, E., and Franzén, L. G. (1997). Homologous and heterologous protein import into mitochondria isolated from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Mol. Biol. 35, 973-980.
228. Oblong, J. E., and Lamppa, G. K. (1992). Identification of two structurally related proteins involved in proteolytic processing of precursors targeted to the chloroplast. EMBO J. 11, 4401-4409.
229. Ohta, N., Sato, N., and Kuroiwa, T. (1998). Structure and organization of the mitochondrial genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae deduced from the complete nucleotide sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. 26, 5190-5198.
230. Ohyama, K., Fukuzawa, H., Kohchi, T., Shirai, H., Sano, T., Sano, S., Umesono, K., Shiki, Y., Takeuchi, M., Chang, Z., Aota, S., Inokuchi, H., and Ozeki, H. (1986). Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA. Nature (London) 322, 572-574.
231. Okita, T., and Rogers, J. C. (1996). Compartimentation of proteins in the endoplasmic system of plant cells. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 327-350.
232. Olsen, L. J., Theg, S. M., Selman, B. R., and Keegstra, K. (1989). ATP is required for the binding of precursor proteins to chloroplasts. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 6724-6729.
233. Osafune, T., Schiff, J. A., and Hase, T. (1990). Immunogold localization of LHCP II apoprotein in the Golgi of Euglena. Cell Struct. Funct. 15, 99-105.
234. Osafune, T., Schiff, J. A., and Hase, E. (1991). Stage-dependent localization of LHCP II apoprotein in the Golgi of synchronized cells of Euglena gracilis by immunogold electron microscopy. Exp. Cell Res. 193, 320-330.
235. Osafune, T., Schwartzbach, S. D., and Yamato, M. (1996). Immunocytochemical localization of RuBisCo in the compartmentalized osmophilic body in dark-grown cells of Euglena gracilis Z. J. Electron. Microsc. 45, 239-241.
236. Osteryoung, K. W., Stokes, K. D., Rutherford, S. M., Percival, A. L., and Lee, W. Y. (1998). Chloroplast division in higher plants requires members of two functionally divergent gene families with homology to bacterial ftsZ. Plant Cell 10, 1991-2004.
237. Ouzzine, M., Magdalou, J., Burchell, B., and Fournel-Gigleux, S. (1999). An internal signal sequence mediates the targeting and retention of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 to the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 31401-31409.
238. Paetzel, M., Dalbey, R. E., and Strynadka, N. C. (1998). Crystal structure of a bacterial signal peptidase in complex with a beta-lactam inhibitor. Nature (London) 396, 186-190.
239. Palenik, B., and Haselkorn, R. (1992). Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes, the chlorophyll b-containing prokaryotes. Nature (London) 355, 265-267.
240. 1 of the diatom Odontella sinensis including its presequence. FEBS Lett. 320, 61-66.
241. 1 from the diatom Odontella sinensis. Bot. Acta 103, 274-280.
242. Passaquet, C., and Lichtlé, C. (1995). Molecular study of a light-harvesting apoprotein of Giraudyopsis stellifer (Chrysophyceae). Plant Mol. Biol. 29, 135-148.
243. Patterson, G. H., Knobel, S. M., Sharif, W. D., and Kain, S. R. (1997). Use of the green fluorescent protein and its mutants in quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Biophys. J. 73, 2782-2790.
244. Perry, S. E., and Keegstra, K. (1994). Envelope membrane proteins that interact with chloroplastic precursor proteins. Plant Cell 6, 93-105.
245. Pigott, G., and Carr, N. (1972). Homology between nucleic acids of blue-green algae and chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis. Science 175, 1259-1261.
246. Pilon, M., de Boer, A. D., Knols, S. D., Koppelman, M. H., van der Graaf, R. M., de Kruijff, B., and Weisbeek, P. J. (1990). Expression in Escherichia coli and purification of a translocation-competent precursor of the chloroplast protein ferredoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3358-3361.
247. Pinnaduwage, P., and Bruce, B. D. (1996). In vitro interaction between a chloroplast transit peptide and chloroplast outer envelope lipids is sequence-specific and lipid class-dependent. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 32907-32915.
248. Plaumann, M., Pelzer-Reith, B., Martin, W. F., and Schnarrenberger, C. (1997). Multiple recruitment of class-I aldolase to chloroplasts and eubacterial origin of eubacterial eukaryotic class-II aldolases revealed by cDNAs from Euglena gracilis. Curr. Genet. 31, 430-438.
249. Powers, T., and Walter, T. (1997). Co-translational protein targeting catalyzed by the Escherichia coli signal recognition particle and its receptor. EMBO J. 16, 4880-4886.
250. Prasher, D. C., Eckenrode, V. K., Ward, W. W., Prendergast, F. G., and Cormier, M. J. (1992). Primary structure of the Aequorea victoria green-fluorescent protein. Gene 111, 229-233.
251. Quader, H., and Schnepf, E. (1986). Endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasmic streaming: Fluorescence microscopical observations in adaxial epidermis cells of onion bulbs. Protoplasma 131, 250-252.
252. Ragan, M. A., Bird, C. J., Rice, E. L., Gutell, R. R., Murphy, C. E., and Singh, R. K. (1994). A molecular phylogeny of the marine red algae (Rhodophyta) based on the nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 7276-7280.
253. Rapoport, T. A., Jungnickel, B., and Kutay, U. (1996). Protein transport across the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and bacterial inner membranes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65, 271-303.
254. Rapoport, T. A., Matlack, K. E., Plath, K., Misselwitz, B., and Staeck, O. (1999). Posttranslational protein translocation across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Biol. Chem. 380, 1143-1150.
255. Rassow, J., and Pfanner, N. (2000). The protein import machinery of the mitochondrial membranes. Traffic 1, 457-464.
256. Raven, J. A. (1970). A multiple origin for plastids and mitochondria. Science 149, 641-646.
257. Reinbothe, S., Mache, R., and Reinbothe, C. (2000). A second, substrate-dependent site of protein import into chloroplasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 9795-9800.
258. Reith, M. E., and Munholland, J. (1995). Complete nucleotide sequence of the Porphyra purpurea chloroplast genome. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 13, 333-335.
259. Rensink, W. A., Pilon, M., and Weisbeek, P. (1998). Domains of a transit sequence required for in vivo import in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 118, 691-699.
260. Reumann, S., and Keegstra, K. (1999). The endosymbiotic origin of the protein import machinery of chloroplastic envelope membranes. Trends Plant Sci. 4, 302-307.
261. Reumann, S., Davila-Aponte, J., and Keegstra, K. (1999). The evolutionary origin of the proteintranslocating channel of chloroplastidic envelope membranes: Identification of a cyanobacterial homolog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 784-789.
262. Richter, S., and Lamppa, G. K. (1998). A chloroplast processing enzyme functions as the general stromal processing peptidase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7463-7468.
263. Richter, S., and Lamppa, G. K. (1999). Stromal processing peptidase binds transit peptides and initiates their ATP-dependent turnover in chloroplasts. J. Cell Biol. 147, 33-44.
264. Rikin, A., and Schwartzbach, S. D. (1988). Extremely large and slowly processed precursors to the Euglena light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins of photosystem II. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5117-5121.
265. Robinson, C., and Mant, A. (1997). Targeting of proteins into and across the thylakoid membrane. Trends Plant Sci. 2, 431-436.
266. Robinson, C., Cai, D., Hulford, A., Brock, I. W., Michl, D., Hazell, L., Schmidt, I., Herrmann, R. G., and Klösgen, R. B. (1994). The presequence of a chimeric construct dictates which of two mechanisms are utilized for translocation across the thylakoid membrane: Evidence for the existence of two distinct translocation systems. EMBO J. 13, 279-285.
267. Robinson, C., Hynds, P. J., Robinson, D., and Mant, A. (1998). Multiple pathways for the targeting of thylakoid proteins in chloroplasts. Plant Mol. Biol. 38, 209-221.
268. Robinson, C., Woolhead, C., and Edwards, W. (2000). Transport of proteins into and across the thylakoid membrane. J. Exp. Bot. 51, 369-374.
269. Roessler, P. G., and Ohlrogge, J. B. (1993). Cloning and characterization of the gene that encodes acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in the alga Cyclotella cryptica. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19254-19259.
270. Roos, D. S., Crawford, M. J., Donald, R. G. K., Kissinger, J. C., Klimczak, L. J., and Striepen, B. (1999). Origin, targeting, and function of the apicomplexan plastid. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2, 426-432.
271. Rothe, C., and Lehle, L. (1998). Sorting of invertase signal peptide mutants in yeast dependent and independent on the signal-recognition particle. Eur. J. Biochem. 252, 16-24.
272. 2+ ions. FEBS Lett. 403, 15-18.
273. Rothfield, L. I., and Zhao, C.-R. (1996). How do bacteria decide where to divide? Cell 84, 183-186.
274. Row, P. E., and Gray, J. C. (2001). Chloroplast precursor proteins compete to form early import intermediates in isolated pea chloroplasts. J. Exp. Bot. 52, 47-56.
275. Roy, L. M., and Barkan, A. (1998). A SecY homologue is required for the elaboration of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and for normal chloroplast gene expression. J. Cell Biol. 141, 385-395.
276. Rumpho, M. E., Summer, E. J., and Manhart, J. R. (2000). Solar-powered sea slugs. Mollusc/alga-chloroplast symbiosis. Plant Physiol. 123, 29-38.
277. Ryan, M. T., Wagner, R., and Pfanner, N. (2000). The transport machinery for the import of preproteins across the outer mitochondrial membrane. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 32, 13-21.
278. Saldarriaga, J. F., Taylor, F. J., Keeling, P. J., and Cavalier-Smith, T. (2001). Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements. J. Mol. Evol. 53, 204-213.
279. Salomon, M., Fischer, K., Flügge, U., and Soll, J. (1990). Sequence analysis and protein import studies of an outer chloroplast envelope polypeptide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5778-5782.
280. Sanchez, H., Fester, T., Kloska, S., Schröder, W., and Schuster, W. (1996). Transfer of rps19 to the nucleus involves the gain of an RNP-binding motif which may functionally replace RPS13 in Arabidopsis mitochondria. EMBO J. 15, 2138-2149.
281. Sato, S., Nakamura, Y., Kaneko, T., Asamizu, E., and Tabata, S. (1999). Complete structure of the chloroplast genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. DNA Res. 6, 283-290.
282. Saunders, G. W., Potter, D., Paskind, M. P., and Andersen, R. A. (1995). Cladistic analyses of combined traditional and molecular data sets reveal an algal lineage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 244-248.
283. Schimper, A. F. W. (1883). Über die Entwicklung der Chlorophyllkörner und Farbkörner. Bot. Zeit. 41, 105-114.
284. Schleiff, E., Tien, R., Salomon, M., and Soll, J. (2001). Lipid composition of outer leaflet of chloroplast outer envelope determines topology of OEP7. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 4090-4102.
285. Schnell, D., Kessler, F., and Blobel, G. (1994). Isolation of components of the chloroplast protein import machinery. Science 266, 1007-1012.
286. Schnell, D. J., Blobel, G., Keegstra, K, Kessler, F., Ko, K., and Soll, J. (1997). A consensus nomenclature for the protein-import components of the chloroplast envelope. Trends Cell Biol. 7, 303-304.
287. Schnepf, E. (1992). From parasitism to symbiosis: The dinoflagellate example. In "Algae and Symbioses: Plants, Animals, Fungi, Viruses, Interactions Explored" (W. Reisser, Ed.), pp. 699-710. Biopress, Bristol.
288. Schnepf, E. (1993). From prey via endosymbiont to plastid: Comparative studies in dinoflagellates. In "Origins of Plastids" (R. A. Lewin, Ed.), pp. 53-76. Chapman & Hall, New York.
289. Schnepf, E., and Ellbrächter, M. (1988). Cryptphyceaen-like double membrane bound chloroplasts in the dinoflagellate Dinophysis Ehrenb: Evolutionary, phylogenetic and toxicological implications. Bot. Acta 101, 196-203.
290. Schuenemann, D., Gupta, S., Persello-Cartieaux, F., Klimyuk, V. I., Jones, J. D. G., Nussaume, L., and Hoffman, N. E. (1998). A novel signal recognition particle targets light-harvesting proteins to the thylakoid membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 10312-10316.
291. Schwartz, R., and Dayhoff, M. (1978). Origin of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Science 199, 395-403.
292. Schwartzbach, S. D., Osafune, T., and Löffelhardt, W. (1998). Protein import into cyanelles and complex chloroplasts. Plant Mol. Biol. 38, 247-263.
293. Scott, S. V., and Theg, S. M. (1996). A new chloroplast protein import intermediate reveals distinct translocation machineries in the two envelope membranes: Energetics and mechanistic implications. J. Cell Biol. 132, 63-75.
294. Sharif, A. L., Smith, A. G., and Abell, C. (1989). Isolation and characterisation of a cDNA clone for a chlorophyll synthesis enzyme from Euglena gracilis. The chloroplast enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase (porphobilinogen deaminase) is synthesised with a very long transit peptide in Euglena. Eur. J. Biochem. 184, 353-359.
295. Sharples, F. P., Wrench, P. M., Ou, K., and Hiller, R. G. (1996). Two distinct forms of the peridininchlorophyll a-protein from Amphidinium carterae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1276, 117-123.
296. Shashidhara, L. S., Lim, S. H., Shackleton, J. B., Robinson, C., and Smith, A. G. (1992). Protein targeting across the three membranes of the Euglena chloroplast envelope. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12885-12891.
297. Sheen, J., Hwang, S., Niwa, Y., Kobayashi, H., and Galbraith, D. W. (1995). Green-fluorescent protein as a new vital marker in plant cells. Plant J. 8, 777-784.
298. Shinozaki, K., Ohme, M., Tanaka, M., Wakasugi, T., Hayashida, N., Matsubayashi, T., Zaita, N., Chunwongse, J., Obokata, J., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K., Ohto, C., Torazawa, K., Meng, B. Y., Sugita, M., Deno, H., Kamogashira, T., Yamada, K., Kusuda, J., Takaiwa, F., Kato, A., Tohdoh, N., Shimada, H., and Sugiura, M. (1986). The complete nucleotide sequence of tobacco chloroplast genome: Its gene organization and expression. EMBO J. 5, 2043-2049.
299. Silberstein, S., and Gilmore, R. (1996). Biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics of the oligosaccharyltransferase. FASEB J. 10, 849-858.
300. Sitte, P. (1993). Symbiogenetic evolution of complex cells and complex plastids. Eur. J. Protistol. 29, 131-143.
301. Smetacek, V. (1999). Diatoms and the ocean carbon cycle. Protist 150, 25-32.
302. Smith-Johannsen, H., and Gibbs, S. P. (1972). Effects of chloramphenicol on chloroplast and mitochondrial ultrastructure in Ochromonas danica. J. Cell Biol. 52, 598-614.
303. Sogin, M. L., Gunderson, J. H., Elwood, H. J., Alonso, R. A., and Peattie, D. A. (1989). Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: An unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia. Science 243, 75-77.
304. Sohrt, K., and Soll, J. (2000). Toc64, a new component of the protein translocon of chloroplasts. J. Cell Biol. 148, 1213-1222.
305. Stahl, T., Glockmann, C., Soll, J., and Heins, L. (1999). Tic40, a new "old" subunit of the chloroplast protein import translocon. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 37467-37472.
306. Steiner, J. M., and Löffelhardt, W. (2002). Protein import into cyanelles. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 72-77.
307. Steiner, J. M., Serrano, A., Allmaier, G., Jakowitsch, J., and Löffelhardt, W. (2000). Cytochrome c(6) from Cyanophora paradoxa - Characterization of the protein and the cDNA of the precursor and import into isolated cyanelles. Eur. J. Biochem. 267, 4232-4241.
308. Stewart, K. D., and Mattox, K. R. (1975). Comparative cytology, evolution, and classification of the green algae with some considerations of the origin of the organisms with chlorophylls a and b. Bot. Rev. 41, 104-145.
309. Stiller, J. W., and Hall, B. D. (1997). The origin of red algae: Implications for plastid evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4520-4525.
310. Stiller, J. W., Riley, J., and Hall, B. D. (2001). Are red algae plants? A critical evaluation of three key molecular data sets. J. Mol. Evol. 52, 527-539.
311. Stirewalt, V. L., Michalowski, C. B., Löffelhardt, W., Bohnert, H. J., and Bryant, D. A. (1995). Nucleotide sequence of the cyanelle genome from Cyanophora paradoxa. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 13, 327-332.
312. Stocking, C., and Gifford, E. (1959). Incorporation of thymidine into chloroplasts of Spirogyra. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 1, 159-164.
313. Stoebe, B., and Kowallik, K. V. (1999). Gene-cluster analysis in chloroplast genomics. Trends Genet. 15, 344-347.
314. Stoebe, B., Martin, W., and Kowallik, K. V. (1998). Distribution and nomenclature of protein-coding genes in 12 sequenced chloroplast genomes. Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. 16, 243-255.
315. Strepp, R., Scholz, S., Kruse, S., Speth, V., and Reski, R. (1998). Plant nuclear gene knockout reveals a role in plastid division for the homolog of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ, an ancestral tubulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 4368-4373.
316. Su, Q. X., Schmid, K., Schild, C., and Boschetti, A. (2001). Effect of precursor protein phosphorylation on import into isolated chloroplasts from Chlamydomonas. FEBS Lett. 508, 165-169.
317. Sulli, C., and Schwartzbach, S. D. (1995). The polyprotein precursor to the Euglena light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein is transported to the Golgi apparatus prior to chloroplast import and polyprotein processing. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13084-13090.
318. Sulli, C., and Schwartzbach, S. D. (1996). A soluble protein is imported into Euglena chloroplasts as a membrane-bound precursor. Plant Cell 8, 43-53.
319. Sulli, C., Fang, Z. W., Muchhal, U. S., and Schwartzbach, S. D. (1999). Topology of Euglena chloroplast protein precursors within endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi to chloroplast transport vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 457-463.
320. Sveshnikova, N., Grimm, R., Soll, J., and Schleiff, E. (2000). Topology studies of the chloroplast protein import channel Toc75. Biol. Chem. 381, 687-693.
321. Sweeney, B. M. (1981). Freeze-fracture chloroplast membranes of Gonyaulax polyedra (Pyrrophyta). J. Phycol. 17, 95-101.
322. Tan, S., Ducret, A., Aebersold, R., and Gantt, E. (1997). Red algal LHC I genes have similarities with both Ch-a/b- and a/c-binding proteins: A 21 kDa polypeptide encoded by LhcaR2 is one of the six LHC I polypeptides. Photosynth. Res. 53, 129-140.
323. Teasdale, R. D., and Jackson, M. R. (1996). Signal-mediated sorting of membrane proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12, 27-54.
324. Tengs, T., Dahlberg, O. J., Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., Klaveness, D., Rudi, K., Delwiche, C. F., and Jakobsen, K. S. (2000). Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the 19' hexanoyloxy-fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates have tertiary plastids of haptophyte origin. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17, 718-729.
325. Theg, S. M., Bauerle, C., Olsen, L. J., Selman, B. R., and Keegstra, K. (1989). Internal ATP is the only energy requirement for the translocation of precursor proteins across chloroplastic membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 6730-6736.
326. Tirlapur, U. K., Dahse, I., Reiss, B., Meurer, J., and Oelmüller, R. (1999). Characterization of the activity of a plastid-targeted green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78, 233-240.
327. Tomitani, A., Okada, K., Miyashita, H., Matthijs, H. C., Ohno, T., and Tanaka, A. (1999). Chlorophyll b and phycobilins in the common ancestor of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Nature (London) 400, 119-120.
328. Triemer, R. E., and Farmer, M. A. (1991). An ultrastructural comparison of the mitotic apparatus, feeding apparatus and cytoskeleton in euglenoids and kinetoplastids. Protoplasma 164, 91-104.
329. Truscott, K. N., Pfanner, N., and Voos, W. (2001). Transport of proteins into mitochondria. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 143, 81-136.
330. Tu, C. J., Schuenemann, D., and Hoffman, N. E. (1999). Chloroplast FtsY, chloroplast signal recognition particle, and GTP are required to reconstitute the soluble phase of light-harvesting chlorophyll protein transport into thylakoid membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 27219-27224.
331. Turmel, M., Otis, C., and Lemieux, C. (1999). The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Nephroselmis olivacea: Insights into the architecture of ancestral chloroplast genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10248-10253.
332. Turner, S., Pryer, K. M., Miao, V. P., and Palmer, J. D. (1999). Investigating deep phylogenetic relationships among cyanobacteria and plastids by small subunit rRNA sequence analysis. J. Eukar. Microbiol. 46, 327-338.
333. Urbach, E., Robertson, D. L., and Chisholm, S. W. (1992). Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacterial radiation. Nature (London) 355, 267-270.
334. Valent, Q. A., Scotti, P. A., High, S., de Gier, J. W., von Heijne, G., Lentzen, G., Wintermeyer, W., Oudega, B., and Luirink, J. (1998). The Escherichia coli SRP and SecB targeting pathways converge at the translocon. EMBO J. 17, 2501-2512.
335. Van de Peer, Y., and de Wachter, R. (1997). Evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotic crown taxa taking into account site-to-site rate variation in 18S rRNA. J. Mol. Evol. 45, 619-630.
336. Van de Peer, Y., Rensing, S. A., Maier, U.-G., and de Wachter, R. (1996). Substitution rate calibration of small subunit ribosomal RNA identifies chlorarachniophyte endosymbionts as remnants of green algae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 7732-7736.
337. van den Hoek, C., Jahns, H. M., and Mann, D. G. (1995). "Algae: An Introduction to Phycology." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
338. van den Wijngaard, P. W., and Vredenberg, W. J. (1997). A 50-picosiemens anion channel of the chloroplast envelope is involved in chloroplast protein import. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29430-29433.
339. Van der Vere, P. S., Bennett, T. M., Oblong, J. E., and Lamppa, G. K. (1995). A chloroplast processing enzyme involved in precursor maturation shares a zinc-binding motif with a recently recognized family of metalloendopeptidases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 7177-7181.
340. van Dooren, G. G., Waller, R. F., Joiner, K. A., Roos, D. S., and McFadden, G. I. (2000). Traffic jams: Protein transport in Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol. Today 16, 421-427.
341. van Dooren, G. G., Schwartzbach, S. D., Osafune, T., and McFadden, G. I. (2001). Translocation of proteins across the multiple membranes of complex plastids. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1541, 34-53.
342. van Dooren, G. G., Su, V., D'Ombrain, M. C., and McFadden, G. I. (2002). Processing of an apicoplast leader sequence in plasmodium falciparum and the identification of a putative leader cleavage site. J. Biol. Chem. 227, 23612-23619.
343. Van't Hoff, R., Dumel, R., Keegstra, K., and de Kruiff, B. (1991). Lipid-peptide interactions between fragments of the transit peptide of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and chloroplast membrane lipids. FEBS Lett. 291, 350-354.
344. + reductase and ferredoxin. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 5483-5490.
345. von Heijne, G. (1986). A new method for predicting signal sequence cleavage sites. Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 4683-4690.
346. Vothknecht, U. C., and Soll, J. (2000). Protein import: The hitchhikers guide into chloroplasts. Biol. Chem. 381, 887-897.
347. Vothknecht, U. C., and Westhoff, P. (2001). Biogenesis and origin of thylakoid membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1541, 91-101.
348. Waegemann, K., and Soil, J. (1996). Phosphorylation of the transit sequence of chloroplast precursor proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6545-6554.
349. Waegemann, K., Paulsen, H., and Soll, J. (1990). Translocation of proteins into isolated chloroplasts require cytosolic factors to obtain import competence. FEBS Lett. 261, 89-92.
350. Wakasugi, T., Nagai, T., Kapoor, M., Sugita, M., Ito, M., Ito, S., Tsudzuki, J., Nakashima, K., Tsudzuki, T., Suzuki, Y., Hamada, A., Ohta, T., Inamura, A., Yoshinaga, K., and Sugiura, M. (1997). Complete nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast genome from the green alga Chlorella vulgaris: The existence of genes possibly involved in chloroplast division. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5967-5972.
351. Waller, R. F., Keeling, P. J., Donald, R. G. K., Striepen, B., Handman, E., Lang-Unnasch, N., Cowman, A. F., Besra, G. S., Roos, D. S., and McFadden, G. I. (1998). Nuclear-encoded proteins target to the plastid in Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. Proc. NatL Acad. Sci. USA 95, 12352-12357.
352. Waller, R. F., Reed, M. B., Cowman, A. F., and McFadden, G. I. (2000). Protein trafficking to the plastid of Plasmodium falciparum is via the secretory pathway. EMBO J. 19, 1794-1802.
353. Walter, P., and Blobel, G. (1983). Preparation of microsomal membranes for cotranslational protein translocation. Methods Enzymol. 96, 84.
354. Wang, J. Y., Maziarz, K., and Ratnam, M. (1999). Recognition of the carboxyl-terminal signal for GPI modification requires translocation of its hydrophobic domain across the ER membrane. J. Mol. Biol. 286, 1303-1310.
355. Wastl, J., and Maier, U. G. (2000). Transport of proteins into cryptomonads complex plastids. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 23194-23198.
356. Wastl, J., Duin, E. C., Iuzzolino, L., Dorner, W., Link, T., Hoffmann, S., Sticht, H., Dau, H., Lingelbach, K., and Maier, U. G. (2000). Eukaryotically encoded and chloroplast-located rubredoxin is associated with photosystem II. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 30058-30063.
357. Weeden, N. F. (1981). Genetic and biochemical implications of the endosymbiotic origin of the chloroplast. J. Mol. Evol. 17, 133-139.
358. Westphal, S., Heins, L., Soll, J., and Vothknecht, U. C. (2001). Vipp1 deletion mutant of Synechocystis: A connection between bacterial phage shock and thylakoid biogenesis? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4243-4248.
359. Whatley, J. M., and Whatley, F. R. (1981). Chloroplast evolution. New Phytol. 87, 233-247.
360. Whatley, J. M., John, P., and Whatley, E R. (1979). From extracellular to intracellular: The establishmant of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 204, 165-187.
361. Wienk, H. L. J., Wechselberger, R. W., Czisch, M., and de Kruijff, B. (2000). Structure, dynamics, and insertion of a chloroplast targeting peptide in mixed micelles. Biochemistry 39, 8219-8227.
362. Wilhelm, C. (1988). The existence of chlorophyll c in the chlorophyll b-containing, light-harvesting complex of the green alga Mantoniella squamata (Prasinophyceae). Bot. Acta 101, 7-10.
363. Williamson, D. H., Gardner, M. J., Preiser, P., Moore, D. J., Rangachari, K., and Wilson, R. J. M. (1994). The evolutionary origin of the 35 kb circular DNA of Plasmodium falciparum: New evidence supports a possible rhodophyte ancestry. Mol. Gen. Genet. 243, 249-252.
364. Wimmer, B., Lottspeich, F., van der Klei, I., Veenhuis, M., and Gietl, C. (1997). The glyoxysomal and plastid molecular chaperones (70-kDa heat shock protein) of watermelon cotyledons are encoded by a single gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 13624-13629.
365. Wischmann, C., and Schuster, W. (1995). Transfer of rps10 from the mitochondrion to the nucleus in Arabidopsis thaliana: Evidence for RNA-mediated transfer and exon shuffling at the integration site. FEBS Lett. 374, 152-156.
366. Wittpoth, C., Kroth, P. G., Weyrauch, K., Kowallik, K. V., and Strotmann, H. (1998). Functional characterization of isolated plastids from two marine diatoms. Planta 206, 79-85.
367. Wolfe, K. H., Morden, C. W., and Palmer, J. D. (1992). Function and evolution of a minimal plastid genome from a nonphotosynthetic parasitic plant. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10648-10652.
368. Woolhead, C., Bolhuis, A., and Robinson, C. (2000). Novel mechanisms for the targeting of proteins into and across chloroplast membranes. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 28, 491-494.
369. Wu, C., Seibert, F. S., and Ko, K. (1994). Identification of chloropast envelope proteins in close physical proximity to a partially translocated chimerie precursor protein. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32264-32271.
370. Young, M. E., Keegstra, K., and Froehlich, J. E. (1999). GTP promotes the formation of early-import intermediates but is not required during the translocation step of protein import into chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 121, 237-244.
371. Yuan, J., Henry, R., McCaffery, M., and Cline, K. (1994). SecA homolog in protein transport within chloroplasts: Evidence for endosymbiont-derived sorting. Science 266, 796-798.
372. Zaslavskaia, L. A., Lippmeier, J. C., Kroth, P. G., Grossman, A. R., and Apt, K. E. (2000). Additional selectable marker and reporter genes for use in transforming the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. J. Phycol. 36, 379-386.
373. Zauner, S., Fraunholz, M., Wastl, J., Penny, S., Beaton, M., Cavalier-Smith, T., Maier, U. G., and Douglas, S. (2000). Chloroplast protein and centrosomal genes, a tRNA intron, and odd telomeres in an unusually compact eukaryotic genome, the cryptomonad nucleomorph. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 200-205.
374. Zhang, G., Gurtu, V., and Kain, S. R. (1996). An enhanced green fluorescent protein allows sensitive detection of gene transfer in mammalian cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 227, 707-711.
375. Zhang, Z. D., Green, B. R., and Cavalier-Smith, T. (2000). Phylogeny of ultra-rapidly evolving dinoflagellate chloroplast genes: A possible common origin for sporozoan and dinoflagellate plastids. J. Mol. Evol. 51, 26-40.
376. Zimmermann, U. (1993). Elektronenmikroskopie an Kieselalgen. Diploma Thesis, University of Düsseldorf.