The value of clock drawing in identifying executive cognitive dysfunction in people with a normal Mini-Mental State Examination score

CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal

Volumn 167, Issue 8, 2002, Pages 859-864

  Juby, Angela ^a   Tench, Shirley ^a   Baker, Victoria ^a  

^a Alberta Government Public Works   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DRAWING; FEMALE; GERIATRICS; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MINI MENTAL STATE EXAMINATION SCORE; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; RATING SCALE; TECHNIQUE;

EID: 0036430444     PISSN: 08203946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Desjardins B, Dumas J.Current demographic analysis: population aging and the elderly. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 1993. Cat no 91-533E.
2. Canadian study of health and aging: study methods and prevalence of dementia. CMAJ 1994;150(6):899-913.
3. Binetti G, Magni E, Padovani A, Cappa SF, Bianchetti A, Trabucchi M. Executive dysfunction in early Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;60:91-3.
4. Royall DR, Cabello M, Polk MJ. Executive dyscontrol: an important factor affecting the level of care received by elderly retirees. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46:1519-24.
5. Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT and the Donepezil Study Group. The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dementia 1996;7:293-303.
6. Rosler M, Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, Gauthier S, Agid Y, Dal-Bianco P, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1999;318:633-8.
7. Raskind MA, Peskind ER, Wessel T, Yuan W. Galantamine in Alzheimer's Disease - a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a 6-month extension. The Galantamine USA-1 Study Group. Neurology 2000;54:2261-8.
8. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-Mental State: a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 1975;12:189-98.
9. Royall DR, Mahurin RK. EXIT25, QED, and DSM-IV: very early Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994;6:62-4.
10. Royall DR, Mahurin RK, Gray KF. Bedside assessment of executive cognitive impairment: the Executive Interview. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:1221-6.
11. Molloy DW, Clarnette R.Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination: a user's guide. Troy (ON): New Grange Press; 1999.
12. Freedman M, Leach L, Kaplan E, Winocur G, Shulman KI, Delis DC.Clock drawing: a neuropsychological analysis. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994.
13. Watson YI, Arfken CL, Birge SJ. Clock completion: an objective screening test for dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:1235-40.
14. Sunderland T, Hill JL, Mellow AM, Lawlor BA, Gundersheimer J, Newhouse PA, et al. Clock drawing in Alzheimer's disease: a novel measure of dementia severity. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:725-9.
15. Royall DR, Mulroy AR, Chiodo LK, Polk MJ. Clock drawing is sensitive to executive control: a comparison of six methods. J Gerontol 1999;54B:328-33.
16. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington: The Association; 1994. p. 142-52.
17. Manos PJ. Ten-point clock test sensitivity for Alzheimer's disease in patients with MMSE scores greater than 23. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1999;14:454-8.
18. Manos PJ. The utility of the ten-point clock test as a screen for cognitive impairment in general hospital patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997;19:439-44.
19. Schindler BA, Ramchandani D, Matthews MK, Podell K. Competency and the frontal lobe. The impact of executive dysfunction on decisional capacity. Psychosomatics 1995;36:400-4.
20. Shulman KI, Pushkar Gold D, Cohen CA, Zucchero CA. Clock drawing and dementia in the community: a longitudinal study. Int J Geritr Psychiatry 1993;8:487-96.
21. Shulman KI, Shedletsky R, Silver I. The challenge of time: clock drawing and cognitive function in the elderly. Int J geriatr Psychiatr 1986;1:135-40.
22. Wolf-Klein GP, Silverstone FA, Levy AP, Brod MS. Screening for Alzheimer's disease by clock drawing. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:730-4.
23. Tuokko H, Hadjistavropolous T, Miller JA, Beattie BL. The clock test: a sensitive measure to differentiate normal elderly from those with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:579-84.
24. Huntzinger JA, Rosse RB, Schwartz BL, Ross LA, Deutsch SI. Clock drawing in the screening assessment of cognitive impairment in an ambulatory care setting: a preliminary report. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1992;14:142-4.
25. Libon DJ, Malamut BL, Swenson R, Prouty Sands L, Cloud BS. Further analyses of clock drawing among demented and nondemented older subjects. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1996;11:193-205.
26. Juby A. Correlation between the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination and three methods of clock drawing scoring. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999;12:87-91.
27. Ainslie NK, Murden RA. Effect of education on the clock drawing dementia screen in non-demented elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:249-52.
28. Borson S, Brush M, Gil E, Scanlan J, Vitaliano P, Chen J, et al. The Clock Drawing Test: utility for dementia detection in multiethnic elders. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999;54(11):M534-40.
29. Storey JE, Rowland JT, Basic D, Conforti D. A comparison of five clock drawing methods using ROC (receiver operating charactersitic) curve analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2001;16:394-9.
30. Mendez MF, Ala T, Underwood KL. Development of scoring criteria for the clock drawing task in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:1095-9.
31. Shulman KI. Clock-drawing: Is it the ideal cognitive screening test? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:548-61.
32. Cahn-Weiner DA, Sullivan EV, Shear PK, Fama R, Lim KO, Yesavage JA, et al. Brain structural and cognitive correlates of clock drawing performance in Alzheimer's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1999;5:502-9.
33. Ross GW, Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, Masaki KH, Murdaugh C, Trockman C, et al. Frequency and characteristics of silent dementia among elderly Japanese-American men. JAMA 1997;277:800-5.
34. Somerfield MR, Weisman CS, Ury W, Chase GA, Folstein MF. Physician practises in the diagnosis of dementing disoreders. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:172-5.
35. Glasser M. Alzheimers disease and dementing disorders: practices and experiences of rural physicians. Am J Alzheimers Care Rel Disord Res 1993;8(4):28-35.
36. Bush C, Kozak J, Elmslie T. Screening for cognitive impairment in the elderly. Can Fam Physician 1997;43:1763-8.
37. Death J, Douglas A, Kenny RA. Comparison of clock drawing with the Mini Mental State Examination as a screening test in elderly acute hospital admissions. Postgrad Med J 1993;69:696-700.
38. Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med 1989;19:1015-22.
39. Brodaty H, Clarke J, Ganguli M, Grek A, Jorm AF, Khachaturian Z, et al. Screening for cognitive impairment in general practice: toward a consensus. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998;12:1-13.