Is diffusion, thermodiffusion, or advection a primary mechanism of indoor radon entry?

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

Volumn 102, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 153-162

  Minkin, L ^a  

^a PORTLAND COMMUNITY COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RADON 222;

ADVECTION; AIRFLOW; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; ATMOSPHERIC RADIOACTIVITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; GAS DIFFUSION; HUMAN; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION; RADIATION MONITORING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 0036396090     PISSN: 01448420     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006084     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Nero, A. V. Controlling Indoor Air Pollution. Sci. Am. 258, 42-48 (1988).
2. Kerr, R. A. Indoor Radon: The Deadliest Pollutant. Science 240, 606-608 (1989).
3. Nero, A. V. Earth, Air, Radon and Home. Phys. Today. 4, 32-39 (1989).
4. Cutnell, J. D. and Johnson, K. W. Physics. (New York: John Wiley & Sons) (2001).
5. Osborne, M. C. Four Common Diagnostic Problems that Inhibit Radon Mitigation. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 37, 604-606 (1987).
6. Minkin, L. Thermodiffusion in Concrete Slab as a Driving Force of Indoor Radon Entry. Health Phys. 80, 151-156 (2001).
7. Scivyer, C. and Woolliscroft, M. Radon Remediation and Protective Measures in UK Buildings: The Work of the Building Research Establishment Ltd. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 78, 39-44 (1998).
8. Nazaroff, W. W., Moed, V. A. and Sextro, R. E. Soil as a Source of Indoor Radon: Generation, Migration, and Entry. In: Radon and its Decay Products in Indoor Air. Eds W. W. Nazaroff and A. V. Nero (New York: John Wiley & Son). (1988).
9. Scott, A. Review of Existing Instrumentation and Evaluation of Possibilities for Research and Development of Instrumentation to Determine Future Levels of Radon at Proposed Building Site (DSMA Atcon Ltd., P. O. Box 1046, Ottawa, Canada KIP 5S9) (1983).
10. Godish, T. Indoor Air Pollution Control (Lewis Publishers) (1989).
11. Tamura, G. T. and Wilson, A. G. Pressure Differences Caused by Chimney Effect in Three High Buildings. ASHRAE Trans. 5(2), (1967).
12. Landman, K. A. and Cohen, D. S. Transport of Radon Through Cracks in a Concrete Slab. Health Phys. 44, 249-257 (1983).
13. Landman, K. A. Diffusion of Radon Through Cracks in a Concrete Slab. Health Phys. 43, 65-71 (1982).
14. 222Rn Progeny Concentrations Measured in an Energy-Efficient House Equipped with a Heat Exchanger. Health Phys. 49, 267-277 (1985).
15. Harley, H. H. and Terilli, T. B. Source Term Apportionment Techniques for Radon. Indoor Radon. An ARCA International Specialty Conference. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1986).
16. Raloff, J. Toxic Gases Can Penetrate Concrete Blocks. Sci. News. 12/16/89, 391-392 (1989).
17. Kendrick, D. T. and Langner, G. H. Direct Measurement of Radon Flux Through Structure Boundaries on Different Pressure. In: The 1991 Int. Symp. on Radon and Radon Reduction Technology. 3, V-6 Philadelphia (US., EPA) (1991).
18. 222Rn Entry into a Basement Structure by Low Permeability Soil. Health Phys. 65, 1-11 (1993).
19. Lively, R. S. and Goldberg, L. F. Diffusion of Radon Through Concrete Block Walls - A Significant Source of Indoor Radon. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 82, 31-42 (1999).
20. Holub, R. F. and Killortan, L. K. Is Diffusion or Force Flow the Main Mechanism of Radon Infiltration Openings? A Theoretical Study. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 56, 161-165 (1994).
21. Blanton-Albicka, K. and Peńsko, J. Assessment of Radon Exhalation Rates in Dwellings in Poland. Health Phys. 41, 548-551 (1981).
22. Yu, K. N., Young, E. C. M. and Li, K. C. A Study of Factors Affecting Indoor Radon Properties. Health Phys. 71, 179-184 (1996).
23. Narayana, Y., Somashekarappa, H. M., Karunakara, N., Balakrishna, K. M., Siddappa, K., Kumar, S., Gopalani, D. and Ramaseshu, P. Seasonal Variation of Indoor Radon Levels in Coastal Karnataka on the South-West Coast of India. Radiat. Meas. 29, 19-25 (1998).
24. Steck, D. J. Geological Variation of Radon Sources and Indoor Radon Along the Southwestern Edge of the Canadian Shield. In: Geological Causes of Natural Radionuclide Anomalies. Eds. M. A. Marikos and R. H. Hansman. Proc. GEORAD Conf. pp. 17-23 (1987).
25. 220Rn Progeny Levels in 70 Houses. Health Phys. 58, 297-311 (1990).
26. 222Rn Levels in Huntsville, Alabama. Health Phys. 60, 189-197 (1991).
27. Garbesi, K., Sextro, R. G., Robinson, A. L., Wooley, J. D., Owens, J. A. and Nazaroff, W. W. Scale Dependence of Soil Permeability to Air: Measurement Method and Field Investigation. Water Res. Res. 32, 547-560 (1996).
28. Garbesi, K., Robinson, A. L., Sextro, R. G. and Nazaroff, W. W. Radon Entry into Houses: the Importance of Scale-Dependent Permeability. Health Phys. 77, 183-192. (1999).
29. Keskikuru, T., Kokoti, H., Lammi, S. and Kalliokoski, P. Variation of Radon Entry into Two Detached Houses. Atmos. Environ. 34, 4819-4828 (2000).
30. Andersen, C. E., Søorgaard-Hansen, J., Damkjaer, A. and Majborn B. Soil Gas and Radon Entry into a Simple Test Structure: Comparison of Experimental and Modeling Results. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 56, 151-156 (1994).
31. Scott, A. G. Radon Sources, Radon Ingress and Models. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 56, 1-4 (1994).
32. Hopke, P. K. Radon and its Decay Products: An Overview. In: Radon and Its Decay Products. Ed. P. K. Hopke. (Washington, DC: American Chemical Society) (1987).
33. Andersen, C. E., Søorgaard-Hansen, J., Damkjaer, A. and Majbom, B. Enhanced Soil-Gas Entry Into a Radon Test Structure Located on Clay Till. In: Proc Sixth Int. Symp. on the Natural Radiation Environment. Montreal, Canada, 5-9 June (1995).
34. Benoit, L., Gauvin, D., McGregor R. G., Martel, R., Gingras, A., Walker, W. B., Lajoie, P. and Letourneau, E. Radon in Residences: Influences of Geological and Housing Characteristics. Health Phys. 72, 893-907 (1997).
35. Varley, N. R. and Flowers, A. G. Indoor Radon Prediction from Soil Gas Measurements. Health Phys. 74, 714-718 (1998).
36. Nicholls, G. The Ebb and Flow of Radon. Am. J. Public Health 89, 993-995 (1999).
37. Mose, D. G. and Mushrush, G. W. Comparisons Between Soil Radon and Indoor Radon. Energy Sources 21, 723-731 (1999).
38. 222Rn in US Homes and Correlating Factors. Health Phys. 51, 175-183 (1986).
39. Nielson, K. K., Rogers, V. C., Holt, R. B., Pugh, T. D., Grondzik, W. A. and de Meijer, R. J. Radon Penetration of Concrete Slab Cracks, Joints, Pipe Penetrations, and Sealants. Health Phys. 73, (4), 668-678 (1997).
40. Huber, J., Ennemoser, O. and Schneider, P. Quality Control of Mitigation Methods for Unusually High Indoor Radon Concentrations. Health Phys. 81, 156-162 (2001).
41. Ennemoser, O., Oberdorfer, E., Brunner, P., Schneider, P., Purtcheller, F. and Sting, V. Mitigation of Indoor Radon in an Area with Unusually High Radon Concentrations. Health Phys. 69, 227-233 (1995).
42. Yu, K. N., Balendman, R. V., Koo, S. Y. and Cheung, M. T. Silica Fume as a Radon Retardation from Concrete. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 2284-2287 (2000).
43. Najafi, F. T. Radon Reduction System in the Construction of New Houses in Gainesville, Florida. Health Phys. 75, 514-517 (1998).
44. Yu, K. N. The Effect of Typical Covering Materials on the Radon Exalation Rate from Concrete Surface. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 48, 367-370 (1993).
45. De Jong, P. and van Dijk, W. Reduction of the Radon Entry Rate from Building Materials by Industrial Surface Coatings. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 56, 179-183 (1994).
46. Van der Spoel, W. H., van der Graaf, E. R. and de Meijer, R. J. Foil Coverage of a Crawl-Space Floor: Measurements and Modeling of Radon Entry. Health Phys. 74, 581-593 (1998).
47. Smith, M. Private communication (2001).
48. Leovic, K. W. and Craig, A. B. Radon Prevention in the Design and Construction of School and Other Large Buildings, EPA 623R92016 (1994).
49. Henschel, D. B, Analysis of Radon Mitigation Techniques Used in Existing US Houses. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 56, 21-27 (1994).
50. Marcinowski, F. and Napolitano, S. Reduction the Risk from Radon. Air & Waste 43, 955-962 (1993).
51. Renken, K. J. and Konopacki, S. J. An Innovative Radon Mitigation-Energy Conservation Retrofit System for Residential Buildings. Air & Waste. 43, 310-315 (1993).
52. Laquatra, J. One in Five Schools Have Contaminated Classroom. School Planning & Management. 39(11), 3 (2000).
53. Convery, K. Health Officials Say Radon Poses Risk in 80 Percent of Homes in Ohio. Dayton Daily News, July 22 (2001).
54. Craig, A. B. A Review of Radon Mitigation in Large Buildings in the US. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 56, 29-32, (1994).
55. Cole, L. Element of Risk: The Politics of Radon. (Washington, DC: AAAS Press) (1993).
56. D'ottavio, T. W. and Dietz, R. N. Radon Transport into a Detached One-Story House with a Basement. Atmos. Environ. 20, 1065-1069 (1986).
57. Nazaroff, W. W., Lewis, S. R., Doyle, S. M., Moed, B. A. and Nero, A. V. Experiments on Pollutant Transport from Soil into Residential Basements by Pressure-Driven Airflow. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 459-466 (1987).
58. Schery, S. D., Whittelestone,.S., Hart, K. P. and Hill, S. E. The Flux of Radon and Thoron from Australian Soils. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8567-8576 (1989).
59. Brookins, D. G. The Indoor Radon Problem (Columbia University Press) (1990).
60. Gammage, R. B., Dudney, C. S., Wilson, D. L., Saultz, R. J. and Bauer, B. C. Subterranean Transport of Radon and Elevated Indoor Radon in Hilly Karst Terrains. Atmos. Environ. 26A, 2237-2246 (1992).
61. Pohl, R. V. Mechanik, Akustic und Wärmelehre. Verbesserte und Ergänzte Auflage (Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag) (1964).
62. Duenas, C., Fernandez, M. C., Carretero, J., Liger, E. and Perez, M. Release of Rn-222 from Some Soils. Annal. Geophys. Atmos. Hydrospheres Space Sci. 15, 124-133 (1997).
63. Powers, T. C. Physical Properties of Cement Paste. In: Proc. 4th Int. Syrop. on Chemistry of Cement. Washington, D. C. pp. 577-613 (1962).
64. Nadral, N. K., Boersma, L. and DeBacker, L. M. Pore Size Distribution of Soil from Mercury Intrusion Porosimeter Data. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36, 264-267 (1972).
65. Powers, T. C. The Nature of Concrete in Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials. Am. Soc. for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication 169B, Ch. 6, pp. 59-73 (1978).
66. Wu, L., Vomocil, J. A. and Childs, S. M. Pore Size, Particle Size, and Water Retention. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54, 952-956. (1990).
67. Voudrias, E. A. and Li, C. Importance of Knudsen's Diffusion on Benzene Vapor Transport in Unsaturated Soil. Chemosphere 25, 651-663 (1992).
68. Goldman, S. and Minkin, L. Nonisothermal Sorption Gaseous Exchange in a Synthetic Soil. J. Environ. Qual. 23, 180-187 (1994).
69. Lifshitz, E. M. and Pitaevskii, L. P. Phyzicheskay Kinetika (in Russian). (Moskva: Nauka (1979). Physical Kinetics (in English). (Oxford: Pergamon Press) (1981).
70. Hillel, D. and Elrick, D. E. Eds Scaling in Soils Physics: Principles and Applications. SSSA Special Publication, Number 25 (Madison, USA) (1990).
71. Shive, J. N. and Weber, R. L. Similarities in Physics. (New York: J. Wiley) (1982).
72. Williams, J. and Elder, S. A. Fluid Physics for Oceanographers and Physicists. (Oxford: Pergamon Press) (1989).
73. Sivuchin, D. B. Obchii Kurs Fiziki. Thermodinamika i Moleculamaya Fizika (Moskva: Nauka. (1979).
74. Heer, C. V. Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory, and Stochastic Processes. (New York: Academic Press) (1972).
75. Kittel, C. and Kroemer, H. Thermal Physics. (W. H. Freeman and Co.) (1980).
76. Mason, E. A. and Malinauskas, A. P. Gas Transport in Porous Media: The Dusty-Gas Model. (Netherlands: Elsevier) (1983).
77. Knudsen, M. The Kinetic Theory of Gases. (London: Methuen.) (1910).
78. Silbergerg, M. S. Chemistry. The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. Second Edition (New York: McGraw) (2000).
79. Gregg, S. J. and Sing, K. S. W. Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity. (New York: Academic Press) (1967).
80. Wilkening, M. Radon in the Environment. (Amsterdam: Elsevier) (1990).
81. Goldman, S., Minkin, L. M. and Makarov, V. P. Non-Isothermal Gaseous Exchange Between Soil and Atmosphere. Chemosphere 24, 1961-1987 (1992).
82. Hillel, D. Introduction to Soil Physics. (New York: Academic Press) (1982).
83. Frank-Kamenetzkii, D. A. Diffusia i teploperedacha v chimicheskoi kinetike (In Russian). (Moskva: Nauka) (1987). Diffusion and Heat Transfer in Chemical Kinetics (In English). (New York: Plenum Press) (1969).
84. Marshall, T. J. and Holmes, J. W. Soil Physics. (Cambridge University Press) (1979).
85. Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R. B. Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. (New York: John Wiley & Sons) (1967).