Mechanisms of internal damage and their effect on the behavior and properties of cross-ply composite laminates

International Applied Mechanics

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 641-657

  Kashtalyan, M Y ^a   Soutis, C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC LOADS; DELAMINATION; ELASTICITY; STIFFNESS;

MATRIX CRACKING;

LAMINATED COMPOSITES;

EID: 0036393275     PISSN: 10637095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1020456726805     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. J. Varna and A. Krasnikov, "Transverse cracks in cross-ply laminated composites. 2. Stiffness reduction," Mekh. Komp. Mater., 34, No. 2, 211-233 (1998).
2. A. Krasnikov and J. Varna, "Transverse cracks in cross-ply laminated composites. 1. Stress analysis," Mekh. Komp. Mater., 33, No. 6, 796-820 (1997).
3. W. G. Abdelrahman and A. H. Nayfeh, "Stress transfer and stiffness reduction in orthogonally cracked laminates," Mech. Mater., 31, No. 5,303-316 (1999).
4. J. Aboudi, S. W. Lee, and C. T. Herakovich, "Three-dimensional analysis of laminates with cross cracks," J. Appl. Mech., 55, No. 2, 389-397 (1988).
5. E. Adolfsson and P. Gudmundson, "Thermoelastic properties in combined bending and extension of thin composite laminates with transverse matrix cracks," Int. J. Solids Struct., 34, No. 16, 2035-2060 (1997).
6. D. H. Allen, C. E. Harris, and S. E. Groves, "A theoretical constitutive theory for elastic composites with distributed damage. I. Theoretical development," Int. J. Solids Struct., 23, No. 9, 1301-1318 (1987).
7. D. H. Allen, C. E. Harris, and S. E. Groves, "A theoretical constitutive theory for elastic composites with distributed damage. II. Application to matrix cracking in laminated composites," Int. J. Solids Struct., 23, No. 9, 1319-1338 (1987).
8. N. Ashkantala and R. Talreja, "A mechanistic model for fatigue damage evolution for composite laminates," Mech. Mater., 29, No. 2, 123-140 (1998).
9. B. A. Armanios, P. Sriram, and A. M. Badir, "Fracture analysis of transverse crack tip and free-edge delamination in laminated composites," in: Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP 1110 (1991), pp. 269-286.
10. J. E. Bailey, P. T. Curtis, and A. Parvizi, "On transverse cracking and longitudinal splitting behavior of glass and carbon fiber reinforced epoxy cross-ply laminates and the effect of Poisson and thermally generated strain," Proc. Royal Society London, A366, No. 1727, 599-623 (1979).
11. F. Bassam, L. Boniface, K. Jones, and S. L. Ogin, "On the behavior of the residual strain produced by matrix cracking in cross-ply laminates, " Composites: Part A, 29, No. 11, 1425-1432 (1998).
12. L. A. Berglund and J. Varna, "Thermo-elastic properties of composite laminates with transverse cracks," J. Comp. Techn. Res., 16, No. 1, 77-87 (1994).
13. s carbon fiber toughened epoxy laminates," J. Reinf. Plast. Comp., 11, No. 6, 643-659 (1992).
14. J. M. Berthelot, "Analysis of the transverse cracking of cross-ply laminates: a generalized approach," J. Comp. Mater., 31, No. 18, 1780-1805 (1997).
15. J. M. Berthelot, P. Leblond, and A. El Mahi, "2D and 3D numerical models of transverse cracking in cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 56, No. 7, 793-796 (1996).
16. J. M. Berthelot and J. F. Le Corre, "Modeling the transverse cracking in cross-ply laminates: application to fatigue," Composites: Part B, 30, No. 6, 569-577 (1999).
17. J. M. Berthelot and J. F. Le Corre, "A model for transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 60, No. 7, 1055-1066 (2000).
18. J. M. Berthelot and J. F. Le Corre, "Statistical analysis of the progression of transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 60, No. 14, 2659-2669 (2000).
19. V. Birman and W. Byrd, "Matrix cracking in transverse layers of cross-ply beams subjected to bending and its effect on vibration frequencies," Composites: Part B, 31, No. 1, 47-55 (2001).
20. D. E. Bowles, "Effect of microcracks on the thermal expansion of composite laminates," J. Comp. Mater., 18, No. 2, 173-187 (1984).
21. M. Caslini, C. Zanotti, and T. K. O'Brien, "Study of matrix cracking and delamination in glass/epoxy laminates," J. Comp. Techn. Res., 9, No. 4, 121-130 (1987).
22. A. Charewicz and I. M. Daniel, "Damage mechanisms and accumulation in graphite/epoxy laminates," in: Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP 907 (1986), pp. 274-297.
23. F. W. Crossman and A. S. D. Wang, "The dependence on transverse cracking and delamination on ply thickness in graphite/epoxy laminates," in: Damage in Composite Materials, ASTM STP 775 (1982), pp. 118-139.
24. I. M. Daniel and A. Charewicz, "Fatigue damage mechanisms and residual properties of graphite/epoxy laminates," Eng. Fract. Mech., 25, No. 5-6, 793-808 (1986).
25. I. M. Daniel and C. L. Tsai, "Analytical/experimental study of cracking in composite laminates under biaxial loading," Comp. Eng., 1, No. 6, 355-362 (1991).
26. L. R. Dharani and H. Tang, "Micromechanical characterization of sublaminate damage," Int. J. Fract., 46, No. 2, 123-140 (1990).
27. S. P. Fernberg and L. A. Berglund, "Effects of glass fiber size composition (film-former type) on transverse cracking in cross-ply laminates," Composites: Part A, 31, No. 10, 1083-1090 (2000).
28. J. Fan and J. Zhang, "In-situ damage evolution and micro/macro transition for laminated composites," Comp. Sci. Techn., 47, No. 2, 107-118 (1993).
29. D. L. Flaggs, "Prediction of tensile matrix failure in composite laminates," J. Comp. Mater., 19, No. 1, 29-50 (1985).
30. H. Fukunaga, T. W. Chou, P. W. M. Peters, and K. Schulte, "Probabilistic failure strength analysis of graphite/epoxy cross-ply laminates," J. Comp. Mater., 18, No. 4, 339-356 (1984).
31. K. W. Garrett and J. E. Bailey, "Multiple transverse fracture in 90° cross-ply laminates of a glass fiber-reinforced polyester," J. Mater. Sci., 12, No. 1, 157-168 (1977).
32. P. Gudmundson and J. Alpman, "Initiation and growth criteria for transverse matrix cracks in composite laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 60, No. 2, 185-195 (2000).
33. Y. M. Han and H. T. Hahn, "Ply cracking and property degradations of symmetric balanced laminates under general in-plane loading," Comp. Sci. Techn., 35, No. 4, 377-397 (1989).
34. Y. T. Han, H. T. Hahn, and R. B. Croman, "A simplified analysis of transverse cracking in cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 31, No. 3, 165-177 (1988).
35. Z. Hashin, "Analysis of cracked laminate: A variational approach," Mech. Mater., 4, No. 2, 121-136 (1985).
36. Z. Hashin, "Analysis of stiffness reduction of cracked cross-ply laminates," Eng. Fract. Mech., 25, No. 5-6, 771-778 (1986).
37. Z. Hashin, "Analysis of orthogonally cracked laminates under tension," Trans. ASME, J. Appl. Mech., 54, No. 4, 872-879 (1987).
38. Z. Hashin, "Thermal expansion coefficients of cracked laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 31, No. 4, 247-260 (1988).
39. C. Henaff-Gardin, M. C. Lafarie-Frenot, and D. Gamby, "Doubly period matrix cracking in composite laminates. Part 1: General in-plane loading," Comp. Struct., 36, No. 1-2, 113-130 (1996).
40. C. Henaff-Gardin, M. C. Lafarie-Frenot, and D. Gamby, "Doubly period matrix cracking in composite laminates. Part 2: Thermal biaxial loading," Comp. Struct., 36, No. 1-2, 131-140 (1996).
41. C. T. Herakovich, J. Aboudi, S. W. Lee, and E. A. Strauss, "Damage in composite laminates: effects of transverse cracks," Mech. Mater., 7, No. 2, 91-107 (1988).
42. A. L. Highsmith and K. L. Reifsnider, "Stiffness reduction mechanisms in composite laminates," in: Damage in Composite Materials: Mechanisms, Accumulation, Tolerance, and Characterization, ASTM STP 775 (1982), pp. 103-117.
43. A. L. Highsmith and K. L. Reifsnider, "Internal load distribution effects during fatigue loading of composite laminates," in: Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, ASTM STP 907 (1986), pp. 233-251.
44. R. D. Jamison, K. Schulte, K. L. Reifsnider, and W. W. Stinchcomb, "Characterization and analysis of damage mechanisms in tension-tension fatigue of graphite/epoxy laminates," in: Effects of Defects in Composite Materials, ASTM STP 836 (1984), pp. 21-55.
45. K. C. Jen and C. Sun, "Matrix cracking and delamination prediction in graphite/epoxy laminates," J. Reinf. Plast. Comp., 11, No. 10, 1163-1175 (1992).
46. R. Joffe and J. Varna, "Analytical modeling of stiffness reduction in symmetric and balanced laminates due to cracks in 90° layers," Comp. Sci. Techn., 59, No. 11, 1641-1651 (1999).
47. M. Kashtalyan and C. Soutis, "A study of matrix crack tip delaminations and their influence on composite laminate stiffness," Adv. Comp. Letters, 8, No. 4, 149-156 (1999).
48. M. Kashtalyan and C. Soutis, "Application of the equivalent constraint model to investigate stiffness properties of transversally cracked and split FRP laminates," Adv. Comp. Letters, 8, No. 5, 205-211 (1999).
49. M. Kashtalyan and C. Soutis, "The effect of delaminations induced by transverse cracking and splitting on stiffness properties of composite laminates," Composites: Part A, 31, No. 2, 107-119 (2000).
50. M. Kashtalyan and C. Soutis, "Stiffness degradation in cross-ply laminates damaged by transverse cracking and splitting," Composites: Part A, 31, No. 4, 335-351 (2000).
51. L. P. Khoroshun, "Micromechanics of short-term thermal damageability," Int. Appl. Mech., 37, No. 9, 1158-1165 (2001).
52. L. P. Khoroshun and E. N. Shikula, "Simulation of the short-term microdamageability of laminated composites," Int. Appl. Mech., 36, No. 9, 1181-1186 (2000).
53. L. P. Khoroshun and E. N. Shikula, "Short-term microdamageability of fibrous composites with transversally isotropic fibers and a microdamaged binder," Int. Appl. Mech., 36, No. 12, 1605-1611 (2000).
54. L. P. Khoroshun and E. N. Shikula, "The micromechanics of short-term damageability of fibrolaminar composites," Int. Appl. Mech., 37, No. 5, 638-646 (2001).
55. Y. J. Kim and S. Y. Im, "Delamination cracks originating from transverse cracking in cross-ply laminates under various loadings," Int. J. Solids Struct., 30, No. 16, 2143-2161 (1993).
56. S. Kobayashi, K. Terada, S. Ogihara, and N. Takeda, "Damage-mechanics analysis of matrix cracking in cross-ply CFRP laminates under thermal fatigue," Comp. Sci. Techn., 61, No. 12, 1735-1742 (2001).
57. R. S. Kumar and R. Talreja, "Linear viscoelastic behavior of matrix cracked cross-ply laminates," Mech. Mater., 33, No. 3, 139-154 (2001).
58. J. W. Lee and I. M. Daniel, "Progressive transverse cracking of cross-ply composite laminates," J. Comp. Mater., 24, No. 11, 1225-1243(1990).
59. S. Li, S. R. Reid, and P. D. Soden, "A continuum damage model for transverse matrix cracking in laminated fiber-reinforced composites," Phil. Trans. Royal Society London, Ser. A, 356, No. 1746, 2379-2412 (1998).
60. S. G. Lim and C. S. Hong, "Prediction of transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in cross-ply laminated composites," J. Comp. Mater., 23, No. 7, 695-713 (1989).
61. J. E. Lundgren and P. Gudmundson, "Moisture absorption in glass-fiber/epoxy laminates with transverse matrix cracks," Comp. Sci. Techn., 59, No. 13, 1983-1991 (1999).
62. L. N. McCartney, "Theory of stress transfer in a 0°-90°-0° cross-ply laminate containing a parallel array of transverse cracks," J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 40, No. 1, 27-68 (1992).
63. L. N. McCartney, "The prediction of cracking in biaxially loaded cross-ply laminates having brittle matrices," Composites, 24, No. 2, 84-92 (1993).
64. L. N. McCartney, G. A. Schoeppner, and W. Becker, "Comparison of models for transverse ply cracks in composite laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 60, No. 12-13, 2347-2359 (2000).
65. J. A. Nairn, "The strain energy release rate of composite microcracking: a variational approach," J. Comp. Mater., 23, No. 11, 1106-1129 (1989).
66. J. A. Nairn and S. Hu, "The formation and effect of outer-ply microcracks in cross-ply laminates: a variational approach," Eng. Fract. Mech., 41, No. 2, 203-221 (1992).
67. J. A. Nairn and S. Hu, "The initiation and growth of delaminations induced by matrix microcracks in laminated composites," Int. J. Fract., 57, No. 1, 1-12 (1992).
68. J. A. Nairn, S. Hu, and J. S. Bark, "A critical evaluation of theories for predicting microcracking in composite laminates," J. Mater. Sci., 28, No. 18, 5099-5111 (1993).
69. R. J. Nuismer and S. C. Tan, "Constitutive relations of a cracked composite lamina," J. Comp. Mater., 22, No. 4, 306-321 (1988).
70. T. K. O'Brien, "Analysis of local delaminations and their influence on composite laminate behavior," in: Delamination and Debonding of Materials, ASTM STP 876 (1985), pp. 282-297.
71. S. Ogihara, A. Kobayashi, N. Takeda, and S. Kobayashi, "Damage mechanics characterization of transverse cracking behavior in high-temperature CFRP laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 61, No. 8, 1049-1055 (2001).
72. S. Ogihara and N. Takeda, "Interaction between transverse cracks and delaminations during damage progress in CFRP cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 54, No. 4, 395-404 (1994).
73. s GFRP laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 22, No. 1, 23-31 (1985).
74. N. J. Pagano, G. A. Schoeppner, R. Kim., and F. L. Abrams, "Steady-state cracking and edge effects in thermomechanical transverse cracking of cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 58, No. 11, 1811-1825 (1998).
75. A. Parvizi, K. W. Garrett, and J. E. Bailey, "Constrained cracking in glass fiber-reinforced epoxy cross-ply laminates," J. Mater. Sci., 13, No. 1, 195-201 (1978).
76. J. L. Rebiere, M. N. Maatallah, and D. Gamby, "Initiation and growth of transverse and longitudinal cracks in composite cross-ply laminates," Comp. Struct., 53, No. 2, 173-187 (2001).
77. G. A. Schoeppner and N. J. Pagano, "Stress fields and energy release rates in cross-ply laminates," Int. J. Solids Struct., 35, No. 31, 1025-1055 (1998).
78. A. S. Selvarathinam and Y. J. Weitsman, "Transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply Gr/Ep composites under dry, saturated, and immersed fatigue," Int. J. Fract., 91, No. 2, 103-116 (1998).
79. A. S. Selvarathinam and Y. J. Weitsman, "A shear-lag analysis of transverse cracking and delamination in cross-ply carbon-fiber/epoxy composites under dry, saturated, and immersed fatigue conditions," Comp. Sci. Techn., 59, No. 14, 2115-2123 (1999).
80. P.A. Smith, L. Boniface, and N. F. C. Glass, "A comparison of transverse cracking phenomena in (0/90), and (90/0), CFRP laminates," Appl. Comp. Mater., 5, No. 1, 11-23 (1998).
81. P. A. Smith and S. L. Ogin, "On transverse matrix cracking in cross-ply laminates loaded in simple bending," Composites: Part A, 30, No. 8, 1003-1008 (1999).
82. P. A. Smith and J. R. Wood, "Poisson's ratio as a damage parameter in the static tensile loading of simple cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 38, No. 1, 85-93 (1990).
83. N. Takeda, L. N. McCartney, and S. Ogihara, "The application of a ply-refinement technique to the analysis of microscopic deformation in interlaminar-toughened laminates with transverse cracks," Comp. Sci. Techn., 60, No. 2, 231-240 (2000).
84. N. Takeda and S. Ogihara, "Initiation and growth of delamination from the tips of transverse cracks in CFRP cross-ply laminates," Comp. Sci. Techn., 52, No. 3, 309-318 (1994).
85. R. Talreja, "Transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in composite laminates," J. Comp. Mater., 19, No. 4, 355-375 (1985).
86. R. Talreja, "A continuum mechanics characterization of damage in composite materials," Proc. Royal Society London, Ser. A, 399, No. 1817, 195-216 (1985).
87. R. Talreja, "Stiffness properties of composite laminates with matrix cracking and interior delamination," Eng. Fract. Mech., 25, No. 5-6, 751-762 (1986).
88. R. Talreja, "Transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in cross-ply laminates of different matrix toughness," J. Comp. Mater., 26, No. 11, 1644-1666 (1992).
89. C. S. Tan and R. J. Nuismer, "A theory of progressive matrix cracking in composite laminates," J. Comp. Mater., 23, No. 10, 1029-1047 (1989).
90. C. L. Tsai and I. M. Daniel, "Behavior of cracked cross-ply composite laminate under shear loading," Int. J. Solids Struct., 29, No. 24, 3251-3267 (1992).
91. J. Varna and L. A. Berglund, "Multiple transverse cracking and stiffness reduction in cross-ply laminates," J. Comp. Techn. Res., 13, No. 2, 97-106 (1991).
92. J. Varna and L. A. Berglund, "A model for prediction of the transverse cracking strain in cross-ply laminates," J. Reinf. Plast. Comp., 11, No. 7, 708-728 (1992).
93. A. S. D. Wang, N. N. Kishore, and C. A. Li, "Crack development in graphite-epoxy cross-ply laminates under uniaxial tension," Comp. Sci. Techn., 24, No. 1, 1-31 (1985).
94. s composite laminates. Part 1: In-plane stiffness properties," Composites, 23, No. 5, 291-298 (1992).
95. s composite laminates. Part 2: Development of transverse ply cracks," Composites, 23, No. 5, 299-304 (1992).
96. J. Zhang, C. Soutis, and J. Fan, "Effects of matrix cracking and hygrothermal stresses on the strain energy release rate for edge delamination in composite laminates," Composites, 25, No. 1, 27-35 (1994).
97. J. Zhang, C. Soutis, and J. Fan, "Strain energy release rate associated with local delamination in cracked composite laminates," Composites, 25, No. 9, 851-862 (1994).
98. M. A. Zocher, D. H. Allen, and S. E. Groves, "Stress analysis of a matrix-cracked viscoelastic laminates," Int. J. Solids Struct., 34, No. 25, 3235-3257 (1997).