Variation in juvenile dependence: Helping behavior among Maya children

Human Nature

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 299-325

  Kramer, Karen L ^a  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Children's work; Family size; Juvenile dependence; Maya; Time allocation

Indexed keywords

EID: 0036390859     PISSN: 10456767     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12110-002-1011-8     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Altmann, Jeanne 1974 Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods. Behaviour 49:227-267.
2. Astrand, Irma 1971 Estimating the Energy Expenditure of Housekeeping Activities. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24:1471-1475.
3. Becker, G.S. 1981 A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1993 Human Capital, third ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Becker, G.S. 1981 A Treatise on the Family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1993 Human Capital, third ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Bentley, G., G. Jasienska, and T. Goldberg 1993 Is the Fertility of Agriculturalists Higher Than That of Nonagriculturalists? Current Anthropology 34:778-785.
6. Bliege Bird, R., and D.W. Bird 2002 Constraints of Knowing or Constraints of Growing? Fishing and Collecting by the Children of Mer. Human Nature 13:239-267.
7. Blurton Jones, N. 1993 The Lives of Hunter-gatherer Children: Effects of Parental Behavior and Parental Reproductive Strategy. In Juvenile Primates, Michael E. Pereira and Lynn A. Fairbanks, eds. Pp. 309-326. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
8. Blurton Jones, N., and F.W. Marlowe 2002 Selection for Delayed Maturity: Does It Take 20 Years to Learn to Hunt and Gather? Human Nature 13:199-238.
9. Blurton Jones, N., K. Hawkes, and P. Draper 1994a Foraging Returns of !Kung Adults and Children: Why Didn't !Kung Children Forage? Journal of Anthropological Research 50:217-248. 1994b Differences between Hadza and !Kung Children's Work: Affluence or Practical Reason. In Key Issues in Hunter-Gatherer Research, E. S. Burch Jr. and L. J. Ellana, eds. Pp. 189-215. Oxford: Berg.
10. Blurton Jones, N., K. Hawkes, and P. Draper 1994a Foraging Returns of !Kung Adults and Children: Why Didn't !Kung Children Forage? Journal of Anthropological Research 50:217-248. 1994b Differences between Hadza and !Kung Children's Work: Affluence or Practical Reason. In Key Issues in Hunter-Gatherer Research, E. S. Burch Jr. and L. J. Ellana, eds. Pp. 189-215. Oxford: Berg.
11. Blurton Jones, Nicholas, Kristen Hawkes, and James O'Connell 1989 Modeling and Measuring Costs of Children in Two Foraging Societies: Implications for Schedule of Reproduction. In Comparative Socioecology: The Behavorial Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals, V. Standen and R. A. Foley, eds. Pp. 367-390. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. 1997 Why Do Hadza Children Forage? In Uniting Psychology and Biology: Integrative Perspectives on Human Development, N. Segal, G. E. Weisfeld, and C. C. Weisfeld, eds. Pp. 279-313. Washington D. C.: American Psychological Association.
12. Blurton Jones, Nicholas, Kristen Hawkes, and James O'Connell 1989 Modeling and Measuring Costs of Children in Two Foraging Societies: Implications for Schedule of Reproduction. In Comparative Socioecology: The Behavorial Ecology of Humans and Other Mammals, V. Standen and R. A. Foley, eds. Pp. 367-390. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. 1997 Why Do Hadza Children Forage? In Uniting Psychology and Biology: Integrative Perspectives on Human Development, N. Segal, G. E. Weisfeld, and C. C. Weisfeld, eds. Pp. 279-313. Washington D. C.: American Psychological Association.
13. Bock, John 1995 The Determinants of Variation in Children's Activities in a Southern African Community. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico. 2002 Learning, Life History and Productivity: Children's Lives in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Human Nature 13:161-197.
14. Bock, John 1995 The Determinants of Variation in Children's Activities in a Southern African Community. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico. 2002 Learning, Life History and Productivity: Children's Lives in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Human Nature 13:161-197.
15. Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, and T.M. Caro 1985 The Use of Quantitative Observational Techniques in Anthropology. Current Anthropology 26:323-335.
16. Boserup, Ester 1965 The Conditions for Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Chicago: Aldine.
17. Cain, Mead 1977 The Economic Activities of Children in a Village in Bangladesh. Population and Development Review 3:201-227. 1982 Perspectives on Family and Fertility in Developing Countries. Population Studies 36:159-175.
18. Cain, Mead 1977 The Economic Activities of Children in a Village in Bangladesh. Population and Development Review 3:201-227. 1982 Perspectives on Family and Fertility in Developing Countries. Population Studies 36:159-175.
19. Caldwell, J.C. 1982 Theory of Fertility Decline. New York: Academic Press.
20. Charnov, E.L. 1993 Life History Invariants: Some Explorations of Symmetry in Evolutionary Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press.
21. Clark, Colin, and Margaret Haswell 1967 The Economics of Subsistence Agriculture, third ed. Macmillan Press, London.
22. Crognier, Emile, A. Baali, and M.K. Hilali 2001 Do "Helpers at the Nest" Increase Their Parents' Reproductive Success? American Journal of Human Biology 13:365-373.
23. Davis, Kingsley 1955 Institutional Patterns Favouring High Fertility in Underdeveloped Areas. Eugenics Quarterly 2:33-39.
24. Draper, Patricia 1976 Social and Economic Constraints on Child Life among the !Kung. In Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers, R. B. Lee and I DeVore, eds. Pp. 199-217. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
25. Draper, Patricia, and Elizabeth Cashdan 1988 Technological Change and Child Behavior among the !Kung. Ethnology 27:339-365.
26. Draper, Patricia, and Henry Harpending 1987 Parental Investment and the Child's Environment. In Parenting across the Lifespan: Biosocial Dimensions, J. Lancaster, J. Altmann, A. Rossi, and L. Sherrod, eds. Pp. 207-235. New York: Aldine.
27. Dunbar, R.I.M. 1976 Some Aspects of Research Design and Their Implications in the Observational Study of Behaviour. Behaviour 58:58-78.
28. Durnin, J.V., and R. Passmore 1967 Energy, Work and Leisure. London: Heinemann.
29. Emlen, Stephen T. 1984 The Evolution of Cooperative Breeding in Birds and Mammals. In Behavioral Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, second ed., J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, eds. Pp. 305-339. London: Blackwell Scientific.
30. Emlen, Stephen, Hudson Reeve, Paul Sherman, and Peter Wrege 1991 Adaptive versus Nonadaptive Explanations of Behavior: The Case of Alloparental Helping. American Naturalist 138:259-270.
31. Eveleth, P.B., and J.M. Tanner 1976 Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Hames, Raymond B. 1988 The Allocation of Parental Care among the Ye'Kawana. In Human Reproductive Behavior, Laura Betzig, Monique Borgerhoff-Mulder, and Paul Turke, eds. Pp. 237-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992 Time Allocation. In Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, Eric Alden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder, eds. Pp. 203-235. New York; Aldine de Gruyter.
33. Hames, Raymond B. 1988 The Allocation of Parental Care among the Ye'Kawana. In Human Reproductive Behavior, Laura Betzig, Monique Borgerhoff-Mulder, and Paul Turke, eds. Pp. 237-251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1992 Time Allocation. In Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior, Eric Alden Smith and Bruce Winterhalder, eds. Pp. 203-235. New York; Aldine de Gruyter.
34. Hawkes, Kristen, Kim Hill, Hillard Kaplan, and A. Magdalena Hurtado 1987 Some Problems with Instantaneous Scan Sampling. Journal of Anthropological Research 43:239-247.
35. Hawkes, Kristen, James O'Connell, and Nicholas Blurton Jones 1995 Hadza Children's Foraging: Juvenile Dependency, Social Arrangements, and Mobility among Hunter-Gatherers. Current Anthropology 36:688-700.
36. Hawkes, K., J.F.O'Connell, N.G. Blurton Jones, H. Alvarez and E.L. Charuov 1998 Grandmothering, Menopause and the Evolution of Human Life Histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95:1336-1339.
37. Hill, Kim, and Hillard Kaplan 1999 Life History Traits in Humans: Theory and Empirical Studies. Annual Review of Anthropology 28:397-430.
38. Johnson, Allen 1975 Time Allocation in a Machiguenga Community. Ethnology 14:301-310.
39. Kaplan, Hillard 1994 Evolutionary and Wealth Flows Theories of Fertility: Empirical Tests and New Models. Population and Development Review 20:753-791. 1996 A Theory of Fertility and Parental Investment in Traditional and Modern Human Societies. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 39:91-135. 1997 The Evolution of the Human Life Course. In Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemographg of Longevity, Kenneth W. Wackter and Caleb E. Finch, eds. Pp. 175-211. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
40. Kaplan, Hillard 1994 Evolutionary and Wealth Flows Theories of Fertility: Empirical Tests and New Models. Population and Development Review 20:753-791. 1996 A Theory of Fertility and Parental Investment in Traditional and Modern Human Societies. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 39:91-135. 1997 The Evolution of the Human Life Course. In Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemographg of Longevity, Kenneth W. Wackter and Caleb E. Finch, eds. Pp. 175-211. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
41. Kaplan, Hillard 1994 Evolutionary and Wealth Flows Theories of Fertility: Empirical Tests and New Models. Population and Development Review 20:753-791. 1996 A Theory of Fertility and Parental Investment in Traditional and Modern Human Societies. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 39:91-135. 1997 The Evolution of the Human Life Course. In Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemographg of Longevity, Kenneth W. Wackter and Caleb E. Finch, eds. Pp. 175-211. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.
42. Kaplan, Hillard, Jane B. Lancaster, John A. Bock, and Sara E. Johnson 1995 Does Observed Fertility Maximize Fitness among New Mexican Men? A Test of an Optimality Model and a New Theory of Parental Investment in the Embodied Capital of Offspring. Human Nature 6:325-360.
43. Kaplan, Hillard, Kim Hill, Jane Lancaster, and A. Magdalena. Hurtado 2000 A Theory of Human Life History Evolution: Diet, Intelligence, and Longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology 9:156-185.
44. Kaplan, Hillard S., and Jane B. Lancaster 2000 The Evolutionary Economics and Psychology of the Demographic Transition to Low Fertility. In Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, Lee Cronk, Napoleon Chagnon, and William Irons, eds. Pp. 283-322. New York; Adline de Gruyter.
45. Kramer, Karen L. 1998 Variation in Children's Work among Modern Maya Subsistence Agriculturalists. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. in press The Children of Chuloc: A Case Study in Subsistence Ecology and Family Labor in a Rural Maya Community. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming.
46. Kramer, Karen L. 1998 Variation in Children's Work among Modern Maya Subsistence Agriculturalists. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. in press The Children of Chuloc: A Case Study in Subsistence Ecology and Family Labor in a Rural Maya Community. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, forthcoming.
47. Kramer, Karen L., and lames L. Boone 2002 Why Intensive Agriculturalists Have Higher Fertility: A Household Labor Budget Approach to Subsistence Intensification and Fertility Rates. Current Anthropology 43:511-517.
48. Kramer, Karen L., and Garnett P. McMillan 1999 Women's Labor, Fertility, and the Introduction of Modern Technology in a Rural Maya Village. Journal of Anthropological Research 55:499-520.
49. Krebs, John, and N. B. Davies, editors 1997 Behavioral Ecology, fourth ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.
50. Lee, R. B. 1979 The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Lee, Ronald D. 1994 Fertility, Mortality and Intergenerational Transfers: Comparisons Across Stead States. In The Family, the Market and the State in Ageing Societies, John Ermisch and Naohiro Ogawa, eds. Pp. 135-157. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000 A Cross-cultural Perspective on Intergenerational Transfers and the Economic Life Cycle. In Sharing the Wealth: Demographic Change and Economic Transfers between Generations, Andrew Mason and Georges Tapinos, eds. Pp. 17-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
52. Lee, Ronald D. 1994 Fertility, Mortality and Intergenerational Transfers: Comparisons Across Stead States. In The Family, the Market and the State in Ageing Societies, John Ermisch and Naohiro Ogawa, eds. Pp. 135-157. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000 A Cross-cultural Perspective on Intergenerational Transfers and the Economic Life Cycle. In Sharing the Wealth: Demographic Change and Economic Transfers between Generations, Andrew Mason and Georges Tapinos, eds. Pp. 17-56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
53. Lee, Ronald D., and Karen L. Kramer 2001 Demographic Influences on Resource Allocation in Maya Households. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Washington D.C.
54. Minge-Kalman, Wanda 1978 Household Economy During the Peasant to Worker Transition in the Swiss Alps. Ethnology 17:183-196.
55. Montgomery, Edward, and Allen Johnson 1977 Machiguenga Energy Expenditure. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 6:97-105.
56. Munroe, Ruth, Amy Koel, Robert Munroe, Ralph Bolton, Carol Michelson, and Charlene Bolton 1983 Time Allocation in Four Societies. Ethnology 22:355-370.
57. Munroe, R. H., R. L. Munroe, and H. S. Shimmin 1984 Children's Work in Four Cultures: Determinants and Consequences. American Anthropologist 86:339-379.
58. Mueller, Eva 1976 The Economic Value of Children in Peasant Agriculture. In Population and Development: The Search for Selective Interventions, Ronald Ridker, ed. Pp. 98-153. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press.
59. Nag, M., B. White, and R. Peet 1978 An Anthropological Approach to the Study of the Economic Value of Children in Java and Nepal. Current Anthropology 19:293-306.
60. National Academy of Sciences 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowances, tenth ed. Washington, D. C.: National Academic Press.
61. Odell, Mary E. 1986 Price or Production? Domestic Economies, Household Structure and Fertility in a Guatemalan Village. In Culture and Reproduction, W. Penn Handwerker, ed. Pp. 125-143. Boulder: Westview Press.
62. O'Connell, J. F., K. Hawkes, and N. G. Blurton Jones 1999 Grandmothering and the Evolution of Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution 36:461-485.
63. Reynolds, Pamela 1991 Dance Civet Cat: Child Labour in the Zambezi Valley. Athens: Ohio University Press.
64. Sabharwal, K. P., S. Morales, and H. Méndez 1966 Body Measurements and Creatinine Excretion among Upper and Lower Socio-economic Groups of Girls in Guatemala. Human Biology 38:131-140.
65. Sellen, D. W., and R. Mace 1997 Fertility and Mode of Subsistence: A Phylogenetic Analysis. Current Anthropology 38:878-889.
66. Sipas, Richard 1980 Population Growth, Society and Culture. New Haven: HRAF Press.
67. Skoufias, Emmanuel 1994 Market Wages, Family Composition and the Time Allocation of Children in Agricultural Households. Journal of Development Studies 30:335-360.
68. Stecklov, Guy 1999 Evaluating the Economic Returns to Childbearing in Côte d'Ivoire. Population Studies 53:1-17.
69. Turke, Paul W. 1988 Helpers at the Nest: Child Care Networks on Ifaluk. In Human Reproductive Behavior, Laura Betzig, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, and Paul Turke, eds. Pp. 173-188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989 Evolution and Demand for Children. Population and Development Review 15:61-90.
70. Turke, Paul W. 1988 Helpers at the Nest: Child Care Networks on Ifaluk. In Human Reproductive Behavior, Laura Betzig, Monique Borgerhoff Mulder, and Paul Turke, eds. Pp. 173-188. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989 Evolution and Demand for Children. Population and Development Review 15:61-90.
71. Ulijaszek, Stanley 1995 Human Energetics in Biological Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
72. Vlassoff, M. 1979 Labour Demand and Economic Utility of Children: A Case Study in Rural India. Population Studies 33:415-428.
73. White, Benjamin 1973 Demand for Labor and Population Growth in Colonial Java. Human Ecology 1:217-236. 1975 The Economic Importance of Children in a Javanese Village. In Population and Social Organization, Moni Nag, ed. Pp. 127-146. The Hague: Mouton.
74. White, Benjamin 1973 Demand for Labor and Population Growth in Colonial Java. Human Ecology 1:217-236. 1975 The Economic Importance of Children in a Javanese Village. In Population and Social Organization, Moni Nag, ed. Pp. 127-146. The Hague: Mouton.
75. Whiting, J. W. M., and B. B. Whiting 1975 Behavior of Children in Six Cultures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
76. Yewoubdar, Bayene 1989 From Menarche to Menopause: Reproductive Lies of Peasant Women in Two Cultures. Albany: State University of New York Press.