Functions of alphavirus nonstructural proteins in RNA replication

Progress in Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology

Volumn 71, Issue , 2002, Pages 187-222

  Kääriäinen, Leevi ^a   Ahola, Tero ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VIRUS PROTEIN; VIRUS RNA;

ALPHA VIRUS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL MEMBRANE; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VIROLOGY; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ALPHAVIRUS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; CELL MEMBRANE; GENOME, VIRAL; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; RNA, VIRAL; VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0036371127     PISSN: 00796603     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(02)71044-1     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. R.E Johnston C.J Peters B.N Fields D.M Knipe P.M Howley Alphaviruses 3rd ed. Fields Virology 1996 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia 843 898
2. L Kääriäinen H Söderlund Structure and replication of alphaviruses Curr Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 82 1978 15 69
3. A Helenius Alphavirus and flavivirus glycoproteins: Structures and functions Cell 81 1995 651 653
4. J Saraste E Kuismanen Pre- and post-Golgi vacuoles operate in the transport of Semliki Forest virus membrane glycoproteins to the cell surface Cell 38 1984 535 543
5. P Berglund I Tubulekas P Liljeström Alphaviruses as vectors for gene delivery Trends Biotechnol. 14 1996 130 134
6. S Schlesinger T.W Dubensky Alphavirus vectors for gene expression and vaccines Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 10 1999 434 439
7. E.J Mancini M Clarke B.E Gowen T Rutten S.D Fuller Cryo-electron microscopy reveals the functional organization of an enveloped virus, Semliki Forest virus Mol. Cell 5 2000 255 266
8. M Marsh A Helenius Virus entry into animal cells Adv. Virus Res. 36 1989 107 151
9. I Singh A Helenius Role of ribosomes in Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid uncoating J. Virol. 66 1992 7049 7058
10. I Ulmanen H Soderlund L Kääriäinen Role of protein synthesis in the assembly of Semliki forest virus nucleocapsid Virology 99 1979 265 276
11. H Soderlund L Kadridinen C.H von Bonsdorff Properties of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid Med. Biol. 53 1975 412 417
12. I Ulmanen Assembly of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid: Detection of a precursor in infected cells J. Gen. Virol. 41 1978 353 365
13. K.M Coombs D.T Brown Form-determining functions in Sindbis virus nucleocapsids: Nucleosomelike organization of the nucleocapsid J. Virol. 63 1989 883 891
14. M Pesonen O Renkonen Serum glycoprotein-type sequence of monosaccharides in membrane glycoproteins of Semliki Forest virus Biochim. Biophys. Acta 455 1976 510 525
15. M Pesonen Sequence analysis of lactosamine type glycans of individual membrane proteins of Semliki Forest virus J. Gen. Virol. 45 1979 479 487
16. E.V Koonin V.V Dolja Evolution and taxonomy of positive-strand RNA viruses: Implications of comparative analysis of amino acid sequences Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28 1993 375 430
17. M.N Rozanov E.V Koonin A.E Gorbalenya Conservation of the putative methyltransferase domain: a hallmark of the “Sindbis-like” supergroup of positive-strand RNA viruses J. Gen. Virol. 73 1992 2129 2134
18. T Ahola P Laakkonen H Vihinen L Kääriäinen Critical residues of Semliki Forest virus RNA capping enzyme involved in methyltransferase and guanylyltransferase-like activities J. Virol. 71 1997 392 397
19. K.W Buck Comparison of the replication of positive-stranded RNA viruses of plants and animals Adv. Virus Res. 47 1996 159 251
20. R.M Friedman H.B Levy W.B Carter Replication of Semliki Forest virus: Three forms of viral RNA produced during infection Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56 1966 440 446
21. J.A Sonnabend E.M Martin E Mecs Viral specific RNAs in infected cells Nature 213 1967 365 367
22. L Kääriäinen P.J Gomatos A kinetic analysis of the synthesis in BHK 21 cells of RNAs specific for Semliki Forest virus J. Gen. Virol. 5 1969 251 265
23. D.T Simmons J.H Strauss Replication of Sindbis virus: I. Relative size and genetic content of 26S and 49S RNA J. Mol. Biol. 71 1972 599 613
24. D.T Simmons J.H Strauss Replication of Sindbis virus: II. Multiple forms of doublestranded RNA isolated from infected cells J. Mol. Biol. 71 1972 615 631
25. R.M Friedman I.K Berezesky Cytoplasmic fractions associated with Semliki Forest virus ribonucleic acid replication J. Virol. 1 1967 374 383
26. M Ranki L Kääriäinen Solubilized RNA replication complex from Semliki Forest virusinfected cells Virology 98 1979 298 307
27. P.J Gomatos L Käädäinen S Keränen M Ranki D.L Sawicki Semliki Forest virus replication complex capable of synthesizing 42S and 26S nascent RNA chains J. Gen. Virol. 49 1980 61 69
28. H Garoff K Simons B Dobberstein Assembly of the Semliki Forest virus membrane glycoproteins in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in vitro J. Mol. Biol. 124 1978 587 600
29. N Glanville M Ranki J Morser L Kääriäinen A.E Smith Initiation of translation directed by 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus in vitro Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73 1976 3059 3063
30. N Glanville B.-E Lachmi A.E Smith L Kääriäinen Tryptic peptide mapping of the nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus and their precursors Biochim. Biophys. Acta 518 1978 497 506
31. P Lehtovaara I Ulmanen L Kääriäinen S Keränen L Philipson Synthesis and processing of Semliki Forest virus-specific nonstructural proteins in vivo and in vitro Eur. J. Biochem. 112 1980 461 468
32. K Takkinen Complete nucleotide sequence of the nonstructural protein genes of Semliki Forest virus Nucleic Acids Res. 14 1986 5667 5682
33. E.G Strauss C.M Rice J.H Strauss Complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of Sindbis virus Virology 133 1984 92 110
34. J.H Strauss E.G Strauss The alphaviruses: Gene expression, replication, and evolution Microbiol. Rev. 58 1994 491 562
35. E Frolova I Frolov S Schlesinger Packaging signals in alphaviruses J. Virol. 71 1997 248 258
36. C.L White M Thomson N.J Dimmock Deletion analysis of a defective interfering Semliki Forest virus RNA genome defines a region in the nsP2 sequence that is required for efficient packaging of the genome into virus particles J. Virol. 72 1998 4320 4326
37. P Lehtovaara H Söderlund S Keränen R.F Pettersson L Kääriäinen 18S defective interfering RNA of Semliki Forest virus contains a triplicated linear repeat Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 1981 5353 5357
38. P Lehtovaara H Söderlund S Keränen R.F Pettersson L Kääriäinen Extreme ends of the genome are conserved and rearranged in the defective interfering RNAs of Semliki Forest virus J. Mol. Biol. 156 1982 731 748
39. S.S Monroe S Schlesinger Common and distinct regions of defective-interfering RNAs of Sindbis virus J. Virol. 49 1984 865 872
40. M Thomson N.J Dimmock Common sequence elements in structurally unrelated genomes of defective interfering Semliki Forest virus Virology 199 1994 354 365
41. R.F Pettersson 5′-Terminal nucleotide sequence of Semliki forest virus 18S defective interfering RNA is heterogeneous and different from the genomic 42S RNA Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78 1981 115 119
42. S.S Monroe S Schlesinger RNAs from two independently isolated defective interfering particles of Sindbis virus contain a cellular tRNA sequence at their 5′ ends Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 1983 3279 3283
43. H.G.M Niesters J.H Strauss Defined mutations in the 5′ nontranslated sequence of Sindbis virus RNA J. Virol. 64 1990 4162 4168
44. H.G.M Niesters J.H Strauss Mutagenesis of the conserved 51-nucleotide region of Sindbis virus J. Virol. 64 1990 1639 1647
45. D.L Sawicki S.G Sawicki Short-lived minus-strand polymerase for Semliki Forest virus J. Virol. 34 1980 108 118
46. Y.S Hahn E.G Strauss J.H Strauss Mapping of RNA- temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus: Assignment of complementation groups A, B, and G to nonstructural proteins J. Virol. 63 1989 3142 3150
47. D.L Sawicki S.G Sawicki S Keränen L Kääriäinen Specific Sindbis virus-coded function for minus-strand RNA synthesis J. Virol. 39 1981 348 358
48. Y.-F Wang S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki Sindbis virus nsP1 functions in negative-strand RNA synthesis J. Virol. 65 1991 985 988
49. Y.-F Wang S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki Alphavirus nsP3 functions to form replication complexes transcribing negative-strand RNA J. Virol. 68 1994 6466 6475
50. J.A Lemm C.M Rice Assembly of functional Sindbis virus RNA replication complexes: Requirement for coexpression of P123 and P34 J. Virol. 67 1993 1905 1915
51. J.A Lemm C.M Rice Roles of nonstructural polyproteins and cleavage products in regulating Sindbis virus RNA replication and transcription J. Virol. 67 1993 1916 1926
52. J.A Lemm T Rümenapf E.G Strauss J.H Strauss C.M Rice Polypeptide requirements for assembly of functional Sindbis virus replication complexes: A model for the temporal regulation of minus- and plus-strand RNA synthesis EMBO J. 13 1994 2925 2934
53. Y Shirako J.H Strauss Regulation of Sindbis virus RNA replication: Uncleaved P123 and nsP4 function in minus-strand RNA synthesis, whereas cleaved products from P123 are required for efficient plus-strand RNA synthesis J. Virol. 68 1994 1874 1885
54. J.A Lemm A Bergqvist C.M Read C.M Rice Template-dependent initiation of Sindbis virus RNA replication in vitro J. Virol. 72 1998 6546 6553
55. S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki L Kääriäinen S Keränen A Sindbis virus mutant temperature-sensitive in the regulation of minus-strand RNA synthesis Virology 115 1981 161 172
56. S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki The effect of loss regulation of minus-strand RNA synthesis on Sindbis virus replication Virology 151 1986 339 349
57. D.L Sawicki D.B Barkhimer S.G Sawicki C.M Rice S Schlesinger Temperature sensitive shut-off of alphavirus minus strand RNA synthesis maps to a nonstructural protein, nsP4 Virology 174 1990 43 52
58. D.L Sawicki S.G Sawicki A second nonstructural protein functions in the regulation of alphavirus negative-strand RNA synthesis J. Virol. 67 1993 3605 3610
59. J Suopanki D.L Sawicki S.G Sawicki L Kääriäinen Regulation of alphavirus 26S mRNA transcription by replicase component nsP2 J. Gen. Virol. 79 1998 309 319
60. 32P equilibrium labelling Nucleic Acids Res. 2 1975 555 565
61. G Wengler Gi Wengler Studies on the synthesis of viral RNA-polymerase-template complexes in BHK 21 cells infected with Semliki Forest virus Virology 66 1975 322 326
62. S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki The effect of overproduction of nonstructural proteins on alphavirus plus-strand and minus-strand RNA synthesis Virology 152 1986 507 512
63. P.M Grimley I.K Berezesky R.M Friedman Cytoplasmic structures associated with an arbovirus infection: Loci of viral ribonucleic acid synthesis J. Virol. 2 1968 1326 1338
64. S Froshauer J Kartenbeck A Helenius Alphavirus RNA replicase is located on the cytoplasmic surface of endosomes and lysosomes J. Cell Biol. 107 1988 2075 2086
65. J Peränen L Kääriäinen Biogenesis of type I cytopathic vacuoles in Semliki Forest virusinfected BHK cells J. Virol. 65 1991 1623 1627
66. P Kujala A Ikäheimonen N Ehsani H Vihinen P Auvinen L Kääriäinen Biogenesis of the Semliki Forest virus RNA replication complex J. Virol. 75 2001 3873 3884
67. P.M Grimley J.G Levin I.K Berezesky R.M Friedman Specific membranous structures associated with the replication of group A arboviruses J. Virol. 10 1972 492 503
68. B.-E Lachmi L Kääriäinen Control of protein synthesis in Semliki Forest virus infected cells J. Virol. 22 1977 142 149
69. D Magliano J.A Marshall D.S Bowden N Vardaxis J Meanger J.-Y Lee Rubella virus replication complexes are virus-modified lysosomes Virology 240 1998 57 63
70. P Kujala T Ahola N Ehsani P Auvinen H Vihinen L Kääriäinen Intracellular distribution of rubella virus nonstructural protein P150 J. Virol. 73 1999 7805 7811
71. D.J Barton S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki Demonstration in vitro of temperature-sensitive elongation of RNA in Sindbis virus mutant ts6 J. Virol. 62 1988 3597 3602
72. D.J Barton S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki Solubilization and immunoprecipitation of alphavirus replication complexes J. Virol. 65 1991 1496 1506
73. C.M Scheele E.R Pfefferkorn Inhibition of interjacent ribonucleic acid (26S) synthesis in cells infected by Sindbis virus J. Virol. 4 1969 117 122
74. S Keränen L Kääriäinen Isolation and basic characterization of temperature-sensitive mutants from Semliki Forest virus Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. B 82 1974 810 820
75. E.G Strauss E.M Lenches J.H Strauss Mutants of Sindbis virus. I. Isolation and partial characterization of 89 new temperature-sensitive mutants Virology 74 1976 154 168
76. S Keränen L Kääriäinen Functional defects of RNA-negative temperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis and Semliki Forest viruses J. Virol. 32 1979 19 29
77. D.L Sawicki S.G Sawicki Functional analysis of the A complementation group mutants of Sindbis HR virus Virology 144 1985 20 34
78. J Saraste L Kääriäinen H Söderlund S Keränen RNA synthesis directed by a temperature-sensitive mutant of Semliki Forest virus J. Gen. Virol. 37 1977 399 406
79. D.L Sawicki L Kääriäinen C Lambek P.J Gomatos Mechanism for control of synthesis of Semliki Forest virus 26S and 42S RNA J. Viral. 25 1978 19 27
80. R Levis S Schlesinger H.V Huang Promoter for Sindbis virus RNA-depedent subgenomic RNA transcription J. Virol. 64 1990 1726 1733
81. R Raju H.V Huang Analysis of Sindbis virus promoter recognition in vivo , using novel vectors with two subgenomic mRNA promoters J. Virol. 65 1991 2501 2510
82. M.M Wielgosz R Raju H.V Huang Sequence requirements for Sindbis virus subgenomic mRNA promoter function in cultured cells J. Virol. 75 2001 3509 3519
83. B.-E Lachmi L Kääriäinen Sequential translation of nonstructural proteins in cells infected with a Semliki Forest virus mutant Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73 1976 1936 1940
84. L Kääriäinen D.L Sawicki P.J Gomatos Cleavage defect in the non-structural polyprotein of Sembld Forest virus has two separate effects on virus RNA synthesis J. Gen. Viral. 39 1978 463 473
85. S Keränen L Ruohonen Nonstructural proteins of Semliki Forest virus: Synthesis, processing, and stability in infected cells J. Virol. 47 1983 505 551
86. W.R Hardy J.H Strauss Processing the nonstructural polyproteins of Sindbis virus: Study of the kinetics in vivo by using monospecific antibodies J. Virol. 62 1988 998 1007
87. M Ding M.J Schlesinger Evidence that Sindbis virus nsP2 is an autoprotease which processes the virus nonstructural polyprotein Virology 171 1989 280 284
88. W.R Hardy J.H Strauss Processing the nonstructural polyproteins of Sindbis virus: Nonstructural proteinase is in the C-terminal half of nsP2 and functions both in cis and in trans J. Virol. 63 1989 4653 4664
89. Y Shirako J.H Strauss Cleavage between nsP1 and nsP2 initiates the processing pathway of Sindbis virus nonstructural polyprotein P123 Virology 177 1990 54 64
90. E.G Strauss R.J deGroot R Levinson J.H Strauss Identification of the active site residues in the nsP2 proteinase of Sindbis virus Virology 191 1992 932 940
91. E ten Dam M Flint M.D Ryan Virus-coded proteinases of the Togaviridae J. Gen. Virol. 80 1999 1879 1888
92. A Merits L Vasiljeva T Ahola L Kääriäinen P Auvinen Proteolytic processing of Semliki Forest virus-specific non-structural polyprotein by nsP2 protease J. Gen. Virol. 82 2001 765 773
93. S Mi V Stollar Expression of Sindbis virus nsP1 and methyltransferase activity in Escherichia coli Virology 184 1991 423 427
94. P Laakkonen M Hyvönen J Peränen L Kääriäinen Expression of Semliki Forest virus nsP1-specific methyltransferase in insect cells and in Escherichia coli J. Virol. 68 1994 7418 7425
95. T Ahola L Kääriäinen Reaction in alphavirus mRNA capping: Formation of a covalent complex of nonstructural protein nsP1 with 7-methyl-GMP Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 1995 507 511
96. A Lampio T Ahola E Darzynkiewicz J Stepinski M Jankowska-Anyszka L Kääriäinen Guanosine nucleotide analogs as inhibitors of alphavirus mRNA capping enzyme Antiviral Res. 42 1999 35 46
97. Y Furuichi A.J Shatkin Viral and cellular mRNA capping: Past and prospects Adv. Virus Res. 55 2000 135 184
98. S Shuman Structure, mechanism, and evolution of the mRNA capping apparatus Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 66 2000 1 40
99. A Merits R Kettunen K Mäkinen A Lampio P Auvinen L Kääriäinen T Ahola Virus-specific capping of tobacco mosaic virus RNA: Methylation of GTP prior to formation of covalent complex p126-m7GMP FEBS Lett. 455 1999 45 48
100. T Ahola P Ahlquist Putative RNA capping activities encoded by brome mosaic virus: Methylation and covalent binding of guanylate by rephcase protein la J. Virol. 73 1999 10,061 10,069
101. F Kong K Sivakumaran C Kao The N-terminal half of the brome mosaic virus la protein has RNA capping-associated activities: Specificity for GTP and S-adenosylmethionine Virology 259 1999 200 210
102. Y.I Li Y.J Chen Y.H Hsu M Meng Characterization of the AdoMet-dependent guanylyltransferase activity that is associated with the N terminus of bamboo mosaic virus rephcase J. Virol. 75 2001 782 788
103. J Magden N Takeda T Li P Auvinen T Ahola T Miyamura A Merits L Kääriäinen Virus-specific mRNA capping enzyme encoded by hepatitis E virus J. Virol. 75 2001 6249 6255
104. H.-L Wang J O'Rear V Stollar Mutagenesis of the Sindbis virus nsPl protein: Effects on methyltransferase activity and viral infectivity Virology 217 1996 527 531
105. T Ahola J.A den Boon P Ahlquist Helicase and capping enzyme active site mutations in brome mosaic virus protein la cause defects in template recruitment, negative-strand RNA synthesis, and viral RNA capping J. Virol. 74 2000 8803 8811
106. T Ahola A Lampio P Auvinen L Kääriäinen Semliki Forest virus mRNA capping enzyme requires association with anionic membrane phospholipids for activity EMBO J. 18 1999 3164 3172
107. S Mi R.K Durbin H.V Huang C.M Rice V Stollar Association of the Sindbis virus RNA methyltransferase activity with the nonstructural protein nsP1 Virology 170 1989 385 391
108. LM21, a Sindbis virus mutant resistant to methionine deprivation, encodes an altered methyltransferase Virology 173 1989 408 414
109. L.M Scheidel R.K Durbin V Stollar Sindbis virus mutants resistant to mycophenolic acid and ribavirin Virology 158 1987 1 7
110. L.M Scheidel V Stollar Mutations that confer resistance to mycophenolic acid and ribavirin on Sindbis virus map to the nonstructural protein nsP1 Virology 181 1991 490 499
111. C.I Rosenblum L.M Scheidel V Stollar Mutations in the nsPl coding sequence of Sindbis virus which restrict viral replication in secondary cultures of chick embryo fibroblasts prepared from aged primary cultures Virology 198 1994 100 108
112. J Peränen P Laakkonen M Hyvönen L Kääriäinen The alphavirus replicase protein nsP1 is membrane-associated and has affinity to endocytic organelles Virology 208 1995 610 620
113. T Ahola P Kujala M Tuittila T Blom P Laakkonen A Hinkkanen P Auvinen Effects of palmitoylation of replicase protein nsPl on alphavirus infection J. Virol. 74 2000 6725 6733
114. P Laakkonen T Ahola L Kääriäinen The effects of palmitoylation on membrane association of Semliki Forest virus RNA capping enzyme J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 28,567 28,571
115. A Lampio I Kilpeläinen S Pesonen K Karhi P Auvinen P Somerharju L Kääriäinen Membrane binding mechanism of an RNA virus-capping enzyme J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 37,853 37,859
116. J.E Johnson R.B Cornell Amphitropic proteins: Regulation by reversible membrane interactions Mol. Membr. Biol. 16 1999 217 235
117. P Laakkonen P Auvinen P Kujala L Kääriäinen Alphavirus replicase protein Nspl induces filopodia and rearrangement of actin filaments J. Virol. 72 1998 10,265 10,269
118. Y Shirako E.G Strauss J.H Strauss Suppressor mutations that allow Sindbis virus RNA polymerase to function with nonaromatic amino acids at the N-terminus: Evidence for interaction between nsP1 and nsP4 in minus-strand RNA synthesis Virology 276 2000 148 160
119. I Dé S.G Sawicki D.L Sawicki Sindbis virus RNA-negative mutants that fail to convert from minus-strand to plus-strand synthesis: Role of the nsP2 protein J. Virol. 70 1996 2706 2719
120. A.E Gorbalenya E.V Koonin M.-C Lai Putative papain-related thiol proteases of positive-strand RNA viruses. Identification of rubi- and aphtovirus proteases and delineation of a novel conserved domain associated with proteases of rubi-, alpha- and coronaviruses FEBS Lett. 288 1991 201 205
121. A.E Gorbalenya E.V Koonin Helicases: Amino acid sequence comparisons and structurefunction relationships Curr Opin. Cell Biol. 3 1993 419 429
122. M Rikkonen J Peränen L Kääriäinen ATPase and GTPase activities associated with Semliki Forest virus nonstructural protein nsP2 J. Virol. 68 1994 5804 5810
123. M Rikkonen Functional significance of the nuclear-targeting and NTP-binding motifs of Semlild Forest virus nonstructural protein nsP2 Virology 218 1996 352 361
124. M Gomez de Cedrón N Ehsani M.L Mikkola J.A Garcia L Kääriäinen RNA helicase activity of Semliki Forest virus replicase protein NSP2 FEBS Lett. 448 1999 19 22
125. L.E Bird H.S Subramanya D.B Wigley Helicases: A unifying structural theme? Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8 1998 14 18
126. P.A Kroner B.M Young P Ahlquist Analysis of the role of brome mosaic virus la protein domains in RNA replication, using linkerinsertion mutagenesis J. Viral. 64 1990 6110 6120
127. L Vasiljeva A Merits P Auvinen L Kääriäinen Identification of a novel function of the Alphavirus capping apparatus. RNA 5′ triphosphatase activity of Nsp2 J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 17,281 17,287
128. J.R Myette E.G Niles Characterization of the vaccinia virus RNA 5′-triphosphatase and nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase activities. Demonstration that both activities are carried out at the same active site J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 11,945 11,952
129. C.K Ho Y Pei S Shuman Yeast and viral RNA 5′ triphosphatases comprise a new nucleoside triphosphatase family J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 34,151 34,156
130. G Wengler Gi Wengler The NS3 nonstructural protein of flaviviruses contains an RNA triphosphatase activity Virology 197 1993 265 273
131. L Vasiljeva L Valmu L Kääriäinen A Merits Site-specific protease activity of the carboxyl-terminal domain of Semliki Forest virus replicase protein nsP2 J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 30,782 30,793
132. N Kalkkinen M Laaksonen H Söderlund H Jömvall Radio-sequence analysis of in vivo multilabeled nonstructural protein ns86 of Semliki Forest virus Virology 113 1981 188 195
133. N Kalkkinen Radio-sequence analysis: An ultra-sensitive method to align protein and nucleotide sequences B Wittmann-Liebold J Salnikow V.A Erdmann Advanced Methods in Protein Microsequence Analysis 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin 194 206
134. J Peränen M Rikkonen P Ldjeström L Kääriäinen Nuclear localization of Semliki Forest virus-specific nonstructural protein nsP2 J. Virol. 64 1990 1888 1896
135. M Rikkonen J Peränen L Kääriäinen Nuclear and nucleolar targeting signals of Semliki Forest virus nonstructural protein nsP2 Virology 189 1992 462 473
136. P Russo P Laakkonen T Ahola L Kääriäinen Synthesis of Semliki Forest virus RNA polymerase components nsP1 through nsP4 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of cDNA encoding the nonstructural polyprotein J. Viral. 70 1996 4086 4089
137. L Kääriäinen M Ranki Inhibition of cell functions by RNA-virus infections Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 38 1984 91 109
138. J.K Fazakerley A Boyd M.L Mikkola L Kääriäinen A single amino acid change in the nuclear localization sequence of the nsP2 protein affects the neurovirulence of Semliki Forest virus J. Virol. 76 2002 392 396
139. H Vihinen T Ahola M Tuittila A Merits L Kääriäinen Elimination of phosphorylation sites of Semliki Forest virus replicase protein nsP3 J. Biol. Chem. 276 2001 5745 5752
140. J.R Pehrson R.N Fuji Evolutionary conservation of histone macroH2A subtypes and domains Nucleic Acids Res. 26 1998 2837 2842
141. R.C Aguiar Y Yakushijin S Kharbanda R Salgia J.A Fletcher M.A Shipp BAL is a novel risk-related gene in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas that enhances cellular migration Blood 96 2000 4328 4334
142. M.R Martzen S.M McCraith S.L Spinelli F.M Torres S Fields E.J Grayhack E.M Phizicky A biochemical genomics approach for identifying genes by the activity of their products Science 286 1999 1153 1155
143. J Peranen K Takkinen N Kalkldnen L Kääriäinen Semliki Forest virus-specific nonstructural protein nsP3 is a phosphoprotein J. Gen. Virol. 69 1988 2165 2178
144. G Li M.W LaStarza W.R Hardy J.H Strauss C.M Rice Phosphorylation of Sindbis virus nsP3 in vivo and in vitro Virology 179 1990 416 427
145. M.W LaStarza A Grakoui C.M Rice Deletion and duplication mutations in the C-terminal nonconserved region of Sindbis virus nsP3: Effects on phoshorylation and on virus replication in vertebrate and invertebrate cells Virology 202 1994 224 232
146. H Vihinen J Saarinen Phosphorylation site analysis of Semliki Forest virus nonstructural protein 3 J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 27,775 27,783
147. M.T Tuittila M.G Santagati M Röytta J.A Määttä A.E Hinkkanen Replicase complex genes of Semliki Forest virus confer lethal neurovirulence J. Virol. 74 2000 4579 4589
148. M.W LaStarza J.A Lemm C.M Rice Genetic analysis of the nsP3 region of Sindbis virus: Evidence for roles in minus-strand and subgenomic RNA synthesis J. Virol. 68 1994 5781 5791
149. E.K O'Reilly C.C Kao Analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase structure and function as guided by known polymerase structures and computer predictions of secondary structure Virology 252 1998 287 303
150. Y.S Hahn A Grakoui C.M Rice E.G Strauss J.H Strauss Mapping of RNAtemperature-sensitive mutants of Sindbis virus: Complementation group F mutants have lesions in nsP4 J. Virol. 63 1989 1194 1202
151. Y.H Lin P Yadav R Ravatn V Stollar A mutant of Sindbis virus that is resistant to pyrazofurin encodes an altered RNA polymerase Virology 272 2000 61 71
152. Y Shirako J.H Strauss Requirement for an aromatic amino acid or histidine at the N terminus of Sindbis virus RNA polymerase J. Virol. 72 1998 2310 2315
153. G Li C.M Rice Mutagenesis of the in-frame opal termination codon preceding nsP4 of Sindbis virus: Studies of translational readthrough and its effect on virus replication J. Virol. 63 1989 1326 1337
154. K Takldnen J Peränen L Kääriäinen Proteolytic processing of Semliki Forest virusspecific non-structural polyprotein J. Gen. Virol. 72 1991 1627 1633
155. R.J deGroot T Rümenapf R.J Kuhn E.G Strauss J.H Strauss Sindbis virus RNA polymerase is degraded by the N-end rule pathway Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 1991 8967 8971
156. P.-Y Cheng Purification, size, and morphology of a mosquito-borne animal virus, Semliki Forest virus Virology 14 1961 124 131
157. G Wengler Gi Wengler H.J Gross Replicative form of Semliki Forest virus RNA contains an unpaired guanosine Nature 282 1979 754 756
158. G Wengler Gi Wengler H.J Gross Terminal sequences of Sindbis virus-specific nucleic acids: Identity in molecules synthesized in vertebrate and insect cells and characteristic properties of the replicative form RNA Virology 123 1982 273 283
159. G Wu J.M Kaper Requirement of 3′-terminal guanosine in (-)-stranded RNA for in vitro replication of cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase J. Mol. Biol. 238 1994 655 657
160. D.L Sawicki P.J Gomatos Replication of Semliki Forest virus: Polyadenylate in plus-strand RNA and polyuridylate in minus-strand RNA J. Virol. 20 1976 446 464
161. K.R Hill M Hajjou J.Y Hu R Raju RNA-RNA recombination in Sindbis virus: Roles of the 3′ conserved motif, poly(A) tail, and nonviral sequences of template RNAs in polymerase recognition and template switching J. Virol. 71 1997 2693 2704