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Volumn 10, Issue , 2002, Pages 3-19

To work in the garden of God: The Swedish Nursing Association and the concept of the calling, 1909-1933

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CLOTHING; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HISTORY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; MEDICAL ETHICS; NURSING EDUCATION; NURSING ORGANIZATION; RELIGION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DOMINANCE; SWEDEN;

EID: 0036370727     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.10.1.3     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (2)

References (69)
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    • Anne Marie Rafferty, The Politics of Nursing Knowledge (London and New York: 1996), 1. The emphasis on morale in the nursing profession is discussed in several works on nursing history, such as Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (Cambridge: 1987).
    • (1996) The Politics of Nursing Knowledge , pp. 1
    • Rafferty, A.M.1
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    • Cambridge
    • Anne Marie Rafferty, The Politics of Nursing Knowledge (London and New York: 1996), 1. The emphasis on morale in the nursing profession is discussed in several works on nursing history, such as Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (Cambridge: 1987).
    • (1987) Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945
    • Reverby, S.M.1
  • 4
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    • Market Closure and Conflict Theory of the Professions
    • eds. Michael Burrage and Rolf Torstendahl London, Newbury Park, New Delhi
    • See, for instance, Randall Collins, "Market Closure and Conflict Theory of the Professions," in Professions in Theory and History: Rethinking the Study of the Professions, eds. Michael Burrage and Rolf Torstendahl (London, Newbury Park, New Delhi: 1990), 36.
    • (1990) Professions in Theory and History: Rethinking the Study of the Professions , pp. 36
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    • Stockholm
    • Martin Luther, Doktor Mårten Luthers Lilla katekes [1529] (Small Catechism). (Stockholm: 1876), 99.
    • (1876) Small Catechism , pp. 99
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    • eds. Alf Åberg, Barbro Lindqvist, and Lars Cavallin Uppsala
    • Katolska kyrkan i Sverige, 1783-1983: En historisk återblick (The Catholic Church in Sweden, 1783-1983: A Historical Inquiry), eds. Alf Åberg, Barbro Lindqvist, and Lars Cavallin (Uppsala: 1983), 26; Yvonne Maria Werner, "Svenskhet och katolicism-ett komplicerat förhållande," i Signum. Katolsk orientering om kyrka, kultur och samhälle ("The Swedish and the Catholic Belief-A Story of Complications," in Signum. Catholic Orientation on Church, Culture, and Society), 22 (1996): 251, 253.
    • (1983) Katolska Kyrkan i Sverige, 1783-1983: En Historisk Återblick (The Catholic Church in Sweden, 1783-1983: A Historical Inquiry) , pp. 26
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    • 84866584950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Svenskhet och katolicism-ett komplicerat förhållande
    • Signum. Katolsk orientering om kyrka, kultur och samhälle
    • Katolska kyrkan i Sverige, 1783-1983: En historisk återblick (The Catholic Church in Sweden, 1783-1983: A Historical Inquiry), eds. Alf Åberg, Barbro Lindqvist, and Lars Cavallin (Uppsala: 1983), 26; Yvonne Maria Werner, "Svenskhet och katolicism-ett komplicerat förhållande," i Signum. Katolsk orientering om kyrka, kultur och samhälle ("The Swedish and the Catholic Belief-A Story of Complications," in Signum. Catholic Orientation on Church, Culture, and Society), 22 (1996): 251, 253.
    • (1996) Signum. Catholic Orientation on Church, Culture, and Society , vol.22 , pp. 251
    • Werner, Y.M.1
  • 21
    • 0004203925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sandra Beth Lewenson, Taking Charge: Nursing, Suffrage, and Feminism in America, 1873-1920 (New York: 1996), 48; Reverby, Ordered to Care, 131-36: Rafferty, Politics, 42-59.
    • Ordered to Care , pp. 131-136
    • Reverby1
  • 22
    • 11244340780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sandra Beth Lewenson, Taking Charge: Nursing, Suffrage, and Feminism in America, 1873-1920 (New York: 1996), 48; Reverby, Ordered to Care, 131-36: Rafferty, Politics, 42-59.
    • Politics , pp. 42-59
    • Rafferty1
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    • Stockholm
    • The prescribed ethic was formulated in, for example, Estrid Rodhe, Ur sjukvårdens etik (On Nursing Ethics). (Stockholm: 1912), and Clara Wahlström, Anteckningar ur fröken Clara Wahlströms föreläsningar i etik. 22 november-17 december 1917 vid fortsättningskursen (Notes on Ms. Clara Wahlström's lectures on ethics, 22 november-17 December 1917, at the SNA course (Stockholm: 1918).
    • (1912) Ur Sjukvårdens Etik (On Nursing Ethics)
    • Rodhe, E.1
  • 26
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    • SST (1926): 5.
    • (1926) SST , pp. 5
  • 27
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    • SST (1911): 92.
    • (1911) SST , pp. 92
  • 29
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    • Skellefteå
    • Martin Luther, Kyrkopostilla: Förklaringarna över de årliga Sön-och högtidsdagarnas evangelier. Sommaravdelningen [1520s] (Collection of Sermons) (Skellefteå: 1987), 128.
    • (1987) Collection of Sermons , pp. 128
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    • Uppsala
    • Martin Luther, Om en kristen människas frihet [1520] (On the Freedom of a Christian) (Uppsala: 1917), 81.
    • (1917) On the Freedom of a Christian , pp. 81
  • 32
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    • Stockholm
    • The Greek concept agape is a fundamental motive in Christianity. Agape is an expression of a love characterized by a giving spirit rather than a demanding one. It marks God's way to man, and it awakens man's love for God and also man's benevolent love for his fellow being. Luther's contribution to further elaboration and development of the concept of agape is of considerable importance. Anders Nygren, Den kristna kärlekstanken genom tiderna: Eros och Agape (The Notion of Christian Charity Through History: Eros and Agape). (Stockholm: 1938-1947).
    • (1938) Den Kristna Kärlekstanken Genom Tiderna: Eros Och Agape (The Notion of Christian Charity Through History: Eros and Agape)
    • Nygren, A.1
  • 34
    • 84866574098 scopus 로고
    • 15/10, fortsättningskurs F6b SSF:s arkiv, TAM (manuscript from a talk and protocol from a discussion on the uniform at one of the continuation courses arranged by the SNA. Swedish Nurses Association archives at TAM, Stockholm)
    • Föreläsningsmanuskript och diskussionsprotokoll 15/10, fortsättningskurs 1932, F6b vol. 3, SSF:s arkiv, TAM (manuscript from a talk and protocol from a discussion on the uniform at one of the continuation courses arranged by the SNA. Swedish Nurses Association archives at TAM, Stockholm).
    • (1932) Föreläsningsmanuskript Och Diskussionsprotokoll , vol.3
  • 35
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    • SST (1909): 75.
    • (1909) SST , pp. 75
  • 37
    • 11244340779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Professionell och facklig strategi
    • Fackliga organisationsstrategier red. Anders Johansson Solna
    • Christina Florin, Kampen om katedern: Feminiserings och professionaliseringsprocessen inom den svenska folkskolans lärarkår, 1860-1906 (Who Should Sit in the Teacher's Chair? The Processes of Feminization and Professionalization Among Swedish Elemantary School Teachers, 1860-1906) (Umeå: 1987): 76-77; Rolf Torstendahl, "Professionell och facklig strategi," i Fackliga organisationsstrategier ("Professional and Union Strategies," in Union Organizational Strategies), red. Anders Johansson (Solna: 1997), 40; Anne Witz, Profession and Patriarchy (London and New York: 1992), 40-42.
    • (1997) Union Organizational Strategies , pp. 40
    • Torstendahl, R.1
  • 38
    • 0004106597 scopus 로고
    • London and New York
    • Christina Florin, Kampen om katedern: Feminiserings och professionaliseringsprocessen inom den svenska folkskolans lärarkår, 1860-1906 (Who Should Sit in the Teacher's Chair? The Processes of Feminization and Professionalization Among Swedish Elemantary School Teachers, 1860-1906) (Umeå: 1987): 76-77; Rolf Torstendahl, "Professionell och facklig strategi," i Fackliga organisationsstrategier ("Professional and Union Strategies," in Union Organizational Strategies), red. Anders Johansson (Solna: 1997), 40; Anne Witz, Profession and Patriarchy (London and New York: 1992), 40-42.
    • (1992) Profession and Patriarchy , pp. 40-42
    • Witz, A.1
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    • SST (1910): 180.
    • (1910) SST , pp. 180
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    • SST (1911): 56-57.
    • (1911) SST , pp. 56-57
  • 41
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    • note
    • The Finnish nurse is probably the chairman of the board of one of the nurses' organizations in Finland, Emma Aström. It is no coincidence that she, with Lind, is dressed in uniform in the Montreal picture. There appear to be many similarities regarding the uses of uniforms in the Nordic countries.
  • 43
    • 11244300867 scopus 로고
    • SST (1910): 186-87, and "Personalfrågan, den underordnade personalen," föredrag vid Fortsättningskurs, 1922, SSF:s arkiv, TAM (manuscript from a talk given at an SNA continuation course in 1922: "The subordinate hospital staff." SNA archives, TAM, Stockholm).
    • (1910) SST , pp. 186-187
  • 44
    • 84866574497 scopus 로고
    • Personalfrågan, den underordnade personalen
    • föredrag vid Fortsättningskurs, SSF:s arkiv, TAM SNA archives, TAM, Stockholm
    • SST (1910): 186-87, and "Personalfrågan, den underordnade personalen," föredrag vid Fortsättningskurs, 1922, SSF:s arkiv, TAM (manuscript from a talk given at an SNA continuation course in 1922: "The subordinate hospital staff." SNA archives, TAM, Stockholm).
    • (1922) SNA Continuation Course in 1922: "the Subordinate Hospital Staff."
  • 45
    • 11244315329 scopus 로고
    • SST (1910): 80-81.
    • (1910) SST , pp. 80-81
  • 47
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    • Stockholm
    • Martin Luther, Den stora katekesen [1529] (Large Catechism) (Stockholm: 1931), 68, 115.
    • (1931) Large Catechism , pp. 68
  • 48
    • 84866579882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diskussionsprotokoll 28/2, fortsättningskurs 1922, SSF:s arkiv, TAM (record, SNA continuation course, 1922. SNA archives, TAM, Stockholm)
    • Diskussionsprotokoll 28/2, fortsättningskurs 1922, SSF:s arkiv, TAM (record, SNA continuation course, 1922. SNA archives, TAM, Stockholm).
  • 49
    • 11244279832 scopus 로고
    • SST (1909): 106, 121, and (1918): 268.
    • (1909) SST , pp. 106
  • 50
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    • SST (1909): 106, 121, and (1918): 268.
    • (1918) SST , pp. 268
  • 51
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    • SST (1909): 121, and (1918): 268.
    • (1909) SST , pp. 121
  • 52
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    • SST (1909): 121, and (1918): 268.
    • (1918) SST , pp. 268
  • 54
    • 0004203925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Olof Cronenberg, Röda Korset (The Red Cross). (Umeå: 1985), 14, 134-154; Reverby, Ordered to Care, 43-57.
    • Ordered to Care , pp. 43-57
    • Reverby1
  • 56
    • 0004203925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mary Poovey, Uneven Developments: The Ideological Work of Gender in Mid-Victorian England (Chicago: 1988), especially 167-70. Mary Poovey is discussing the gender aspect in terms of a militaristic side of a basically domestic ideal. This is also discussed in Reverby, Ordered to Care, 43.
    • Ordered to Care , pp. 43
    • Reverby1
  • 58
    • 11244347751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'I Will Make Mary Male": Pieties of the Body and Gender Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity
    • eds. Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub New York and London
    • Elisabeth Castelli, "'I Will Make Mary Male": Pieties of the Body and Gender Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity," in Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, eds. Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (New York and London: 1991), 30; Kari Vogt, "'Becoming Male': A Gnostic and Early Christian Metaphor," in The Image of God: Gender Models in Judeo-Christian Tradition, ed. Kari Elisabeth Borresen (Oslo: 1995), 170. It is noteworthy that the notion of transcending gender borders is current in many religions.
    • (1991) Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity , pp. 30
    • Castelli, E.1
  • 59
    • 11244344596 scopus 로고
    • 'Becoming Male': A Gnostic and Early Christian Metaphor
    • ed. Kari Elisabeth Borresen Oslo
    • Elisabeth Castelli, "'I Will Make Mary Male": Pieties of the Body and Gender Transformation of Christian Women in Late Antiquity," in Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity, eds. Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (New York and London: 1991), 30; Kari Vogt, "'Becoming Male': A Gnostic and Early Christian Metaphor," in The Image of God: Gender Models in Judeo-Christian Tradition, ed. Kari Elisabeth Borresen (Oslo: 1995), 170. It is noteworthy that the notion of transcending gender borders is current in many religions.
    • (1995) The Image of God: Gender Models in Judeo-Christian Tradition , pp. 170
    • Vogt, K.1
  • 66
    • 84866583127 scopus 로고
    • Den svenska distriktsköterskan: Kvinna eller fackman?
    • Kvinnohistoriens nya utmaningar: Från sexualitet till världshistoria Tampere
    • A comparative study has shown that they were successful from an international perspective, in terms of a quick accommodation and support from the Swedish government. Agneta Emanuelsson, "Den svenska distriktsköterskan: Kvinna eller fackman?" in Kvinnohistoriens nya utmaningar: Från sexualitet till världshistoria ("The Swedish District Nurse: Woman or Professional?" in New Challenges in Women's History). (Tampere: 1994).
    • (1994) New Challenges in Women's History
    • Emanuelsson, A.1
  • 67
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    • Bohm, First Fifty Years, 102. It is noteworthy that the requirement of 2 years to a degree was a compromise from the side of the SNA, with the aim of avoiding conflict with the government. Within the realm of the Nordic Council of Nurses, they argued for an education of at least 3 years. This was already a reality at, for instance, the Sophia Home. Nete Balslev Wingender, Fem svaner i flok: Sykeplejerskers Samarbejde i Norden, 1920-1995 (Five Swans in a Flock: Nordic Council of Nurses, 1920-1995) (Aarhus: 1995), 13.
    • First Fifty Years , pp. 102
    • Bohm1


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