A dual role for microbial pathogen-derived effector proteins in plant disease and resistance

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 229-271

  Slot, Klaas A E Van't ^a   Knogge, Wolfgang ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR PLANT BREEDING RESEARCH   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Avirulence genes; Pathogenicity genes; Resistance genes; Virulence genes

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EMBRYOPHYTA; FUNGI;

EID: 0036272947     PISSN: 07352689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0735-260291044223     Document Type: Review

References (376)

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54. avrPto enhances growth and necrosis caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in tomato lines lacking either Pto or Prf
55. Functional studies of the bacterial avirulence protein AvrPto by mutational analysis
56. Potato virus X as a vector for gene expression in plants
57. The Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato HrpW protein has domains similar to harpins and pectate lyases and can elicit the plant hypersensitive response and bind to pectate
58. The Pseudomonas syringae avrRpt2 gene product promotes pathogen virulence from inside plant cells
59. Two independent type III secretion mechanisms for YopE in Yersinia enterocolitica
60. Separate regions on the tomato bushy stunt virus p22 protein mediate cell-to-cell movement versus elicitation of effective resistance responses
61. Regulation of expression of avirulence gene avrRxv and identification of a family of host interaction factors by sequence analysis of avrBsT
62. Innate immunity in plants
63. Molecular characterization of the maize Rp1-D rust resistance haplotype and its mutants
64. Pseudomonas syringae Hrp type III secretion system and effector proteins
65. Members of the Arabidopsis HRT/RPP8 family of resistance genes confer resistance to both viral and oomycete pathogens
66. Assembly and function of type III secretory systems
67. Analysis of potato virus X coat protein genes in relation to resistance conferred by the genes Nx, Nb and Rx1 of potato
68. Viral avirulence genes
69. Point mutations in the coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus induce hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris
70. Structure-function relationship between tobacco mosaic virus coat protein and hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris
71. The enigmatic avirulence genes of phytopathogenic bacteria
72. Death don't have no mercy: Cell death programs in plant-microbe interactions
73. Functional homologs of the Arabidopsis RPM1 disease resistance gene in bean and pea
74. Host-range determinants of plant viruses
75. At least six avirulence genes are clustered on a 90-kilobase plasmid on Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum
76. Gene-for-genes interactions between cotton R genes and Xanthomonas campestris pv malvacearum Avr genes
77. A potato hypersensitive resistance gene against potato virus X maps to a resistance gene cluster on chromosome 5
78. 2 gene-mediated resistance against the tobamoviruses
79. Molecular characterization of gene-for-gene systems in plant-fungus interactions and the application of avirulence genes in control of plant pathogens
80. Pathogen avirulence and plant resistance - A key role for recognition
81. Identification of an Arabidopsis locus required for resistance to turnip crinkle virus
82. The tomato Cf-5 disease resistance gene and six homologs show pronounced allelic variation in leucine-rich repeat copy number
83. The tomato Cf-2 disease resistance locus comprises two functional genes encoding leucine-rich repeat proteins
84. Expression of a single, host-specific, bacterial pathogenicity gene in plant cells elicits division, enlargement, and cell death
85. Early events in the elicitation of plant defence
86. Structure and function of proteins controlling strain-specific pathogen resistance in plants
87. Interactions between tobacco mosaic virus and the tobacco N gene
88. The helicase domain of the TMV replicase proteins induces the N-mediated defence response in tobacco
89. Three-dimensional solution structure of β cryptogein, a β elicitin secreted by a phytopathogenic fungus, Phytophthora cryptogea
90. Plants have a sensitive perception system for the most conserved domain of bacterial flagellin
91. Host-parasite interactions in flax rust - Its genetics and other implications
92. Current status of the gene-for-gene concept
93. Structure of tobacco mosaic virus
94. Why do pathogens carry avirulence genes?
95. Gene-for-gene recognition of five cloned avirulence genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum by specific resistance genes in cotton
96. Working models of specific recognition in plant-microbe interactions
97. Role of nuclear localization signal sequences in three disease phenotypes determined by the Xanthomonas avr/pth gene family
98. Type III secretion machines: Bacterial devices for protein delivery into host cells
99. Bean dwarf mosaic virus BV1 protein is a determinant of the hypersensitive response and avirulence in Phaseolus vulgaris
100. The Arabidopsis RPS4 bacterial-resistance gene is a member of the TIR-NBS-LRR family of disease-resistance genes
101. DspA, an essential pathogenicity factor of Erwinia amylovora showing homology with AvrE of Pseudomonas syringae, is secreted via the Hrp secretion pathway in a DspB-dependent way
102. The distribution of elicitin-like gene sequences in relation to elicitin protein secretion within the class Oomycetes
103. Avirulence gene avrPpiA from Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi is not required for full virulence on pea
104. Heterologous expression of the avirulence gene product, NIP1, from the barley pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis
105. Elicitation of Rx-mediated resistance to PVX in potato does not require new RNA synthesis and may involve a latent hypersensitive response
106. Nucleotide sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA
107. Both the extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain and the kinase activity of FLS2 are required for flagellin binding and signaling in Arabidopsis
108. FLS2: An LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis
109. A single locus determines sensitivity to bacterial flagellin in Arabidopsis thaliana
110. The NMR solution structure and characterization of pH-dependent chemical shifts of the β-elicitin, cryptogein
111. Expression of the Pseudomonas syringae avirulence protein AvrB in plant cells alleviates its dependence on the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (Hrp) secretion system in eliciting genotype-specific hypersensitive cell death
112. Elicitins: Proteins in search of a role
113. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates and cognate redox signaling in disease resistance
114. Structure of the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene enabling dual specificity disease resistance
115. Pti4 is induced by ethylene and salicylic acid, and its product is phosphorylated by the Pto kinase
116. Functional analysis of the type III effectors AvrRpt2 and AvrRpm1 of Pseudomonas syringae with the use of a single-copy genomic integration system
117. Pathogenicity islands of virulent bacteria: Structure, function and impact on microbial evolution
118. Cultivar-specific elicitation of barley defense reactions by the phytotoxic peptide NIP1 from Rhynchosporium secalis
119. Resistance at the Tm-2 locus in the tomato to tomato mosaic virus
120. The MLA6 coiled-coil, NBS-LRR protein confers AvrMla6-dependent resistance specificity to Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei in barley and wheat
121. Amino acid changes in the putative replicase of tomato mosaic tobamovirus that overcome resistance in Tm-1 tomato
122. A single amino acid substitution in the virus-encoded replicase of tomato mosaic tobamovirus alters host specificity
123. Plant disease resistance genes
124. The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5
125. Pss, a protein that is secreted via the Hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants
126. Hypersensitive response-related death
127. Race-specificity of plant resistance to bacterial spot disease determined by repetitive motifs in a bacterial avirulence protein
128. Nucleotide sequence and properties of the hrmA locus associated with the Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 61 hrp gene duster
129. Identification of a family of avirulence genes from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
130. Some epidemics man has known
131. Pss with plant cell walls
132. Structural organization of virulence-associated plasmids of Yersinia pestis
133. Type III protein secretion systems in bacterial pathogens of animals and plants
134. The relationships between the toxicity and the primary and secondary structures of elicitinlike protein elicitors secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Pythium vexans
135. Current concepts of active defense in plants
136. Evidence for a role of the N terminus and leucine-rich repeat region of the Mi gene product in regulation of localized cell death
137. Cystine knots
138. Effects of the tom1 mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana on the multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus RNA in protoplasts
139. Identification of a pathogenicity island, which contains genes for virulence and avirulence, on a large native plasmid in the bean pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pathovar phaseolicola
140. The cylindrical inclusion gene of Turnip mosaic virus encodes a pathogenic determinant to the Brassica resistance gene TURB01
141. Characterization of a 34-kDa soybean binding protein for the syringolide elicitors
142. Direct interaction of resistance gene and avirulence gene products confers rice blast resistance
143. Rapid transcript accumulation of pathogenesis-related genes during an incompatible interaction in bacterial speck disease-resistant tomato plants
144. Reductase activity encoded by the HM1 disease resistance gene in maize
145. Genetic and biochemical studies of protein N-myristoylation
146. The role of leucine-rich repeat proteins in plant defences
147. Isolation of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum by transposon tagging
148. Host resistance to a fungal tomato pathogen lost by a single base-pair change in an avirulence gene
149. Isolation, purification and preliminary characterization of a protein specific for compatible Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva)-tomato interactions
150. The tomato - Cladosporium fulvum interaction: A versatile experimental system to study plant-pathogen interactions
151. The biotrophic fungus Cladosporium fulvum circumvents Cf-4-mediated resistance by producing unstable AVR4 elicitors
152. Structural diversity of leucine-rich repeat proteins
153. Resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora infestans is mediated by the recognition of the elicitor protein INF1
154. Potential role of elicitins in the interaction between Phytophthora species and tobacco
155. Extracellular protein elicitors from Phytophthora: Host-specificity and induction of resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens
156. The PWL host specificity gene family in the blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea
157. One amino acid change in cucumber mosaic virus RNA polymerase determines virulent/avirulent phenotypes on cowpea
158. Widespread distribution and fitness contribution of Xanthomonas campestris avirulence gene avrBs2
159. Gene-for-gene complementarity in plant-pathogen interactions
160. Bacteria expressing avirulence gene D produce a specific elicitor of the soybean hypersensitive reaction
161. Comparison of avrD alleles from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea
162. Interactions between elicitins and radish, Raphanus sativus
163. Responses of tobacco to elicitins, proteins from Phytophthora spp. eliciting acquired resistance
164. Physiological and molecular characteristics of elicitin-induced systemic acquired resistance in tobacco
165. The plant defense response to cucumber mosaic virus in cowpea is elicited by the viral polymerase gene and affects virus accumulation in single cells
166. HrpW of Erwinia amylovora, a new harpin that contains a domain homologous to pectate lyases of a distinct class
167. Systemic cell death is elicited by the interaction of a single gene in Nicotiana clevelandii and gene VI of cauliflower mosaic virus
168. Effector proteins of phytopathogenic bacteria: Bifunctional signals in virulence and host recognition
169. Catastrophic plant diseases
170. Fungal infection of plants
171. Avirulence determinants and elicitors
172. Host-pathogen recognition in the barley-Rhynchosporium pathosystem
173. A pint mutation in the tobacco mosaic capsid protein gene induces hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris
174. Molecular characterization of avirulence gene D from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
175. Proteins with leucine-rich repeats
176. A potato virus X resistance gene mediates an induced nonspecific resistance in protoplasts
177. A high-affinity binding site for the AVR9 peptide elicitor of Cladosporium fulvum is present on plasma membranes of tomato and other solanaceous plants
178. Assignment of amino acid residues of the AVR9 peptide of Cladosporium fulvum that determine elicitor activity
179. Correlation between binding affinity and necrosis-inducing activity of mutant AVR9 peptide elicitors
180. Map-based cloning of a gene sequence encoding a nucleotide binding domain and a leucine-rich region at the Cre3 nematode resistance locus of wheat
181. A ligand-receptor mechanism in plant-pathogen recognition
182. Identification of genes whose transcripts accumulate rapidly in tomato after root-knot nematode infection
183. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of oligandrin, a sterol-carrier elicitor from Pythium oligandrum
184. Specific HR-associated recognition of secreted proteins from Cladosporium fulvum occurs in both host and non-host plants
185. Successful search for a resistance gene in tomato targeted against a virulence factor of a fungal pathogen
186. The in planta-produced extracellular proteins ECP1 and ECP2 of Cladosporium fulvum are virulence factors
187. The L6 gene for flax rust resistance is related to the Arabidopsis bacterial resistance gene RPS2 and the tobacco viral resistance gene N
188. Bacterial avirulence genes
189. A harpin binding site in tobacco plasma membranes mediates activation of the pathogenesis-related gene HIN1 independent of extracellular calcium but dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase activity
190. Psph from the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola binds to lipid bilayers and forms an ion-conducting pore in vitro
191. Functions of the 126-and 183-kDa proteins of tobacco mosaic virus
192. Characterization of AvrE from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato: A Hrp-linked avirulence locus consisting of at least two transcriptional units
193. AvrA and AvrE in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato PT23 play a role in virulence on tomato plants
194. No evidence for binding between resistance gene product Cf-9 of tomato and avirulence gene product AVR9 of Cladosporium fulvum
195. Solid-phase synthesis, conformational analysis, and biological activity of AVR9 elicitor peptides of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum
196. The 25-kDa movement protein of PVX elicits Nb-mediated hypersensitive cell death in potato
197. Characterization of AvrPphE, a gene for cultivar-specific avirulence from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola which is physically linked to HrpY, a new Hrp gene identified in the halo-blight bacterium
198. Cloning and sequence analysis of elicitin genes of Phytophthora sojae
199. The in-planta induced ecp2 gene of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum is not essential for pathogenicity
200. Disruption of the avirulence gene Avr9 in two races of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum causes virulence on tomato genotypes with the complementary resistance gene Cf9
201. Functional analysis of plant disease resistance genes and their downstream effectors
202. Map-based cloning of a protein kinase gene conferring disease resistance in tomato
203. Analysis of the interaction between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the rice cultivars IR24 and IRBB21
204. Intragenic recombination and diversifying selection contribute to the evolution of downy mildew resistance at the RPP8 locus of Arabidopsis
205. Glucocorticoid expression of a bacterial avirulence gene in transgenic Arabidopsis induces hypersensitive cell death
206. Two concomitant base substitutions in the putative replicase genes of tobacco mosaic virus confer the ability to over come the effects of a tomato resistance gene, Tm-1
207. Mutations in the tobacco mosaic virus 30-kD protein gene overcome Tm-2 resistance in tomato
208. Function of the 30-kD protein of tobacco mosaic virus: Involvement in cell-to-cell movement and dispensability for replication
209. The major resistance gene cluster in lettuce is highly duplicated and spans several megabases
210. Clusters of resistance genes in plants evolve by divergent selection and a birth-and-death process
211. The structure of syringolides 1 and 2, novel C-glycosidic elicitors from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea
212. Elicitins, proteinaceous elicitors of plant defense, are a new class of sterol carrier proteins
213. The fungal elicitor cryptogein is a sterol carrier protein
214. Capsidiol and ethylene production by tobacco cells in response to cryptogein, an elicitor from Phytophthora cryptogea
215. The root knot nematode resistance gene Mi from tomato is a member of the leucine zipper, nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat family of plant genes
216. Yersinia enterocolitica induces apoptosis in macrophages by a process requiring functional type III secretion and translocation mechanisms and involving YopP, presumably acting as an effector protein
217. Gene-for-gene relationships specifying disease resistance in Xanthomonas campestris pathovar vesicatoria pepper interactions
218. The hepta-β-glucoside elicitor-binding proteins from legumes represent a putative receptor family
219. Yersinia signals macrophages to undergo apoptosis and YopJ is necessary for this cell death
220. Salmonella typhimurium invasion induces apoptosis in infected macrophages
221. The hypersensitive response and the induction of cell death in plants
222. Elicitin produced by an isolate of Phytophthora parasitica pathogenic to tobacco
223. Protein signaling via type III secretion pathways in phytopathogenic bacteria
224. Characterization of the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato AvrRpt2 protein: Demonstration of secretion and processing during bacterial pathogenesis
225. Pathogenesis-related proteins and their genes in cereals
226. Visualisation of protein-nucleic acid interactions in a virus: Refined structure of tobacco mosaic virus at 2.9 Å resolution by X-ray fiber diffraction
227. Molecular characterization and nucleic acid sequence of an avirulence gene from race 6 of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea
228. Cry, the resistance locus of cowpea to cucumber mosaic virus strain Y
229. Characterization and partial purification of an oligopeptide elicitor receptor from parsley (Petroselinum crispum)
230. Variations in the VPg protein allow a potyvirus to overcome va gene resistance in tobacco
231. Eukaryotic fatty acylation drives plasma membrane targeting and enhances function of several type III effector proteins from Pseudomonas syringae
232. High affinity binding of a fungal oligopeptide elicitor to parsley plasma membranes triggers multiple defense responses
233. Signal transmission in the plant immune response
234. Mutation in the avrBs1 avirulence gene of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria influences survival of the bacterium in soil and detached leaf tissue
235. Genetically engineered broad-spectrum disease resistance in tomato
236. Disruption of signaling by Yersinia effector YopJ, a ubiquitin-like protein protease
237. Fatty acids bind to the fungal elicitor cryptogein and compete with sterols
238. Analysis of a tobacco mosaic virus strain capable of overcoming N gene-mediated resistance
239. Identification of the TMV replicase sequence that activates the N gene-mediated hypersensitive response
240. Comparative genetics of nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat resistance gene homologues in the genomes of two dicotyledons: Tomato and Arabidopsis
241. Divergent evolution of plant NBS-LRR resistance gene homologues in dicot and cereal genomes
242. Characterization of border species among Pythiaceae: Several Pythium isolates produce elicitins, typical proteins from Phytophthora spp.
243. The Arabidopsis downy mildew resistance gene RPP5 shares similarity to the toll and interleukin-1 receptors with N and L6
244. Unravelling R gene-mediated disease resistance pathways in Arabidopsis
245. Different cell-wall components from Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea elicit phytoalexin production in soybean and parsley
246. An extracellular glycoprotein from Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea elicits phytoalexin synthesis in cultured parsley cells and protoplasts
247. Resistance in tomato to tobacco mosaic virus
248. Expression of the avirulence gene Avr9 of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum is regulated by the global nitrogen response factor NRF1
249. Elicitin isoforms from seven Phytophthora species: Comparison of their physico-chemical properties and toxicity to tobacco and other plant species
250. Chemoreception in plant parasitic nematodes
251. A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes
252. Functional, c-myc-tagged Cf-9 resistance gene products are plasma-membrane localized and glycosylated
253. Are elicitins cryptograms in plant-Oomycete communications?
254. The HrpZ proteins of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. syringae, glycinea, and tomato are encoded by an operon containing Yersinia ysc homologs and elicit the hypersensitive response in tomato but not soybean
255. Expression of avrPphB, an avirulence gene from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, and the delivery of signals causing the hypersensitive reaction in bean
256. Analysis of the resistance-breaking determinants of potato virus X (PVX) strain HB on different potato genotypes expressing extreme resistance to PVX
257. The 6K2 protein and the VPg of potato virus A are determinants of systemic infection in Nicandra physaloides
258. Constitutively active Pto induces a Prf-dependent hypersensitive response in the absence of avrPto
259. Refined crystal structure of the potato inhibitor complex of carboxypeptidas A at 2.5 Å resolution
260. Regulation of cellular signalling by fatty acid acylation and prenylation of signal transduction proteins
261. Fatty acylation of proteins: New insights into membrane targeting of myristoylated and palmitoylated proteins
262. Structure and activity of proteins from pathogenic fungi Phytophthora eliciting necrosis and acquired resistance in tobacco
263. Proteinaceous elicitors of plant defense responses
264. Differential production of parasiticein, an elicitor of necrosis and resistance in tobacco, by isolates of Phytophthora parasitica
265. Dead cells do tell tales
266. The avrRpm1 gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola is required for virulence on Arabidopsis
267. The race-specific elicitor, NIP1, from the barley pathogen, Rhynchosporium secalis, determines avirulence on host plants of the Rrs1 resistance genotype
268. Hrp pilus: An hrp-dependent bacterial surface appendage produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
269. The cloned avirulence gene avrPto induces disease resistance in tomato cultivars containing the Pto resistance gene
270. The avirulence gene avrBs1 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria encodes a 50 kD protein
271. The nematode resistance gene Mi of tomato confers resistance against the potato aphid
272. Transcriptional regulation of plant genes responsive to pathogens and elicitors
273. Molecular characterization of nucleotide sequences encoding the extracellular glycoprotein elicitor from Phytophthora megasperma
274. Mutational analysis of the coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus in relation to hypersensitive response in tobacco plants with the N′ gene
275. Tomato mutants altered in bacterial disease resistance provide evidence for a new locus controlling pathogen recognition
276. Tomato prf is a member of the leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes and lies embedded within the Pto kinase gene cluster
277. Independent pathways leading to apoptotic cell death, oxidative burst and defense gene expression in response to elicitin in tobacco cell suspension culture
278. Region VI of cauliflower mosaic virus encodes a host range determinant
279. Purification and primary structure of a necrosis-inducing peptide from the apoplastic fluids of tomato infected with Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva)
280. Identification of tomato bushy stunt virus host-specific symptom determinants by expression of individual genes from a potato virus X vector
281. Molecular basis of gene-for-gene specificity in bacterial speck disease of tomato
282. Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding an amphid-secreted putative avirulence protein from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
283. Protein kinases in the plant defense response
284. A cluster of mutations disrupt the avirulence but not the virulence function of AvrPto
285. The Pseudomonas AvrPto protein is differentially recognized by tomato and tobacco and is localized to the plant plasma membrane
286. The primary structure of one elicitor-active and seven elicitor-inactive hexa(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glucitols isolated from the mycelial walls of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea
287. Identification of Magnaporthe grisea avirulence genes to seven rice cultivars
288. Dissection of the Fusarium I2 gene cluster in tomato reveals six homologs and one active gene copy
289. A receptor kinasedike protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21
290. The tomato gene Sw5 is a member of the coiled coil, nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat class of plant resistance genes and confers resistance to TSWV in tobacco
291. Identification of the signal molecules produced by wounded plant cells that activate T-DNA transfer in Agrobacterium tumefaciens
292. Molecular characterization of cloned avirulence genes from race 0 and race 1 of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea
293. Cloned avirulence gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea determines race-specific incompatibility on Glycine max (L.) Merr.
294. Sequence variations in alleles of the avirulence gene AvrPphER2 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola lead to loss of recognition of the AvrPphE protein within bean cells and a gain in cultivar-specific virulence
295. Structure of RNA and RNA binding site in tobacco mosaic virus from a 4 Å map calculated from X-ray fiber diagrams
296. A pathogenicity locus from Xanthomonas citri enables strains from several pathovars of X. campestris to elicit cankerlike lesions on citrus
297. A Xanthomonas citri pathogenicity gene, pthA, pleiotropically encodes gratuitous avirulence on nonhosts
298. Identification, cloning, and characterization of PWL2, a gene for host species specificity in the rice blast fungus
299. Spontaneous and induced mutations in a single open reading frame alter both virulence and avirulence in Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria avrBs2
300. Expression of the Bs2 pepper gene confers resistance to bacterial spot disease in tomato
301. Plant resistance genes: Their structure, function and evolution
302. A second gene at the tomato Cf-4 locus confers resistance to Cladosporium fulvum through recognition of a novel avirulence determinant
303. Characterization and expression of two avirulence genes cloned from Pseudomonas syringae pathovar glycinea
304. Initiation of plant disease resistance by physical interaction of AvrPto and Pro kinase
305. Identification of an elicitor active site within the three-dimensional structure of the tobacco mosaic tobamovirus coat protein
306. Structural and functional conservation of the tobamovirus coat protein elicitor active site
307. Characterization of the tomato Cf-4 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum identifies sequences that determine recognitional specificity in Cf-4 and Cf-9
308. Plants expressing the Pto disease resistance gene confer resistance to recombinant PVX containing the avirulence gene AvrPto
309. Phu that controls hypersensitive resistance to potato virus X in Solanum phureja 1vP35
310. The functions and consensus motifs of nine types of peptide segments that form different types of nucleotide binding sites
311. Cultivar-specific avirulence and virulence functions assigned to avrPphF in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, the cause of bean halo-blight disease
312. 3 gene-mediated resistance, distinct from the resistance-breaking Italian isolate
313. The structure and function of a soybean β-glucan-elicitor-binding protein
314. The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea
315. Molecular genetic analysis of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea
316. Avirulence genes and mechanisms of genetic instability in the rice blast fungus
317. Recognition of the bacterial avirulence protein AvrBs3 occurs inside the host plant cell
318. Nitrogen limitation induces expression of the avirulence gene avr9 in the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum
319. Molecular analysis of the avirulence gene avr9 of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum fully supports the gene-for-gene hypothesis
320. Characterization of two putative pathogenicity genes of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum
321. The AVR9 race-specific elicitor of Cladosporium fulvum is processed by endogenous and plant proteases
322. The NB-ARC domain: A novel signalling motif shared by plant resistance gene products and regulators of cell death in animals
323. Plant disease-resistance proteins and the gene-for-gene concept
324. The C-terminal dilysine motif for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum is not required for Cf-9 function
325. Tight physical linkage of the nematode resistance gene Gpa2 and the virus resistance gene Rx on a single segment introgressed from the wild species Solanum tuberosum subsp andigena CPC1673 into cultivated potato
326. A QTL for broad-spectrum resistance to cyst nematode species (Globodera spp.) maps to a resistance gene cluster in potato
327. Homologues of a single resistance-gene cluster in potato confer resistance to distinct pathogens: A virus and a nematode
328. The Avr (effector) proteins HrmA (HopPsyA) and AvrPto are secreted in culture from Pseudomonas syringae pathovars via the Hrp (type III) protein secretion system in a temperature-and pH-sensitive manner
329. The hrp gene locus of Pseudomonas solanacearum, which controls the production of a type III secretion system, encodes eight proteins related to components of the bacterial flagellar biogenesis complex
330. Cloning and characterization of cDNA of avirulence gene avr9 of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, causal agent of tomato leaf mold
331. Internuclear gene silencing in Phytophthora infestans
332. Elicitins trap and transfer sterols from micelles, liposomes and plant plasma membranes
333. The race-specific elicitor AVR9 of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum: A cystine knot protein
334. Protein phosphorylation is induced in tobacco cells by the elicitor cryptogein
335. Symbiotic implications of type III protein secretion machinery in Rhizobium
336. Isolation and characterization of cloned DNA conferring specific avirulence in Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi to pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars, which possess the resistance allele, R2
337. Avirulence genes in plant-pathogenic bacteria: Signals or weapons?
338. The tomato Mi-1 gene confers resistance to both root-knot nematodes and potato aphids
339. Characterisation of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and genetic mapping of TuRBO1
340. The Pib gene for rice blast resistance belongs to the nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes
341. Recognition of the avirulence gene avrB from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea by Arabidopsis thaliana
342. A mutation within the Leucine-rich repeat domain of the Arabidopsis disease resistance gene Rps5 partially suppresses multiple bacterial and downy mildew resistance genes
343. The structure of tobacco mosaic virus. I. X-ray evidence of a helical arrangement of subunits around the longitudinal axis
344. Customized secretion chaperones in pathogenic bacteria
345. 2 resistance in tomato requires recognition of the carboxy terminus of the movement protein of tomato mosaic virus
346. 2 resistance gene in the tomato
347. Harpin elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora
348. Hydrophobins: Proteins that change the nature of the fungal surface
349. Developmental regulation of fungal wall formation
350. Fungal hydrophobins: Proteins that function at an interface
351. Purification and characterization of peptides from Rhynchosporium secalis inducing necrosis in barley
352. +-ATPase by phytotoxic peptides from the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis
353. Identification of Pseudomonas syringae pathogens of Arabidopsis and a bacterial locus determining avirulence on both Arabidopsis and soybean
354. Avirulence gene avrRxv from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria specifies resistance on tomato line Hawaii 7998
355. Prospects for understanding avirulence gene function
356. The product of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: Similarity to toll and the interleukin-1 receptor
357. Root-knot nematode resistance genes in tomato and their potential for future use
358. Expression and localization of two inplanta induced extracellular proteins of the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum
359. Differences in the recognition of glucan elicitor signals between rice and soybean: β-glucan fragments from the rice blast disease fungus Pyricularia oryzae that elicit phytoalexin biosynthesis in suspension-cultured rice cells
360. The virulence factor AvrXa7 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a type III secretion pathway-dependent nuclear-localized double-stranded DNA-binding protein
361. Host-specific symptoms and increased release of Xanthomonas citri and X. campestris pv malvacearum from leaves are determined by the 102-bp tandem repeats of pthA and avrb6, respectively
362. Xanthomonas avirulence/pathogenicity gene family encodes functional plant nuclear targeting signals
363. Watersoaking function(s) of Xcmh1005 are redundantly encoded by members of the Xanthomonas avr/pth gene family
364. Intragenic recombination of a single plant pathogen gene provides a mechanism for the evolution of new host specificities
365. Man-made plant diseases
366. Expression of Xa1, a bacterial blight-resistance gene in rice, is induced by bacterial inoculation
367. Elicitins from Phytophthora and basic resistance in tobacco
368. Two different classes of avrD alleles occur in pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae
369. Avirulence gene avrPphC from Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola 3121: A plasmid-borne homologue of avrC closely linked to an avrD allele
370. Elucidation of the genome organization of tobacco mosaic virus
371. Cell-autonomous expression of barley Mla1 confers race-specific resistance to the powdery mildew fungus via a Rar1-independent signaling pathway
372. The tomato gene Pti1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase that is phosphorylated by Pto and is involved in the hypersensitive response
373. The Pto kinase conferring resistance to tomato bacterial speck disease interacts with proteins that bind a cis-element of pathogenesis-related genes
374. AvrXal0 contains an acidic transcriptional activation domain in the functionally conserved C terminus
375. The C terminus of AvrXa10 can be replaced by the transcriptional activation domain of VP16 from the herpes simplex virus