Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes: Merging mechanisms for genetic diversity

Cell

Volumn 109, Issue 2 SUPPL. 1, 2002, Pages

  Papavasiliou, F Nina ^a   Schatz, David G ^b  

^a ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTIDINE DEAMINASE; TRANS ACTING FACTOR;

ANTIBODY AFFINITY; B CELL LYMPHOMA; DNA CLEAVAGE; DNA REPAIR; DNA STRAND; DNA STRAND BREAKAGE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; GENE CONVERSION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENE; LYMPHOCYTE; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOMATIC MUTATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

EID: 0036234455     PISSN: 00928674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00706-7     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Immunoglobulin gene conversion requires the activation induced deaminase (AID) gene
2. The Ig mutator is dependent on the presence, position, and orientation of the large intron enhancer
3. Increased transcription levels induce higher mutation rates in a hypermutating cell line
4. The c-MYC allele that is translocated into the IgH locus undergoes constitutive hypermutation in a Burkitt's lymphoma line
5. Somatic hypermutation in the absence of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK(cs)) or recombination-activating gene (RAG)1 activity
6. Sequences of mouse immunoglobulin light chain genes before and after somatic changes
7. Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin kappa gene: Critical role for the intron enhancer/matrix attachment region
8. Origin of antibody variation
9. DNA double-strand breaks in immunoglobulin genes undergoing somatic hypermutation
10. A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection
11. Ku80 is required for immunoglobulin isotype switching
12. Evolution of somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in adaptive immunity
13. Mutations, duplication, and deletion of recombined switch regions suggest a role for DNA replication in the immunoglobulin heavy-chain switch
14. DNA sequences at immunoglobulin switch region recombination sites
15. Deficiency in Msh2 affects the efficiency and local sequence specificity of immunoglobulin class-switch recombination: Parallels with somatic hypermutation
16. Switch junction sequences in PMS2-deficient mice reveal a microhomology-mediated mechanism of Ig class switch recombination
17. Mismatch repair deficiency interferes with the accumulation of mutations in chronically stimulated B cells and not with the hypermutation process
18. Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription
19. Emerging links between hypermutation of antibody genes and DNA polymerases
20. Patterns of somatic mutations in immunoglobulin variable genes
21. Frequent occurrence of deletions and duplications during somatic hypermutation: Implications for oncogene translocations and heavy chain disease
22. Cells strongly expressing Igκ transgenes show clonal recruitment of hypermutation: A role for both MAR and the enhancers
23. Somatic mutation and the maturation of immune response to 2-phenyl oxazolone
24. Hypermutation: Give us a break
25. Immunoglobulin V gene conversion in a cultured B cell line is dependent upon AID
26. Insights from model systems: Cell-cycle regulation of mammalian DNA double-strand-break repair
27. Molecular mechanism of class switch recombination: Linkage with somatic hypermutation
28. Reconstitution of the mammalian DNA double-strand break end-joining reaction reveals a requirement for an Mre11/Rad50/NBS1-containing fraction
29. Towards an understanding of somatic hypermutation
30. DNA double strand break repair in mammalian cells
31. Multiple sequences from downstream of the J kappa cluster can combine to recruit somatic hypermutation to a heterologous, upstream mutation domain
32. Somatic hypermutation of an artificial test substrate within an Ig-kappa transgene
33. Biochemistry and genetics of eukaryotic mismatch repair
34. DNA breaks in hypermutating immunoglobulin genes: Evidence for a break- and-repair pathway of somatic hypermutation
35. A lambda 3′ enhancer drives active and untemplated somatic hypermutation of a lambda 1 transgene
36. Cellular origin of human B-cell lymphomas
37. Boundaries of somatic mutation in rearranged immunoglobulin genes: 5′ boundary is near the promoter, and 3′ boundary is approximately 1 kb from V(D)J gene
38. Genes and antibodies
39. V(D)J recombination and the cell cycle
40. Somatic hypermutation - How many mechanisms diversify V region sequences
41. Ku70 is required for late B cell development and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching
42. IgH class switch recombination to IgG1 in DNA-PKcs-deficient B cells
43. Mechanism and control of class-switch recombination
44. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase turns on somatic hypermutation in hybridomas
45. Effects of sequence and structure on the hypermutability of immunoglobulin genes
46. Specific expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a novel member of the RNA-editing deaminase family in germinal center B cells
47. Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme
48. Somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin transgene in kappa transgenic mice
49. The AID enzyme induces class switch recombination in fibroblasts
50. The targeting of somatic hypermutation closely resembles that of meiotic mutation
51. Cell-cycle-regulated DNA double-stranded breaks in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes
52. The activation induced deaminase (AID) functions in a post-cleavage step of the somatic hypermutation process
53. Two pathways for removal of nonhomologous DNA ends during double-strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
54. Hypermutation of multiple proto-oncogenes in B-cell diffuse large-cell lymphomas
55. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation
56. AID is required to initiate Nbs1/gamma-H2AX focus formation and mutations at sites of class switching
57. Localization of the 3′ IgH locus elements that effect long-distance regulation of class switch recombination
58. The intrinsic hypermutability of antibody heavy and light chain genes decays exponentially
59. Hot spot focusing of somatic hypermutation in MSH2-deficient mice suggests two stages of mutational targeting
60. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) deficiency causes the autosomal recessive form of the Hyper-IgM syndrome (HIGM2)
61. Mismatch repair and immunoglobulin gene hypermutation: Did we learn something?
62. Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. II. Influence of neighbouring base sequences on mutagenesis
63. The scid but not the RAG-2 gene product is required for S-mu-S-epsilon heavy chain class switching
64. TdT-accessible breaks are scattered over the immunoglobulin V domain in a constitutively hypermutating B cell line
65. Ablation of XRCC2/3 transforms immunoglobulin V gene conversion into somatic hypermutation
66. Role for mismatch repair proteins Msh2, Mlh1 and Pms2 in immunoglobulin class switching shown by sequence analysis of recombination junctions
67. Gene conversion and homologous recombination in murine B cells
68. Predicting regional mutability in antibody V genes based solely on di- and trinucleotide sequence composition
69. Mutation of BCL-6 gene in normal B cells by the process of somatic hypermutation of Ig genes
70. The 3′ Igkappa enhancer contains RNA polymerase II promoters: Implications for endogenous and transgenic kappa gene expression
71. Effect of variation in antibody-hapten association constant upon the biologic activity of the antibody
72. Cell selection by antigen in the immune response
73. Antibody class switching
74. A hypermutable insert in an immunoglobulin transgene contains hotspots of somatic mutation and sequences predicting highly stable structures in the RNA transcript
75. Cis-acting sequences that affect somatic hypermutation of Ig genes
76. Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh2 and Msh3 repair proteins in double-strand break-induced recombination
77. Allergy and immunology
78. Transcription-induced cleavage of immunoglobulin switch regions by nucleotide excision repair nucleases in vitro
79. Somatic generation of antibody diversity
80. The transcriptional promoter regulates hypermutation of the antibody heavy chain locus
81. Variability in the lambda light chain sequences of mouse antibody
82. Somatic hypermutation in MutS homologue (MSH)3-, MSH6-, and MSH3/MSH6-deficient mice reveals a role for the MSH2-MSH6 heterodimer in modulating the base substitution pattern
83. Somatic hypermutation introduces insertions and deletions into immunoglobulin V genes
84. Dual enigma of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable genes: Targeting and mechanism
85. The role of promoter-intron interactions in directing hypermutation
86. DNA repair: Knockouts still mutating after first round
87. The somatic hypermutation activity of a follicular lymphoma links to large insertions and deletions of immunoglobulin genes
88. Targeting of non-Ig sequences in place of the V segment by somatic hypermutation